scholarly journals Weaning Holstein Calves at 17 Weeks of Age Enables Smooth Transition from Liquid to Solid Feed

Animals ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 1132
Author(s):  
Sarah Schwarzkopf ◽  
Asako Kinoshita ◽  
Jeannette Kluess ◽  
Susanne Kersten ◽  
Ulrich Meyer ◽  
...  

Development of calves depends on prenatal and postnatal conditions. Primiparous cows were still maturing during pregnancy, which can lead to negative intrauterine conditions and affect the calf’s metabolism. It is hypothesized that weaning calves at higher maturity has positive effects due to reduced metabolic stress. We aimed to evaluate effects of mothers’ parity and calves’ weaning age on growth performance and blood metabolites. Fifty-nine female Holstein calves (38.8 ± 5.3 kg birth weight, about 8 days old) were used in a 2 × 2 factorial experiment with factors weaning age (7 vs. 17 weeks) and parity of mother (primiparous vs. multiparous cows). Calves were randomly assigned one of these four groups. Live weight, live weight gain and morphometry increased over time and were greater in calves weaned later. Metabolic indicators except total protein were interactively affected by time and weaning age. Leptin remained low in early-weaned calves born to primiparous cows, while it increased in the other groups. The results suggest that weaning more mature calves has a positive effect on body growth, and calves born to primiparous cows particularly benefit from this weaning regimen. It also enables a smooth transition from liquid to solid feed, which might reduce the associated stress of weaning.

1958 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 1023-1035
Author(s):  
R. H. Common ◽  
W. A. Maw ◽  
D. S. Layne ◽  
K. A. McCully

Thiouracil was given to sexually immature pullets at a level of 0.05% of the diet for 14 days before and also during treatment with 0.5 mg estradiol benzoate (ODB) or 1.0 mg ODB daily for 14 days. The thiouracil treatment did not modify the estrogen-induced hypercalcemia after 7 days, but after 14 days it enhanced significantly the blood calcium response to 1.0 mg ODB per day. The positive effects of thiouracil and of estrogen on liver weight per kg live weight were significant and additive. The comparatively low level of thiouracil used did not increase liver fat per kg live weight significantly, but it increased significantly the positive effect of estrogen on liver fat. The thiouracil treatment had no significant effect on liver deoxyribonucleic acid phosphorus (DNAP) but it increased liver pentose nucleic acid phosphorus (RNAP) per kg live weight significantly both in absence and presence of estrogen. The thiouracil treatment had no effect on the responses of the oviduct to estrogen.In a second experiment the effects of (a) 1.0% thiouracil for 10 days before and also during a 14-day estrogen treatment of 1.0 mg ODB per day and of (b) 1.0% thiouracil given concurrently with 1.0 mg ODB per day were studied. Neither thiouracil treatment affected the response of the oviduct to estrogen. The other results confirmed previous observations.In a third experiment, 1.5 mg ODB was given every other day for 14 days. When thiouracil at a level of 1% was given concurrently with the estrogen, it enhanced significantly the response of the oviduct. When 1% thiouracil was given also for 10 days before the estrogen, then it did not enhance the response of the oviduct. This experiment suggests that the conditions under which thiouracil will enhance estrogen-induced hypertrophy of the oviduct are narrowly defined. Other results were in general agreement with previous observations.


1958 ◽  
Vol 36 (10) ◽  
pp. 1023-1035
Author(s):  
R. H. Common ◽  
W. A. Maw ◽  
D. S. Layne ◽  
K. A. McCully

Thiouracil was given to sexually immature pullets at a level of 0.05% of the diet for 14 days before and also during treatment with 0.5 mg estradiol benzoate (ODB) or 1.0 mg ODB daily for 14 days. The thiouracil treatment did not modify the estrogen-induced hypercalcemia after 7 days, but after 14 days it enhanced significantly the blood calcium response to 1.0 mg ODB per day. The positive effects of thiouracil and of estrogen on liver weight per kg live weight were significant and additive. The comparatively low level of thiouracil used did not increase liver fat per kg live weight significantly, but it increased significantly the positive effect of estrogen on liver fat. The thiouracil treatment had no significant effect on liver deoxyribonucleic acid phosphorus (DNAP) but it increased liver pentose nucleic acid phosphorus (RNAP) per kg live weight significantly both in absence and presence of estrogen. The thiouracil treatment had no effect on the responses of the oviduct to estrogen.In a second experiment the effects of (a) 1.0% thiouracil for 10 days before and also during a 14-day estrogen treatment of 1.0 mg ODB per day and of (b) 1.0% thiouracil given concurrently with 1.0 mg ODB per day were studied. Neither thiouracil treatment affected the response of the oviduct to estrogen. The other results confirmed previous observations.In a third experiment, 1.5 mg ODB was given every other day for 14 days. When thiouracil at a level of 1% was given concurrently with the estrogen, it enhanced significantly the response of the oviduct. When 1% thiouracil was given also for 10 days before the estrogen, then it did not enhance the response of the oviduct. This experiment suggests that the conditions under which thiouracil will enhance estrogen-induced hypertrophy of the oviduct are narrowly defined. Other results were in general agreement with previous observations.


