Brief Report: Training Load, Salivary Immunoglobulin A, and Illness Incidence in Elite Paratriathletes

Purpose: To gain an exploratory insight into the relation between training load (TL), salivary secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA), and upper respiratory tract illness (URI) in elite paratriathletes. Methods: Seven paratriathletes were recruited. Athletes provided weekly saliva samples for the measurement of sIgA over 23 consecutive weeks (February to July) and a further 11 consecutive weeks (November to January). sIgA was compared to individuals’ weekly training duration, external TL, and internal TL, using time spent in predetermined heart-rate zones. Correlations were assessed via regression analyses. URI was quantified via weekly self-report symptom questionnaire. Results: There was a significant negative relation between athletes’ individual weekly training duration and sIgA secretion rate (P = .028), with changes in training duration accounting for 12.7% of the variance (quartiles: 0.2%, 19.2%). There was, however, no significant relation between external or internal TL and sIgA parameters (P ≥ .104). There was no significant difference in sIgA when URI was present or not (101% vs 118% healthy median concentration; P ≥ .225); likewise, there was no difference in sIgA when URI occurred within 2 wk of sampling or not (83% vs 125% healthy median concentration; P ≥ .120). Conclusions: Paratriathletes’ weekly training duration significantly affects sIgA secretion rate, yet the authors did not find a relation between external or internal TL and sIgA parameters. Furthermore, it was not possible to detect any link between sIgA and URI occurrence, which throws into question the potential of using sIgA as a monitoring tool for early detection of illness.

Download Full-text

Within-Subject Correlation Between Salivary IgA and Measures of Training Load in Elite Football Players

International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance ◽

10.1123/ijspp.2018-0455 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 14 (6) ◽

pp. 847-849 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Pedro Figueiredo ◽

George P. Nassis ◽

João Brito

Keyword(s):

High Speed ◽

Perceived Exertion ◽

Immunoglobulin A ◽

Correlation Coefficients ◽

Training Load ◽

Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽

Football Players ◽

Positioning Systems ◽

External Training ◽

Salivary Secretory Immunoglobulin A

Purpose: To quantify the association between salivary secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) and training load in elite football players. Methods: Data were obtained on 4 consecutive days during the preparation camp for the Rio 2016 Olympic Games. Saliva samples of 18 elite male football players were collected prior to breakfast. The session rating of perceived exertion (s-RPE) and external training-load metrics from global positioning systems (GPS) were recorded. Within-subject correlation coefficients between training load and sIgA concentration, and magnitude of relationships, were calculated. Results: sIgA presented moderate to large negative correlations with s-RPE (r = −.39), total distance covered (r = −.55), accelerations (r = −.52), and decelerations (r = −.48). Trivial to small associations were detected between sIgA and distance covered per minute (r = .01), high-speed distance (r = −.23), and number of sprints (r = −.18). sIgA displayed a likely moderate decrease from day 1 to day 2 (d = −0.7) but increased on day 3 (d = 0.6). The training-load variables had moderate to very large rises from day 1 to day 2 (d = 0.7 to 3.2) but lowered from day 2 to day 3 (d = −5.0 to −0.4), except for distance per minute (d = 0.8) and sprints (unclear). On day 3, all training-load variables had small to large increments compared with day 1 (d = 0.4 to 1.5), except for accelerations (d = −0.8) and decelerations (unclear). Conclusions: In elite football, sIgA might be more responsive to training volume than to intensity. External load such as GPS-derived variables presented stronger association with sIgA than with s-RPE. sIgA can be used as an additional objective tool in monitoring football players.

Download Full-text

ACADEMIC STRESS, POWER MOTIVATION, AND DECREASE IN SECRETION RATE OF SALIVARY SECRETORY IMMUNOGLOBULIN A

The Lancet ◽

10.1016/s0140-6736(83)92354-1 ◽

1983 ◽

Vol 321 (8339) ◽

pp. 1400-1402 ◽

Cited By ~ 235

Author(s):

JohnB. Jemmott ◽

Myrin Borysenko ◽

Robert Chapman ◽

JoanZ. Borysenko ◽

DavidC. Mcclelland ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Immunoglobulin A ◽

