scholarly journals Predicting the durability of zinc coatings based on laboratory and field tests

2019 ◽  
Vol 121 ◽  
pp. 01008
Author(s):  
Mark Kovalev ◽  
Ekaterina Alekseeva ◽  
Nikita Shaposhnikov ◽  
Anton Povyshev
Keyword(s):  
Corrosion Rate ◽  
Thermal Diffusion ◽  
Field Test ◽  
Laboratory Tests ◽  
Field Tests ◽  
Test Method ◽  
Laboratory Studies ◽  
Corrosion Rates ◽  
Zinc Coatings ◽  
Salt Fog

Galvanizing is one of the most common methods of corrosion protection. For the deposition of zinc coatings used such methods as gas-thermal deposition, thermal diffusion saturation in powder, hot-dip galvanizing, cladding, and galvanic precipitating during electrolysis. The hot-dip galvanizing is the most common method, which is used in construction, automotive and other industries. Paper presents the results of research of zinc coatings used in sea conditions. The aim of the work was to determine an acceleration factor by comparing the corrosion rate in laboratory conditions with the data from field tests. Laboratory studies were carried out in a salt fog chamber. Samples were periodically removed from chamber to build the dependence of the corrosion rate on the exposure time. Field tests were carried out at the exploitation area. Result of the work is a guide that allows to predict the corrosion rates of zinc coatings using laboratory tests. The advantage of this test method is shorter time of exposure in comparison with field test.

The importance of aerodynamics for prosthetic limb design used by competitive cyclists with an amputation: An introduction

2014 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 232-237 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bryce Dyer
Keyword(s):  
Field Test ◽  
Aerodynamic Drag ◽  
Field Tests ◽  
Field Testing ◽  
Test Method ◽  
Limb Amputation ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Prosthetic Limb ◽  
Testing Method ◽  
Competitive Cyclists

Background/Objectives: This study introduces the importance of the aerodynamics to prosthetic limb design for athletes with either a lower-limb or upper-limb amputation. Study design: The study comprises two elements: 1) An initial experiment investigating the stability of outdoor velodrome-based field tests, and 2) An experiment evaluating the application of outdoor velodrome aerodynamic field tests to detect small-scale changes in aerodynamic drag respective of prosthetic limb componentry changes. Methods: An outdoor field-testing method is used to detect small and repeatable changes in the aerodynamic drag of an able-bodied cyclist. These changes were made at levels typical of alterations in prosthetic componentry. The field-based test method of assessment is used at a smaller level of resolution than previously reported. Results: With a carefully applied protocol, the field test method proved to be statistically stable. The results of the field test experiments demonstrate a noticeable change in overall athlete performance. Aerodynamic refinement of artificial limbs is worthwhile for athletes looking to maximise their competitive performance. Conclusion: A field-testing method illustrates the importance of the aerodynamic optimisation of prosthetic limb components. The field-testing protocol undertaken in this study gives an accessible and affordable means of doing so by prosthetists and sports engineers. Clinical relevance Using simple and accessible field-testing methods, this exploratory experiment demonstrates how small changes to riders’ equipment, consummate of the scale of a small change in prosthetics componentry, can affect the performance of an athlete. Prosthetists should consider such opportunities for performance enhancement when possible.

Evaluation of Hydrogen Cracking Susceptibility in X120 Girth Welds

2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. L. Macia ◽  
D. P. Fairchild ◽  
J. Y. Koo ◽  
N. V. Bangaru
Keyword(s):  
Laboratory Tests ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Test Method ◽  
Laboratory Studies ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Hydrogen Cracking ◽  
Girth Welding ◽  
Groove Test ◽  
Girth Welds ◽  
The Cost

