Higher- Versus Lower-Intensity Strength-Training Taper: Effects on Neuromuscular Performance

Purpose: To investigate the effects of strength-training tapers of different intensities but equal volume reductions on neuromuscular performance. Methods: Eleven strength-trained men (21.3 [3.3] y, 92.3 [17.6] kg, relative 1-repetition-maximum deadlift 1.9 [0.2] times bodyweight) completed a crossover study. Specifically, two 4-wk strength-training blocks were followed by a taper week with reduced volume (∼70%) involving either increased (5.9%) or decreased (−8.5%) intensity. Testing occurred pretraining (T1), posttraining (T2), and posttaper (T3). Salivary testosterone and cortisol, plasma creatine kinase, a Daily Analysis of Life Demands in Athletes questionnaire, countermovement jump (CMJ), isometric midthigh pull, and isometric bench press were measured. Results: CMJ height improved significantly over time (P < .001), with significant increases from T1 (38.0 [5.5] cm) to both T2 (39.3 [5.3] cm; P = .010) and T3 (40.0 [5.3] cm; P = .001) and from T2 to T3 (P = .002). CMJ flight time:contraction time increased significantly over time (P = .004), with significant increases from T1 (0.747 [0.162]) to T2 (0.791 [0.163]; P = .012). Isometric midthigh-pull relative peak force improved significantly over time (P = .033), with significant increases from T1 (34.7 [5.0] N/kg) to T2 (35.9 [4.8] N/kg; P = .013). No significant changes were found between tapers. However, the higher-intensity taper produced small effect-size increases at T3 vs T1 for isometric midthigh-pull relative peak force, CMJ height, and flight time:contraction time, while the lower-intensity taper only produced small effect-size improvements at T3 vs T1 for CMJ height. Conclusions: A strength-training taper with volume reductions had a positive effect on power, with a tendency for the higher-intensity taper to produce more favorable changes in strength and power.

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Television, Continuity, and Change: A Meta-Analysis of Five Decades of Cultivation Research

Journal of Communication ◽

10.1093/joc/jqab014 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Erik Hermann ◽

Michael Morgan ◽

James Shanahan

Keyword(s):

Data Collection ◽

Effect Size ◽

Narrow Range ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Effect Sizes ◽

Partial Support ◽

Continuity And Change ◽

Message System ◽

Positive Effect ◽

Over Time

Abstract This study is a meta-analysis of cultivation research from the 1970s to the present, based on three-level analyses of 3842 effect sizes from 406 independent samples. We found an overall effect size of .107 that varies only within a fairly narrow range across many potential moderators. Cultivation effects remain stable over the decades, implying an enduring relationship between television’s message system and viewers’ conceptions of social reality, despite immense changes in the institutional structure and technology of television. That bolsters a “traditional” perspective on cultivation, which is further corroborated by a stronger positive effect of overall viewing compared with genre viewing. However, this (stronger) effect weakens over time, which provides at least partial support for a “reformist” perspective on cultivation. Moreover, sample size and mode of data collection also moderate cultivation effects, with larger effects in smaller samples and in data collected via questionnaires compared with other methods.

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Comparison of Official and Friendly Matches through Acceleration, Deceleration and Metabolic Power Measures: A Full-Season Study in Professional Soccer Players

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph18115980 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (11) ◽

pp. 5980

Author(s):

Hadi Nobari ◽

Sara Mahmoudzadeh Khalili ◽

Rafael Oliveira ◽

Alfonso Castillo-Rodríguez ◽

Jorge Pérez-Gómez ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Effect Size ◽