Academic Stress ◽

Secretion Rate ◽

Secretory Immunoglobulin A ◽

Power Motivation ◽

Salivary Secretory Immunoglobulin A ◽

Secretory Immunoglobulin

Download Full-text

Relationship between Training Load Management and Immunoglobulin A to Avoid Immunosuppression after Soccer Training and Competition: A Theoretical Framework Based on COVID-19 for Athletes’ Healthcare

Healthcare ◽

10.3390/healthcare9070856 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (7) ◽

pp. 856

Author(s):

Markel Rico-González ◽

José Pino-Ortega ◽

Filipe Manuel Clemente ◽

Naia Bustamante-Hernández

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

Immunoglobulin A ◽

Training Load ◽

Return To Play ◽

Current Evidence ◽

Load Management ◽

Upper Respiratory Tract ◽

Qualitative Synthesis ◽

Salivary Iga ◽

Repeated Sprint

Immunoglobulin A (IgA), which is the main effector against upper respiratory tract viruses such as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has been related to training load management. The aim of this systematic review was to establish the relationship between training load and salivary IgA based on current evidence in order to avoid immunosuppression after exercise and players´ vulnerability to virus contagion. A systematic review of relevant articles was carried out using two electronic databases (PubMed and Web of Science) until 19 May 2021. From a total of 127 studies initially found, 23 were included in the qualitative synthesis. These studies were clustered depending on stress level. The salivary IgA was analysed considering soccer-specific treadmill exercise and repeated sprint drills (n = 5), matches (n = 7), and during certain periods during the season or pre-season (n = 11). Repeated sprint ability tests and treadmill exercises are suitable exercises for the first steps on return to play periods yet still maintain social distance. A rest or moderate training sessions (technical/tactical) are suggested after official matches to ensure 16–18 h to recover IgA levels, while periods with multiple matches per week with limited recovery time should be avoided. Weekly training load should assume a small increment (<10%) to ensure IgA immune responses, especially, during the post coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) season.

Download Full-text

Salivary SIgA responses to acute moderate–vigorous exercise in monophasic oral contraceptive users

Applied Physiology Nutrition and Metabolism ◽

10.1139/apnm-2014-0468 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 40 (9) ◽

pp. 863-867 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Harumi Hayashida ◽

Nicola J. Dolan ◽

Charlotte Hounsome ◽

Nawal Alajmi ◽

Nicolette C. Bishop

Keyword(s):

Oral Contraceptive ◽

Acute Exercise ◽

Immunoglobulin A ◽

Peak Oxygen Uptake ◽

Follicular Phase ◽

Secretion Rate ◽

Vigorous Exercise ◽

Unstimulated Saliva ◽

Salivary Secretory Immunoglobulin A ◽

Saliva Flow

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of oral contraceptive (OC) use on salivary secretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA) levels at rest and in response to an acute bout of moderate–vigorous exercise during 2 phases of the 4-week OC cycle corresponding to different phases of the synthetic menstrual cycle. Ten healthy active females completed a cycling at 70% peak oxygen uptake for 45 min at 2 time points of an OC cycle: during the equivalent in time to the mid-follicular phase (day 8 ± 2) and the mid-luteal phase (day 20 ± 2). Timed unstimulated saliva samples were obtained before, immediately postexercise, and 1 h postexercise and analyzed for salivary SIgA. Salivary SIgA secretion rate was 26% (95% confidence limits (CI) 6–46) lower at postexercise compared with pre-exercise during the synthetic follicular phase (p = 0.019) but no differences were observed during the synthetic luteal trial. Saliva flow rate was 11% (95% CI, 8–30) lower at postexercise compared with pre-exercise (main effect for time; p = 0.025). In conclusion, the pattern of salivary SIgA secretion rate response to moderate–vigorous exercise varies across the early and late phases of a monophasic OC cycle, with a transient reduction in salivary SIgA responses during the synthetic follicular phase. These findings indicate that monophasic OC use should be considered when assessing mucosal immune responses to acute exercise.