To reduce the cost of long distance gas transmission, high strength pipeline steels are being developed. Implementation of high strength pipeline materials requires the avoidance of hydrogen cracking during field girth welding. A study of hydrogen cracking in X120 girth welds has been conducted. Cracking resistance of both the weld metal and heat affected zone (HAZ) were investigated. The laboratory tests included the controlled thermal severity (CTS) test, the WIC test and the Y-groove test. In addition, multi-pass plate welds and full pipe welds were completed and examined for the presence of hydrogen cracks. The suitability of each test method for predicting cracking in X120 girth welds is determined. The morphology of hydrogen cracks in X120 girth welds is described, and the conditions necessary to prevent hydrogen cracking are identified. Following the laboratory studies, construction of X120 pipelines without cracking was demonstrated through a 1.6 km field trial.

scholarly journals A 1-Year Study of Endurance Runners: Training, Laboratory Tests, and Field Tests

2014 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 1019-1025 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andy Galbraith ◽  
James Hopker ◽  
Marco Cardinale ◽  
Brian Cunniffe ◽  
Louis Passfield
Keyword(s):  
Field Test ◽  
Test Performance ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Lactate Threshold ◽  
Laboratory Tests ◽  
Field Tests ◽  
Running Economy ◽  
Training Time ◽  
Repeated Measures Anova ◽  
Endurance Runners

Purpose:To examine the training and concomitant changes in laboratory- and field-test performance of highly trained endurance runners.Methods:Fourteen highly trained male endurance runners (mean ± SD maximal oxygen uptake [VO2max] 69.8 ± 6.3 mL · kg−1 · min−1) completed this 1-y training study commencing in April. During the study the runners undertook 5 laboratory tests of VO2max, lactate threshold (LT), and running economy and 9 field tests to determine critical speed (CS) and the modeled maximum distance performed above CS (D′). The data for different periods of the year were compared using repeated-measures ANOVA. The influence of training on laboratory- and field-test changes was analyzed by multiple regression.Results:Total training distance varied during the year and was lower in May–July (333 ± 206 km, P = .01) and July–August (339 ± 206 km, P = .02) than in the subsequent January–February period (474 ± 188 km). VO2max increased from the April baseline (4.7 ± 0.4 L/min) in October and January periods (5.0 ± 0.4 L/min, P ≤ .01). Other laboratory measures did not change. Runners’ CS was lowest in August (4.90 ± 0.32 m/s) and highest in February (4.99 ± 0.30 m/s, P = .02). Total training distance and the percentage of training time spent above LT velocity explained 33% of the variation in CS.Conclusion:Highly trained endurance runners achieve small but significant changes in VO2max and CS in a year. Increases in training distance and time above LT velocity were related to increases in CS.

Paper 9: Investigations of Motor Car Corrosion in Finland

1967 ◽  
Vol 182 (10) ◽  
pp. 73-79
Author(s):  
P. Asanti
Keyword(s):  
Corrosion Rate ◽  
Critical Points ◽  
Laboratory Tests ◽  
Major Part ◽  
Field Tests ◽  
Sodium Hexametaphosphate ◽  
Purchase Price ◽  
Passenger Cars ◽  
Road Salts ◽  
Salt Mixtures

Laboratory and field tests on the corrosion of passenger cars in Finland have been carried out. The most critical corrosion points on a car body are located in closed sections. Use of anti-corrosion oil-spraying at the critical points is lowering the corrosion rate. Up to 80 per cent of all cars are treated in this way. The annual cost of this protection is approximately 1–2 per cent of the purchase price of the car. The garaging of a car has an important influence on the corrosion rate. The important factors are the changes in temperature and the condensation of water in closed sections of the car. The major part of this investigation is concerned with the use of inhibitors in road salts. In laboratory tests sodium hexametaphosphate shows good protection against corrosion. A higher content of phosphate inhibitor is needed in salt mixtures when sand is present on the roads than is the case with laboratory tests on clear solutions. Sodium hexametaphosphate reacts with asphalt compounds and the resultant splash from roads makes the windscreen and other parts of the car dirty. The correlation between the inhibitor additions and the salt mixtures was clear in laboratory tests but quite the reverse in field tests. The reason may be the slow solubility of the inhibitor and its adsorption to the sand and clay.