Total Duration ◽

Soccer Players ◽

Metabolic Power ◽

Professional Soccer ◽

Premier League ◽

Small Effect Size ◽

Moderate Effect Size ◽

High Effort

Soccer is a popular team sport and highly demanding activity that requires high effort and long-term training plans. The goals of this study were to compare the accelerations, decelerations and metabolic power between official and friendly full matches, between the first and second halves of the matches, and between both halves of official and friendly matches. Twelve professional soccer players (age, 28.6 ± 2.7 years; height, 182.1 ± 8.6 cm; body mass, 75.3 ± 8.2 kg; BMI, 22.6 ± 0.7 kg/m2) participated in this study. A total of 33 official and 10 friendly matches were analyzed from the Iranian Premier League. All matches were monitored using GPSPORTS systems Pty Ltd. The following variables were selected: total duration of the matches, metabolic power, accelerations Zone1 (<2 m·s−2) (AccZ1), accelerations Zone2 (2 to 4 m·s−2) (AccZ2), accelerations Zone3 (>4 m·s−2) (AccZ3), decelerations Zone1 (<−2 m·s−2) (DecZ1), decelerations Zone2 (−2 to −4 m·s−2) (DecZ2) and decelerations Zone3 (>−4 m·s−2) (DecZ3). The major finding was shown in metabolic power, where higher values occurred in friendly matches (p < 0.05 with small effect size). Furthermore, total duration, AccZ3, DecZ1, DecZ2, and DecZ3 were revealed to be higher in official matches, while AccZ1 and AccZ2 were higher in friendly matches. The second half of the official matches revealed higher values for total duration compared to friendly matches (p < 0.05, moderate effect size). In conclusion, this study observed higher values of metabolic power in friendly matches compared to official matches. AccZ3, DecZ1, DecZ2, and DecZ3 were higher in official matches, while AccZ1 and AccZ2 were higher in friendly matches.

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The Impact of B Corp Certification on Growth

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su13137191 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (13) ◽

pp. 7191

Author(s):

Valerie Paelman ◽

Philippe Van Cauwenberge ◽

Heidi Vander Bauwhede

Keyword(s):

Regression Analysis ◽

Propensity Score ◽

Panel Regression ◽

Medium Term ◽

Difference In Differences ◽

Dual Purpose ◽

Full Effect ◽

The Impact ◽

Positive Effect ◽

Over Time

We empirically test whether B Corp certification affects the short- and medium-term growth rates of sustainable enterprises. These businesses are growing in popularity and prevalence but, due to their hybrid nature, often suffer from external credibility issues and competing internal logics. Because of the rigorous and time-involving audit procedure, B Corp certification potentially sends a credible signal about the sustainable nature of the enterprise to its stakeholders. In addition, the B Corp label could help to straighten out internal tensions and align the company towards its dual purpose. Hence, B Corp certification could contribute to company success. We observe 129 firms that were certified between 2013 and 2018 over a period between six years prior and five years post-certification. Using propensity score matching, we identify 129 non-certified matching companies. On this sample, we conduct a difference-in-differences panel regression analysis to investigate the effect of certification. Our dataset allows us to study how the effects of B Corp certification evolve over time, which was previously untested. Our study documents a positive effect of B Corp certification on turnover growth and also that this effect increases with the time since certification, implying that certification requires some time for its full effect to become apparent.

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Transdiagnostic comparison of visual working memory capacity in bipolar disorder and schizophrenia

International Journal of Bipolar Disorders ◽

10.1186/s40345-020-00217-x ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Catherine V. Barnes-Scheufler ◽

Caroline Passow ◽

Lara Rösler ◽

Jutta S. Mayer ◽

Viola Oertel ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Bipolar Disorder ◽