Download Full-text

SALIVARY SECRETORY IMMUNOGLOBULIN A LEVEL OF CHILDREN WITH ACUTE LYMPHOBLASTIC LEUKEMIA IN MAINTENANCE PHASE

Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research ◽

10.22159/ajpcr.2018.v11i3.23261 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 11 (3) ◽

pp. 50 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Danar Pradipta Rani ◽

Sarworini B Budiardjo ◽

Margaretha Suharsini

Keyword(s):

Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia ◽

Lymphoblastic Leukemia ◽

Immunoglobulin A ◽

Maintenance Phase ◽

Healthy Children ◽

Secretory Immunoglobulin A ◽

Laboratory Observation ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Salivary Secretory Immunoglobulin A ◽

Secretory Immunoglobulin

Objective: The objective of this research is to investigate the differences in salivary secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) levels between children with gingivitis who have acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and are in the maintenance phase of chemotherapy and the levels in healthy children with gingivitis.Methods: This study used cross-sectional and laboratory observation methods with 19 ALL children and 19 healthy children who all had mild gingivitis. Two mL of saliva were collected and stored at −200°C. Then, salivary sIgA levels were measured using the ELISA method.Results: The results indicate an insignificant difference (p>0.05) in salivary sIgA levels between the ALL children in the maintenance phase with the level of 21.38 (7.23–107.26) and 37.26 (11.24–135.63) for the healthy children.Conclusion: There is no significant difference in salivary sIgA levels between the ALL children in the maintenance phase and the healthy children.

Download Full-text

The Effects of Play Behavior, Feeding, and Time of Day on Salivary Concentrations of sIgA in Calves

Animals ◽

10.3390/ani9090657 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (9) ◽

pp. 657 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Katrin Spiesberger ◽

Stephanie Lürzel ◽

Martina Patzl ◽

Andreas Futschik ◽

Susanne Waiblinger

Keyword(s):

Positive Emotions ◽

Immunoglobulin A ◽

Salivary Flow ◽

Time Of Day ◽

Play Behavior ◽

Emotional States ◽

Large Variability ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Before And After ◽

Salivary Secretory Immunoglobulin A

The focus of animal welfare science has shifted over the last decades from efforts to avoid negative states to ways of allowing animals the experience of positive emotions. They may influence physiological processes in farmed animals, potentially providing health benefits; in addition, the physiological changes might be used as indicators of emotional states. We investigated calves’ salivary secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) concentrations with regard to a possible circadian rhythm and two situations that elicit positive emotions. Ten saliva samples of 14 calves were taken on two consecutive days; within the course of a day we observed a significant decline in salivary sIgA concentrations at 14:00 h. Further, we probed the animals before and after milk feeding and, contrarily to our prediction, detected lower sIgA concentrations 5 min after feeding than 15 min before. A probable explanation might be an increase in salivary flow rate caused by milk ingestion. We also took samples before and after we stimulated play behavior in calves. There was no significant difference in sIgA concentrations between samples taken before and after play. Although there was a significant correlation between the change in sIgA concentrations and the amount of play behavior shown, the correlation depended on an unexpected decrease of sIgA in animals that played little, and thus, does not support our hypothesis. In general, the data showed a large variability that might arise from different factors that are difficult to standardize in animals. Thus, the use of salivary sIgA concentrations as a marker of positive emotions in calves is not supported conclusively by the present data.

Download Full-text

Effects of acute postexercise chocolate milk consumption during intensive judo training on the recovery of salivary hormones, salivary SIgA, mood state, muscle soreness, and judo-related performance

Applied Physiology Nutrition and Metabolism ◽

10.1139/apnm-2015-0243 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 40 (11) ◽

pp. 1116-1122 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Elena Papacosta ◽

George P. Nassis ◽

Michael Gleeson

Keyword(s):

Weight Loss ◽

Salivary Cortisol ◽

Muscle Soreness ◽

Mood State ◽

Immunoglobulin A ◽

Chocolate Milk ◽

Intentional Weight Loss ◽

Salivary Testosterone ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Salivary Secretory Immunoglobulin A

This study examined the effects of postexercise chocolate milk (CM) or water (W) consumption during 5 days of intensive judo training with concomitant weight loss on salivary cortisol and testosterone, salivary secretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA), delayed-onset muscle soreness (DOMS), and judo-related performance. Twelve trained male judo athletes engaged in 5 days of intensive judo training followed by a simulated judo competition, on 2 separate training weeks 14 days apart. The athletes consumed 1000 mL of W (week 1) or CM (week 2) immediately post-training. During both weeks, athletes were instructed to “make weight” for the upcoming competition. Performance in timed push-ups and the Special Judo Fitness Test improved by 14.6% and 6.8%, respectively, at the end of the training week with CM consumption (both p < 0.001). Decreased salivary cortisol (p < 0.01) and a trend for an increased salivary testosterone/cortisol ratio (p = 0.07) were also observed midweek in the CM condition. Saliva flow rate was higher during the week with CM intake compared with W intake (p < 0.001). DOMS (p < 0.001) and mood disturbance (p < 0.0001) increased after the first day of training in the W condition but not in the CM condition. Salivary testosterone and SIgA responses were similar between treatments (p > 0.05). Body mass decreased by 1.9% in the W condition and by 1.1% in the CM condition, with no significant difference between treatments. This study indicates that postexercise CM consumption during short-term intensive judo training enhances aspects of recovery without affecting intentional weight loss.

