A 1-Year Study of Endurance Runners: Training, Laboratory Tests, and Field Tests

Purpose:To examine the training and concomitant changes in laboratory- and field-test performance of highly trained endurance runners.Methods:Fourteen highly trained male endurance runners (mean ± SD maximal oxygen uptake [VO2max] 69.8 ± 6.3 mL · kg−1 · min−1) completed this 1-y training study commencing in April. During the study the runners undertook 5 laboratory tests of VO2max, lactate threshold (LT), and running economy and 9 field tests to determine critical speed (CS) and the modeled maximum distance performed above CS (D′). The data for different periods of the year were compared using repeated-measures ANOVA. The influence of training on laboratory- and field-test changes was analyzed by multiple regression.Results:Total training distance varied during the year and was lower in May–July (333 ± 206 km, P = .01) and July–August (339 ± 206 km, P = .02) than in the subsequent January–February period (474 ± 188 km). VO2max increased from the April baseline (4.7 ± 0.4 L/min) in October and January periods (5.0 ± 0.4 L/min, P ≤ .01). Other laboratory measures did not change. Runners’ CS was lowest in August (4.90 ± 0.32 m/s) and highest in February (4.99 ± 0.30 m/s, P = .02). Total training distance and the percentage of training time spent above LT velocity explained 33% of the variation in CS.Conclusion:Highly trained endurance runners achieve small but significant changes in VO2max and CS in a year. Increases in training distance and time above LT velocity were related to increases in CS.

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Effects of Modified Multistage Field Test on Performance and Physiological Responses in Wheelchair Basketball Players

BioMed Research International ◽

10.1155/2015/245378 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 2015 ◽

pp. 1-7 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Thierry Weissland ◽

Arnaud Faupin ◽

Benoit Borel ◽

Serge Berthoin ◽

Pierre-Marie Leprêtre

Keyword(s):

Heart Rate ◽

Field Test ◽

Test Performance ◽

Test Score ◽

Minute Ventilation ◽

Physiological Responses ◽

Field Tests ◽

Wheelchair Basketball ◽

Basketball Players ◽

And Performance

A bioenergetical analysis of manoeuvrability and agility performance for wheelchair players is inexistent. It was aimed at comparing the physiological responses and performance obtained from the octagon multistage field test (MFT) and the modified condition in “8 form” (MFT-8). Sixteen trained wheelchair basketball players performed both tests in randomized condition. The levels performed (end-test score), peak values of oxygen uptake(VO2peak), minute ventilation(VEpeak), heart rate(HRpeak), peak and relative blood lactate (Δ[Lact−] = peak – rest values), and the perceived rating exertion (RPE) were measured. MFT-8 induced higherVO2peakandVEpeakvalues compared to MFT (VO2peak: 2.5 ± 0.6 versus 2.3 ± 0.6 L·min−1andVEpeak: 96.3 ± 29.1 versus 86.6 ± 23.4 L·min−1;P<0.05) with no difference in other parameters. Significant relations betweenVEpeakand end-test score were correlated for both field tests(P<0.05). At exhaustion, MFT attained incompletelyVO2peakandVEpeak. Among experienced wheelchair players, MFT-8 had no effect on test performance but generates higher physiological responses than MFT. It could be explained by demands of wheelchair skills occurring in 8 form during the modified condition.

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Predicting the durability of zinc coatings based on laboratory and field tests

E3S Web of Conferences ◽

10.1051/e3sconf/201912101008 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 121 ◽

pp. 01008

Author(s):

Mark Kovalev ◽

Ekaterina Alekseeva ◽

Nikita Shaposhnikov ◽

Anton Povyshev

Keyword(s):

Corrosion Rate ◽

Thermal Diffusion ◽

Field Test ◽

Laboratory Tests ◽

Field Tests ◽

Test Method ◽

Laboratory Studies ◽

Corrosion Rates ◽

Zinc Coatings ◽

Salt Fog

Galvanizing is one of the most common methods of corrosion protection. For the deposition of zinc coatings used such methods as gas-thermal deposition, thermal diffusion saturation in powder, hot-dip galvanizing, cladding, and galvanic precipitating during electrolysis. The hot-dip galvanizing is the most common method, which is used in construction, automotive and other industries. Paper presents the results of research of zinc coatings used in sea conditions. The aim of the work was to determine an acceleration factor by comparing the corrosion rate in laboratory conditions with the data from field tests. Laboratory studies were carried out in a salt fog chamber. Samples were periodically removed from chamber to build the dependence of the corrosion rate on the exposure time. Field tests were carried out at the exploitation area. Result of the work is a guide that allows to predict the corrosion rates of zinc coatings using laboratory tests. The advantage of this test method is shorter time of exposure in comparison with field test.