Working Memory ◽

Visual Working Memory ◽

Effect Size ◽

Working Memory Capacity ◽

Memory Capacity ◽

Medium Effect ◽

Full Spectrum ◽

Small Effect Size ◽

The Difference

Abstract Background Impaired working memory is a core cognitive deficit in both bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. Its study might yield crucial insights into the underpinnings of both disorders on the cognitive and neurophysiological level. Visual working memory capacity is a particularly promising construct for such translational studies. However, it has not yet been investigated across the full spectrum of both disorders. The aim of our study was to compare the degree of reductions of visual working memory capacity in patients with bipolar disorder (PBD) and patients with schizophrenia (PSZ) using a paradigm well established in cognitive neuroscience. Methods 62 PBD, 64 PSZ, and 70 healthy controls (HC) completed a canonical visual change detection task. Participants had to encode the color of four circles and indicate after a short delay whether the color of one of the circles had changed or not. We estimated working memory capacity using Pashler’s K. Results Working memory capacity was significantly reduced in both PBD and PSZ compared to HC. We observed a small effect size (r = .202) for the difference between HC and PBD and a medium effect size (r = .370) for the difference between HC and PSZ. Working memory capacity in PSZ was also significantly reduced compared to PBD with a small effect size (r = .201). Thus, PBD showed an intermediate level of impairment. Conclusions These findings provide evidence for a gradient of reduced working memory capacity in bipolar disorder and schizophrenia, with PSZ showing the strongest degree of impairment. This underscores the importance of disturbed information processing for both bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. Our results are compatible with the cognitive manifestation of a neurodevelopmental gradient affecting bipolar disorder to a lesser degree than schizophrenia. They also highlight the relevance of visual working memory capacity for the development of both behavior- and brain-based transdiagnostic biomarkers.

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Weaning Holstein Calves at 17 Weeks of Age Enables Smooth Transition from Liquid to Solid Feed

Animals ◽

10.3390/ani9121132 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (12) ◽

pp. 1132

Author(s):

Sarah Schwarzkopf ◽

Asako Kinoshita ◽

Jeannette Kluess ◽

Susanne Kersten ◽

Ulrich Meyer ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Metabolic Stress ◽

Live Weight ◽

The Other ◽

Smooth Transition ◽

Blood Metabolites ◽

Positive Effects ◽

Weaning Age ◽

Holstein Calves ◽

Positive Effect ◽

Over Time

Development of calves depends on prenatal and postnatal conditions. Primiparous cows were still maturing during pregnancy, which can lead to negative intrauterine conditions and affect the calf’s metabolism. It is hypothesized that weaning calves at higher maturity has positive effects due to reduced metabolic stress. We aimed to evaluate effects of mothers’ parity and calves’ weaning age on growth performance and blood metabolites. Fifty-nine female Holstein calves (38.8 ± 5.3 kg birth weight, about 8 days old) were used in a 2 × 2 factorial experiment with factors weaning age (7 vs. 17 weeks) and parity of mother (primiparous vs. multiparous cows). Calves were randomly assigned one of these four groups. Live weight, live weight gain and morphometry increased over time and were greater in calves weaned later. Metabolic indicators except total protein were interactively affected by time and weaning age. Leptin remained low in early-weaned calves born to primiparous cows, while it increased in the other groups. The results suggest that weaning more mature calves has a positive effect on body growth, and calves born to primiparous cows particularly benefit from this weaning regimen. It also enables a smooth transition from liquid to solid feed, which might reduce the associated stress of weaning.

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Self-Esteem and Socioeconomic Status: A Meta-Analytic Review

Personality and Social Psychology Review ◽

10.1207/s15327957pspr0601_3 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

pp. 59-71 ◽

Cited By ~ 219

Author(s):

Jean M. Twenge ◽

W. Keith Campbell

Keyword(s):

Socioeconomic Status ◽

Young Adulthood ◽

Asian Americans ◽

Effect Size ◽

Social Indicator ◽

Middle Age ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Self Esteem ◽

Analytic Review ◽

Over Time

Socioeconomic status (SES) has a small but significantrelationship with self-esteem (d = .15, r = .08) in a meta-analysis of 446 samples (total participant N = 312,940). Higher SES individuals report higher self-esteem. The effect size is very small in young children, increases substantially during young adulthood, continues higher until middle age, and is then smaller for adults over the age of 60. Gender interacts with birth cohort: The effect size increased over time for women but decreased over time for men. Asians and Asian Americans show a higher effect size, and occupation and education produce higher correlations with self-esteem than income does. The results are most consistent with a social indicator or salience model.