Download Full-text

Part I: Relationship among Training Load Management, Salivary Immunoglobulin A, and Upper Respiratory Tract Infection in Team Sport: A Systematic Review

Healthcare ◽

10.3390/healthcare9040366 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (4) ◽

pp. 366

Author(s):

Markel Rico-González ◽

Filipe Manuel Clemente ◽

Rafael Oliveira ◽

Naia Bustamante-Hernández ◽

José Pino-Ortega

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

Tract Infection ◽

Respiratory Tract ◽

High Intensity ◽

Immunoglobulin A ◽

Team Sports ◽

Training Load ◽

Load Management ◽

Upper Respiratory Tract ◽

Upper Respiratory

Immunoglobulin A (IgA), which is the first line of defense against upper respiratory tract viruses, has been related with training load management. This article aimed to systematically identify and summarize (1) the studies that have found a relationship between training load and salivary IgA in team sports, and (2) the studies that have highlighted a relationship between IgA and upper respiratory tract infection (URTI) in team sports. A systematic review of relevant articles was carried out using two electronic databases (PubMed and WoK) until 3 October 2020. From a total of 174 studies initially found, 24 were included in the qualitative synthesis. This systematic review confirmed that lower values of IgA occurred after greater training load (intensity/volume) and congested periods. In this scenario, a low level of IgA was correlated with higher URTI, which makes training load management mandatory to healthcare avoiding immunosuppression. Therefore, physical fitness and conditioning coaches should carefully manage training load progression, avoiding high-intensity sessions in two consecutive days. In addition, they should not program high-intensity training sessions during at least the two days following competition

Download Full-text

Salivary Immunoglobulin A and Upper Respiratory Symptoms During 5 Months of Training in Elite Tetraplegic Athletes

International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance ◽

10.1123/ijspp.7.3.210 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 7 (3) ◽

pp. 210-217 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Christof A. Leicht ◽

Nicolette C. Bishop ◽

Thomas A.W. Paulson ◽

Katy E. Griggs ◽

Victoria L. Goosey-Tolfrey

Keyword(s):

Respiratory Symptoms ◽

Immunoglobulin A ◽

Training Load ◽

Secretion Rate ◽

Wheelchair Athletes ◽

Immune Parameters ◽

Upper Respiratory ◽

And Training ◽

Salivary Immunoglobulin A ◽

Upper Respiratory Symptoms

Purpose:Altered autonomic innervation in tetraplegic individuals has been shown to depress certain immune parameters at rest and alter exercise-related salivary immunoglobulin A (sIgA) responses. The purpose of this study was to examine resting sIgA responses as a function of training load and episodes of upper respiratory symptoms (URS) in elite tetraplegic athletes.Methods:Resting saliva samples were obtained from 14 tetraplegic athletes at 12 predefined time points over 5 months and analyzed for sIgA. Occurrence of self-reported URS and training load was recorded throughout the study’s duration. Regression analyses were performed to investigate the relationship between sIgA responses and training load. Furthermore, the relationships between sIgA responses and URS occurrence were examined.Results:sIgA secretion rate was negatively correlated with training load (P = .04), which only accounted for 8% of the variance. No significant relationships were found between sIgA responses and subsequent URS occurrence. Finally, sIgA responses did not differ between athletes with and without recorded URS during the study period.Conclusions:In line with findings in ablebodied athletes, negative relationships between sIgA secretion rate and training load were found in tetraplegic athletes. This may explain some of the higher infection risk in wheelchair athletes with a high training load, which has been previously observed in paraplegic athletes. However, the nonsignificant relationship between sIgA responses and URS occurrence brings into question the use of sIgA as a prognostic tool for the early detection of URS episodes in the studied population.

Download Full-text