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Design, Performance Evaluation and Field Test of a Water Jet Tool for ROV Trencher

Journal of Marine Science and Engineering ◽

10.3390/jmse9030296 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (3) ◽

pp. 296

Author(s):

Ji-Hong Li ◽

Mun-Jik Lee ◽

Hyungjoo Kang ◽

Min-Gyu Kim ◽

Gun Rae Cho

Keyword(s):

Field Test ◽

Laboratory Tests ◽

Design Method ◽

Field Tests ◽

Water Jet ◽

Tool Design ◽

Design Parameters ◽

Soil Conditions ◽

Cfd Simulations ◽

Sea Trial

ROV trencher is a kind of ROV which trenches the sea floor using a specifically designed tool and buries the subsea cables and pipelines. According to the soil conditions, this trenching method can have two different types, one is mechanical cutting and the other one is water jetting. In this paper, we present a water jet tool design method for a 2500 m depth-rated ROV trencher. A series of CFD simulations and laboratory tests with one nozzle, and a ground test using 1:6 scale jetting arm model were carried out to derive and demonstrate the jetting tool design parameters. In October 2018, the constructed ROV trencher was put into the sea trial in the East Sea of Korea to evaluate its final performances. In addition, in December 2019, the trencher was applied in a construction site to bury subsea water pipelines near the Yogji Island in the Korea. Through these two field tests and operation, the trencher was demonstrated for both its operational capability and trenching performance. The main contribution of this paper is that it presents the entire design procedures of water jet tools, including CFD simulations, laboratory tests, field test with 1:6 scaled jetting tool, and the final prototype tool design. These consecutive procedures are carried out in order for us to set up sort of relationship between jetting angle, trench depth, trench speed, and jetting power, from which we can predict and evaluate the trenching performance of the prototype jetting tool.

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LABORATORY AND FIELD TESTS WITH BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS AGAINST THE DARK-SIDED CUTWORM, EUXOA MESSORIA (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE), ON TOBACCO

The Canadian Entomologist ◽

10.4039/ent105941-7 ◽

1973 ◽

Vol 105 (7) ◽

pp. 941-945 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

H. H. Cheng

Keyword(s):

Bacillus Thuringiensis ◽

Field Test ◽

Cover Crop ◽

Laboratory Tests ◽

Field Tests ◽

Tobacco Leaves ◽

Larval Stages ◽

Euxoa Messoria ◽

Lepidoptera Noctuidae ◽

Third Instar Larvae

AbstractLaboratory tests were conducted to determine the susceptibility of the various larval stages of Euxoa messoria (Harris) in Ontario to four commercial preparations of Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner: Thuricide® 90TS, Thuricide®-HP, Biotrol® BTB 183, and Dipel. A field test was made to determine whether these preparations could be as effective as Dursban® (O,O-diethyl O-3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridyl phosphorothioate) for control of this species when applied on the rye cover crop in spring.In laboratory tests first to third instar larvae that fed on rye leaves treated with all four B. thuringiensis preparations, were found to be susceptible regardless of the rates applied. Mortality of fourth to seventh instar larvae fed treated tobacco leaves was low. Thuricide 90TS and Biotrol BTB 183 as applied in the field for control of E. messoria populations were relatively ineffective as compared with Dursban.

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Computerized Symbol Digit Modalities Test in a Swiss Pediatric Cohort – Part 2: Clinical Implementation

Frontiers in Psychology ◽

10.3389/fpsyg.2021.631535 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

Author(s):

Marie-Noëlle Klein ◽

Ursina Jufer-Riedi ◽

Sarah Rieder ◽

Céline Hochstrasser ◽

Michelle Steiner ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Test Performance ◽

Repeated Measures ◽

Analysis Of Covariance ◽

Fine Motor ◽

Clinical Implementation ◽

Information Processing Speed ◽

Repeated Measures Anova ◽

Repeated Measures Analysis ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Motor Dexterity