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Exploring the Morning Morality Effect in the context of moral utilitarianism: a post-hoc analysis

10.31234/osf.io/tgfr7 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Bastien Trémolière ◽

Corentin J Gosling

Keyword(s):

Effect Size ◽

Autonomous Vehicles ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Individual Study ◽

Post Hoc Analysis ◽

Cognitive Reflection ◽

Confounding Variables ◽

Small Effect Size ◽

Large Heterogeneity ◽

Post Hoc

Recent research has shown mixed evidence for the morning morality effect (i.e., the observation that individuals are less immoral in the morning than in the afternoon). In the present research, we target the morning morality effect in the context of moral utilitarianism, by reanalyzing observational data previously collected by our lab. These data include different tasks capturing moral utilitarianism (i.e., standard sacrificial dilemmas, an ecological utilitarian scale, and/or dilemmas involving the morality of autonomous vehicles). We report a meta-analysis of 6 studies which showed that participants became less utilitarian as the day goes on, but with a small effect size (r = -0.14) and a large heterogeneity. Exploration of this heterogeneity showed that such a conclusion was statistically significant for classic sacrificial dilemmas only. Notably, even when restricting the analysis to the classic sacrificial dilemmas, a moderate inconsistency remained. Post-hoc analysis of an individual study showed that this small effect did not survive the inclusion of potentially confounding variables, such as psychopathy trait and cognitive reflection. Implications and limitations are discussed.

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Patterns of adolescent friendships, psychological adjustment and antisocial behavior: The moderating role of family stress and friendship reciprocity

International Journal of Behavioral Development ◽

10.1177/0165025407080573 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 31 (6) ◽

pp. 539-548 ◽

Cited By ~ 26

Author(s):

Silvia Ciairano ◽

Emanuela Rabaglietti ◽

Antonella Roggero ◽

Silvia Bonino ◽

Wim Beyers

Keyword(s):

Family Stress ◽

Friendship Quality ◽

Context Factors ◽

Depressive Feelings ◽

Quality Scale ◽

Peer Nomination ◽

Positive Effect ◽

Moderating Role ◽

Over Time

This study distinguishes different patterns of friendship quality in terms of support from and conflict with friends, and reciprocity. Associations between friendship patterns and adolescents' adjustment (self-perception, expectations for the future, depressive feelings, sense of alienation, lying, disobedience, and aggression) were hypothesized to be moderated by family stress and friendship reciprocity. The sample comprised 622 adolescents of both genders, aged 14 to 20 years. We administered a questionnaire, including the Friendship Quality Scale and a peer nomination, twice at a 6-month interval. We identified two patterns of stable friendships: high (47%) and low (37%) quality. In two other groups, friendship quality changed over time, either from low to high (7%), or from high to low (9%). Of all adolescents, 58% had reciprocal and stable friends and 42% had unilateral friends. Under conditions of high family stress, supportive friendships do not have a positive effect on expectations for success and sense of alienation. Reciprocal friendship promotes higher levels of lying and disobedience but also protects against aggression. Summarizing, the effects of friendship quality can be moderated, either diminishing or exacerbating it, by other context factors.

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Program Evaluation of GLA:D® Australia: Physiotherapist Training Outcomes and Effectiveness of Implementation for People With Knee Osteoarthritis

10.21203/rs.3.rs-169093/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Christian Barton ◽

Joanne Kemp ◽

Ewa Roos ◽

Soren Skou ◽

Karen Dundules ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Quality Of Life ◽