Painting of Arc Sprayed Zinc Coatings with Water-Based Paints

2000 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.T. Lahtinen ◽  
P.J.T. Jokinen
Keyword(s):  
Laboratory Tests ◽  
Atmospheric Corrosion ◽  
Zinc Coating ◽  
Field Tests ◽  
Steel Structures ◽  
Coating Process ◽  
Paint Systems ◽  
Large Steel ◽  
Water Based ◽  
Zinc Coatings

Abstract Hot dip galvanized zinc coatings on steel structures are known to have superior atmospheric corrosion resistance properties compared to painted structures. However, the zinc coating can not be applied by this method on large steel structures. The protection of large steel structures against atmospheric corrosion is traditionally done by painting. The environmental pressure to eliminate solvent based paints has forced the painting contractors to move towards water based paints or completely rethink the coating process. One solution to this problem is to use arc sprayed zinc as the "primer" and water based paints as a sealer and a top coat. The research and field tests conducted and supervised by VTT has produced promising results that are described in the paper. The possibility to apply water based paints directly over the arc sprayed zinc is discussed and results of field and laboratory tests are given. The economic aspects of both water based and traditional paint systems over the arc sprayed zinc are discussed in the paper.

scholarly journals Field Test and Analysis of Energy-Saving Effects of Energy-Recovery Ventilators on Heat-Pump Electricity Consumption in a Classroom

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 2069
Author(s):  
Jae-Sol Choi ◽  
Eui-Jong Kim
Keyword(s):  
Energy Saving ◽  
Field Test ◽  
Energy Recovery ◽  
Field Tests ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Heat Pumps ◽  
Test Method ◽  
Actual System ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Saving Rates

Energy-recovery ventilators (ERVs) are regarded as important energy-saving systems in buildings. It has been reported that they have high energy-saving rates compared with conventional ventilators that operate without energy recovery, but the saving rates have been obtained typically by employing chamber tests and simulations. In this work, a field-test method is proposed that uses a single test room but alternates the tested ventilation modes hourly. This proposed method is useful because an additional comparison room is not always available and can be a source of uncertainty for field tests. The test is performed in a classroom during a heating period, and the results are calibrated to account for different experimental conditions during the test period. The calibrated energy-saving rates indicate the effectiveness of the ERV; however, they are lower in the early hours of the system operation, for two reasons: (1) the maximum power control schemes of the heat pumps are applied for cases where the indoor temperatures are far lower than the set-point temperature; (2) the ventilation load seemingly represents a decreasing proportion of the total heating load in early hours owing to the thermal-capacity effects for the building, which was cooled for many hours. The findings are verified via a chamber test and simulations. As a consequence, it is important to account for actual system characteristics affected by the thermal behaviors of classrooms when the overall performance of a system is evaluated.

scholarly journals Corrosion resistance of thermal diffusion zinc coatings of “PNTZ” in oilfield environments

2019 ◽  
Vol 121 ◽  
pp. 02005
Author(s):  
Aleksandr Biryukov ◽  
Dmitry Zakharyevich ◽  
Rashit Galin ◽  
Natalya Devyaterikova ◽  
Igor Scherbakov
Keyword(s):  
Wear Resistance ◽  
Corrosion Resistance ◽  
Thermal Diffusion ◽  
Field Tests ◽  
Oil Industry ◽  
Zinc Powders ◽  
Zinc Coatings ◽  
Unique Composition ◽  
Production Composition

The production, composition, wear resistance and corrosion resistance of thermal diffusion zinc coatings produced at JSC PNTZ are considered. Specially treated zinc powders with nanocrystallized oxide on the surface of the particles are used in production. The process is capable to provide unique composition and microstructure of coatings. The results of laboratory and field tests show excellent characteristics of coatings in conditions typical for the oil industry.

scholarly journals Towards a field test for fracture propagation propensity in weak snowpack layers

2006 ◽  
Vol 52 (176) ◽  
pp. 164-168 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dave Gauthier ◽  
Bruce Jamieson
Keyword(s):  
Field Test ◽  
Fracture Propagation ◽  
Field Tests ◽  
Fracture Initiation ◽  
Bimodal Distribution ◽  
Test Method ◽  
Flexural Wave ◽  
Weak Layer ◽  
Columbia Mountains ◽  
Initiation And Propagation