BackgroundInformation processing speed (IPS) is a marker for cognitive function. It is associated with neural maturation and increases during development. Traditionally, IPS is measured using paper and pencil tasks requiring fine motor skills. Such skills are often impaired in patients with neurological conditions. Therefore, an alternative that does not need motor dexterity is desirable. One option is the computerized symbol digit modalities test (c-SDMT), which requires the patient to verbally associate numbers with symbols.MethodsEighty-six participants (8–16 years old; 45 male; 48 inpatients) were examined, 38 healthy and 48 hospitalized for a non-neurological disease. All participants performed the written SDMT, c-SDMT, and the Test of Non-verbal Intelligence Fourth Edition (TONI-4). Statistical analyses included a multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) for the effects of intelligence (IQ) and hospitalization on the performance of the SDMT and c-SDMT. A repeated measures analysis of variance (repeated measures ANOVA) was used to compare performance across c-SDMT trials between inpatients and outpatients.ResultsThe MANCOVA showed that hospitalization had a significant effect on IPS when measured with the SDMT (p = 0.04) but not with the c-SDMT (p = 0.68), while IQ (p = 0.92) had no effect on IPS. Age (p < 0.001) was the best predictor of performance of both tests. The repeated measures ANOVA revealed no significant difference in within-test performance (p = 0.06) between outpatient and inpatient participants in the c-SDMT.ConclusionPerformance of the c-SDMT is not confounded by hospitalization and gives within-test information. As a valid and reliable measure of IPS for children and adolescents, it is suitable for use in both inpatient and outpatient populations.

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Relationship between the Lactate Threshold and Cross-Country Run Performance in High School Male and Female Runners

Pediatric Exercise Science ◽

10.1123/pes.8.1.37 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

pp. 37-47 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Bo Fernhall ◽

Wendy Kohrt ◽

Lee N. Burkett ◽

Steven Walters

Keyword(s):

High School ◽

Lactate Threshold ◽

Laboratory Tests ◽

Running Economy ◽

Adolescent Boys ◽

Male And Female ◽

Peak Lactate ◽

Cross Country ◽

The Relationship ◽

Race Performance

This study evaluated the relationship between run performance, lactate threshold (LT), VO2max, and running economy in adolescent boys (n = 11) and girls (n = 10). Subjects completed laboratory tests to establish VO2max, LT, and running economy. The race performance was the finish time from a cross-country meet. The boys exhibited higher VO2max (67.7 vs. 54.6 ml · kg−1 · min−1) and VO2 at LT (61.7 vs. 48.4 ml · kg−1 · min−1) compared with the girls (p < .05), but there was no difference in running economy, peak lactate, or the %VO2max at LT (p > .05). VO2max (r = −.70) and VO2 at LT (r = −.74) were significantly correlated to performance for the boys, but running economy was not (r = .10). For the girls, VO2max (r = −.90), VO2 at LT (r = −.77), and running economy (r = −.86) were all significantly related to performance. LT was important for cross-country run performance. However, VO2max was an equally strong or better predictor than either LT or running economy.

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Emphasizing Thinking Strategies in Basic Fact Instruction

Journal for Research in Mathematics Education ◽

10.5951/jresematheduc.9.3.0214 ◽

1978 ◽

Vol 9 (3) ◽

pp. 214-227

Author(s):

Carol A. Thornton

Keyword(s):

Test Performance ◽

Repeated Measures ◽

Grade Level ◽

Basic Fact ◽

Traditional Group ◽

Repeated Measures Anova ◽

Basic Facts ◽

Post Hoc ◽

Total Test

Experimental and traditional groups at both the second- and the fourth-grade level participated in eight weeks of instruction in basic facts. Pretest, posttest, and retention measures were taken, and follow-up interviews were conducted. Group means on total test performance and on the number of harder facts correctly answered each time were examined in a repeated-measures ANOVA. Significant (p<.001p<.001) group × test performance interactions were found in each case. Post hoc Scheffe analyses indicated (except for the traditional group in subtraction) that learning increments due to instruction were significant across groups. An examination by t-test of differences between groups generally favored the experimental groups. Interview data suggested that children did use strategies they had been taught to help memorize the facts.