Knee Osteoarthritis ◽

Exercise Therapy ◽

Effect Size ◽

Scale Up ◽

Qualitative Evaluation ◽

Effective Implementation ◽

Small Effect Size ◽

Patient Reported

Abstract BackgroundThe Good Life with osteoArthritis from Denmark (GLA:D®) program incorporates guideline-based patient education and exercise-therapy for osteoarthritis to implement guidelines into practice. We evaluated the implementation of GLA:D® for knee osteoarthritis within Australian physiotherapy practice using the RE-AIM QuEST (Reach, Effectiveness, Adoption, Implementation, Maintenance Qualitative Evaluation for Systematic Translation) framework.MethodsAustralian physiotherapists were trained and supported to deliver GLA:D® (2017-2019) and completed surveys before and after training to assess practices, beliefs about capabilities and confidence, and barriers and enablers to implementation. Patients participating in GLA:D® completed online baseline, 3-month (immediately post-treatment) and 12-month patient reported outcomes. Effective implementation was defined as within-subject moderate effect size (ES, ≥0.50) for average pain (100mm visual analogue scale) and knee osteoarthritis outcome score quality of life scores (KOOS-QoL), and small effect size (≥0.20) for health-related quality of life (EQ-5D-5L).ResultsReach: 1,064 physiotherapists (73% private) and 1,945 (79% private) from all states and territories consented to participation. Key barriers included out-of-pocket cost to patients, and program suitability for culturally and linguistically diverse communities. Effectiveness: Following training, more physiotherapists discussed treatment goals and the importance of weight management, and prescribed supervised, neuromuscular exercise. Patient outcomes at 3- and 12 months (n = 1,044 [54%] and 927 [48%]) reflected effective implementation, including reduced pain intensity (ES, 95%CI = 0.72, 0.62-0.84; and 0.65, 0.54-0.77), improved KOOS-QoL scores (0.79, 0.69-0.90; and 0.93, 0.81-1.04), and improved EQ-5D-5L scores (0.43, 0.31-0.54; and 0.46, 0.35-0.58). Seventy-three percent of participants reported minimal important changes for at least one of pain severity (≥ 15 mm), KOOS-QoL (≥ 15 points) or EQ-5D-5L (≥ 0.07 points). Adoption: GLA:D® was implemented at 297 sites (264 private, 33 public). Implementation: Most patients completed at least one education (90%), and 10 exercise-therapy (78%) sessions. Adequate staffing to support program delivery was a key enabler. Maintenance: Ninety-nine percent of sites (293/297) continued to offer the program in July 2020.ConclusionsTraining was associated with practice changes and widespread implementation of GLA:D® in Australia. Effective implementation, and clinically meaningful improvements in pain and quality of life for most participant, supports further work to scale up GLA:D® in Australia.

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INFLUENCE OF THE TREATMENT AND PREVENTIVE MEASURES ON THE PHYSICAL INDICATORS OF ORAL LIQUID IN CHILDREN WITH CHRONIC CATARRHIC GINGIVITIS AND DIABETES MELLITUS

Ukrainian Dental Almanac ◽

10.31718/2409-0255.4.2021.10 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 60-64

Author(s):

L.F. Kaskova ◽

V.A. Honcharenko

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Oral Cavity ◽

Oral Fluid ◽

Preventive Measures ◽

Treatment And Prevention ◽

Prophylactic Measures ◽

Oral Liquid ◽

Positive Effect ◽

Over Time ◽

Complex Drug

The aim of our study was to find out the effect of our proposed treatment and prevention complex, which included oral administration of «Kvertulin» complex drug, «Imupret» drops, «Pikovit» multivitamin drug and «Exodent» local irrigation of the oral cavity with a solution of tooth elixir that influence on the rate of salivation and viscosity of oral fluid in children with chronic catarrhal gingivitis and diabetes mellitus.The treatment and prophylactic measures had positive effect on the homeostasis of the oral cavity, which assisted to reduce the viscosity of the oral fluid, increase the rate of salivation, as evidenced by observation of patients for 6 months. The treatment and prevention complex are recommended to use 2 times a year, as the studied indicators deteriorate over time.

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