AbstractSlab avalanche release requires fracture initiation and propagation in a weak snowpack layer. While field tests of weak-layer strength are useful for fracture initiation, the challenge remains to find a verified field test for fracture propagation. We introduce the two current versions of a field test for fracture propagation propensity, and report results of testing conducted in the Columbia Mountains of British Columbia, Canada, during the winter of 2005. By extending the column of a stability test approximately 3 m in the downslope direction, the test method allows for the development of a flexural wave in the slab, and thereby maintains the contribution of this wave and the associated weak-layer collapse to the fracture process. Fracture lengths collected on a day and location where the propagation propensity of the snowpack was locally high show a bimodal distribution, with approximately 50% of observed fractures similar to those collected in stable snowpacks, and approximately 50% with much longer fracture lengths.

scholarly journals Design, Performance Evaluation and Field Test of a Water Jet Tool for ROV Trencher

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 296
Author(s):  
Ji-Hong Li ◽  
Mun-Jik Lee ◽  
Hyungjoo Kang ◽  
Min-Gyu Kim ◽  
Gun Rae Cho
Keyword(s):  
Field Test ◽  
Laboratory Tests ◽  
Design Method ◽  
Field Tests ◽  
Water Jet ◽  
Tool Design ◽  
Design Parameters ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Cfd Simulations ◽  
Sea Trial

ROV trencher is a kind of ROV which trenches the sea floor using a specifically designed tool and buries the subsea cables and pipelines. According to the soil conditions, this trenching method can have two different types, one is mechanical cutting and the other one is water jetting. In this paper, we present a water jet tool design method for a 2500 m depth-rated ROV trencher. A series of CFD simulations and laboratory tests with one nozzle, and a ground test using 1:6 scale jetting arm model were carried out to derive and demonstrate the jetting tool design parameters. In October 2018, the constructed ROV trencher was put into the sea trial in the East Sea of Korea to evaluate its final performances. In addition, in December 2019, the trencher was applied in a construction site to bury subsea water pipelines near the Yogji Island in the Korea. Through these two field tests and operation, the trencher was demonstrated for both its operational capability and trenching performance. The main contribution of this paper is that it presents the entire design procedures of water jet tools, including CFD simulations, laboratory tests, field test with 1:6 scaled jetting tool, and the final prototype tool design. These consecutive procedures are carried out in order for us to set up sort of relationship between jetting angle, trench depth, trench speed, and jetting power, from which we can predict and evaluate the trenching performance of the prototype jetting tool.

LABORATORY AND FIELD TESTS WITH BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS AGAINST THE DARK-SIDED CUTWORM, EUXOA MESSORIA (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE), ON TOBACCO

1973 ◽  
Vol 105 (7) ◽  
pp. 941-945 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. H. Cheng
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Thuringiensis ◽  
Field Test ◽  
Cover Crop ◽  
Laboratory Tests ◽  
Field Tests ◽  
Tobacco Leaves ◽  
Larval Stages ◽  
Euxoa Messoria ◽  
Lepidoptera Noctuidae ◽  
Third Instar Larvae

AbstractLaboratory tests were conducted to determine the susceptibility of the various larval stages of Euxoa messoria (Harris) in Ontario to four commercial preparations of Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner: Thuricide® 90TS, Thuricide®-HP, Biotrol® BTB 183, and Dipel. A field test was made to determine whether these preparations could be as effective as Dursban® (O,O-diethyl O-3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridyl phosphorothioate) for control of this species when applied on the rye cover crop in spring.In laboratory tests first to third instar larvae that fed on rye leaves treated with all four B. thuringiensis preparations, were found to be susceptible regardless of the rates applied. Mortality of fourth to seventh instar larvae fed treated tobacco leaves was low. Thuricide 90TS and Biotrol BTB 183 as applied in the field for control of E. messoria populations were relatively ineffective as compared with Dursban.

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