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The Interaction of Aging and 10 Years of Racing on Ultraendurance Running Performance

Journal of Aging and Physical Activity ◽

10.1123/japa.13.2.210 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 13 (2) ◽

pp. 210-222 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Dale E. Rae ◽

Andrew N. Bosch ◽

Malcolm Collins ◽

Mike I. Lambert

Keyword(s):

Repeated Measures ◽

Combined Effects ◽

Time Data ◽

Running Performance ◽

Repeated Measures Anova ◽

Race Time ◽

Endurance Runners ◽

Peak Speed ◽

One Way Anova

The aim of this study was to examine the interaction between aging and 10 years of racing in endurance runners. Race-time data from 194 runners who had completed 10 consecutive 56-km ultramarathons were obtained. The runners were either 20.5 ± 0.7, 30.0 ± 1.0, 39.9 ± 0.9, or 49.4 ± 1.0 years old at their first race. Each runner’s race speed was determined for each race over the 10 years. Data were analyzed using repeated-measures ANOVA, one-way ANOVA, and independentttests and showed that performance improved and declined at greater rates for younger runners; younger runners had a greater capacity for improvement than older runners; ≈4 years were required to reach peak racing speed, regardless of age; it was not possible to compete at peak speed for more than a few years; and the combined effects of 10 years of aging and racing neither improve nor worsen net performance. In conclusion, these data suggest that although these runners showed similar patterns of change in race speed over a 10-year period, the extent of change in performance was greater in younger than in older runners.

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The Effects of Lateral Bounds on Post-Activation Potentiation of Change-of-Direction Speed Measured by the 505 Test in College-Aged Men and Women

Sports ◽

10.3390/sports8050071 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (5) ◽

pp. 71 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Ashley J. Orjalo ◽

Robert G. Lockie ◽

Katherine Balfany ◽

Samuel J. Callaghan

Keyword(s):

Test Performance ◽

Repeated Measures ◽

Vertical Jump ◽

Test Session ◽

Repeated Measures Anova ◽

Change Of Direction ◽

Speed Test ◽

Repeated Measures Analysis ◽

Partial Correlations ◽

Weighted Vest

Forty recreationally-trained individuals completed four testing sessions to determine whether lateral bounds (LB) or weighted lateral bounds enhanced change-of-direction (COD) speed measured by the 505 COD speed test. Session 1 included vertical jump and lateral bound (LB) testing to measure power. Sessions 2–4 involved three randomized conditioning activities (CA): 3 × 5 LB; 3 × 5 weighted LB (10% body mass provided by a weighted vest); and a control condition (4-min rest). The 505 COD speed test was performed 5- and 2.5-min pre-CA, and ~15 s, 4, 8, 12, and 16 min post-CA. A 3 × 6 repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) calculated performance changes across time points post-CA. A 3 × 2 repeated measures ANOVA analyzed best potentiated performance. Smallest worthwhile change (SWC) measured within-subject 505 COD speed test performance. Partial correlations controlling for sex calculated relationships between the vertical jump, LB, and percent potentiation. There were no differences (p = 0.919) in 505 time relative to baseline for any CA, nor was the SWC exceeded. The best potentiated 505 time was faster (p < 0.001) than baseline for all CA, with no between-CA differences. There were no significant (p = 0.056–0.993) correlations between power and potentiation. LB and weighted LB did not potentiate the 505 COD speed test, although performance was not hindered.

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One Size Fits All?

Methodology ◽

10.1027/1614-2241/a000044 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

pp. 23-38 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Manuel C. Voelkle ◽

Patrick E. McKnight

Keyword(s):

Repeated Measures ◽

Structural Equation ◽

Type I Error ◽

Equation Modeling ◽

Type I ◽

Finite Sample ◽

Traditional Methods ◽

Repeated Measures Anova ◽

Special Cases ◽

Latent Curve

The use of latent curve models (LCMs) has increased almost exponentially during the last decade. Oftentimes, researchers regard LCM as a “new” method to analyze change with little attention paid to the fact that the technique was originally introduced as an “alternative to standard repeated measures ANOVA and first-order auto-regressive methods” (Meredith & Tisak, 1990, p. 107). In the first part of the paper, this close relationship is reviewed, and it is demonstrated how “traditional” methods, such as the repeated measures ANOVA, and MANOVA, can be formulated as LCMs. Given that latent curve modeling is essentially a large-sample technique, compared to “traditional” finite-sample approaches, the second part of the paper addresses the question to what degree the more flexible LCMs can actually replace some of the older tests by means of a Monte-Carlo simulation. In addition, a structural equation modeling alternative to Mauchly’s (1940) test of sphericity is explored. Although “traditional” methods may be expressed as special cases of more general LCMs, we found the equivalence holds only asymptotically. For practical purposes, however, no approach always outperformed the other alternatives in terms of power and type I error, so the best method to be used depends on the situation. We provide detailed recommendations of when to use which method.

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