Author(s):  
Erdal Yaylak ◽  
Hikmet Orhan ◽  
Alim Daşkaya

The present study was conducted to determine some environmental factors affecting birth weight, weaning weight and daily live weight gain of Holstein calves of a livestock facility in Izmir, Turkey. The data on 2091 calves born between the years 2005-2010 were used to assess the relevant parameters. Effects of calving year, calving month, calf gender and the interaction between calving year and calving month on calves’ birth weights were highly significant. The overall mean of birth weights was 39.6±0.15 kg. In addition, effects of calving year, calving month, gender, birth weight, weaning age, calving year x calving month, calving year x gender and calving year x calving month x gender interactions on weaning weight (WW) and daily live weight gain (DLWG) were highly significant. The overall means of WW and DLWG were respectively found to be 79.7±0.20 kg and 525±2.5 g. A one kilogram increase in birth weight resulted in an increase of 0.89 kg in weaning weight and a decrease of 1.26 g in daily live weight gain. Prenatal temperature-humidity index (THI) affected birth weight of calves (R2=0.67). Increasing THI from 50 to 80 resulted in 3.8 kg decrease in birth weight.


2014 ◽  
Vol 83 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
Endre Brydl ◽  
András Ványi ◽  
Róbert Glávits ◽  
László Könyves ◽  
Pál Rafai

Zearalenone is phenolic resorcyclic acid lactone produced by a number of Fusarium species grown on grains, predominantly on maize, in high moisture environment. Due to its oestrogenic effects, feeds contaminated with zearalenone can cause striking negative effects on reproduction primarily in pigs. The aim of the study was to test the efficiency of a feed additive developed for enzymatic decomposition of mycotoxins. A total of sixty 6-week-old conventional Dutch Landrace × Hungarian Large White F1 female pigs weaned at 30 ± 2 days of age were divided into 6 groups of 10 animals. Between 50 and 70 days of age, 4 groups of pigs (experimental) were treated with zearalenone (8 or 16 mg/pig dose) administered every other day via an oesophageal tube; pigs from the other two groups were not treated with zearalenone and served as controls. Throughout the experiment, the diet of two experimental groups and one control group was supplemented with a feed additive (named: Detoxa Plus) at a concentration of 1 kg/tonne; pigs from the other control group received neither zearalenone treatment, nor the feed additive. Pigs’ live weight, weight of ovaries and uterus, histological characteristics of the ovaries, uterus, vagina, spleen and lymph nodes, liver concentrations of zearalenone and its metabolites (α- and β-zearalenol) were studied. This study showed the preventive capacity of the feed additive against zearalenone. Positive effects included the prevention of uterine enlargement, beneficial effects on the histopathological scores of ovaries, uterus and vagina and reduced concentration of zearalenone and metabolites in the liver. This study demonstrates for the first time that due to its enzymatic activity Detoxa Plus renders zearalenone contaminated feeds less toxic.


Author(s):  
Scott A. Beaulier ◽  
Daniel J. Smith

One of the lingering questions for development economists is that of economic transition and whether development can be promoted by a strong political leader. Earlier writings on leadership and economic development tend to fall into one of two camps: (1) leaders matter and can contribute positively to economic growth, or (2) leaders seldom have positive effects and, at best, can avoid doing a great deal of harm. This article establishes a third option—a middle-ground position—between these two views. Good leadership can, indeed, have a positive effect on economic growth but only during the initial moment when economic reform is up for grabs. Once the opportunity to implement sweeping reform has passed, interests become entrenched, and the opportunity for growth-enhancing reform passes. Bad leaders, on the other hand, can hamper economic growth in periods well beyond the ideal reform moment.


Author(s):  
Mustafa Türkmen ◽  
Ayşe Su

The combinations of organic liquid fertilizer material obtained from sea lettuce (Ulva lactuca) and different concentrations of zeolite were applied to the cucumber (Cucumis sativus) plant in six treatments with three replicates each. The combinations of the experimental groups were as follows; control group, G1 group 180 g Z (Zeolite), G2 group 90 g Z + 1140 ml Liquid Fertilizer (LF), G3 group 180 g Z + 620 ml LF, G4 group 270 g Z + 310 ml LF, G5 group 620 ml LF. Except the control group, all zeolites were applied with the first dose of liquid fertilizer, and other liquid fertilizer doses were given in three periods, after germination, flowering and yield. While the lowest germination rate was in control group, the highest rate was in group with 60 g zeolite. While the lowest seedling weight was observed in group with 90 g zeolite + 1140 ml liquid fertilizer, the highest rate was in group with 180 g zeolite + 620 ml liquid fertilizer. While the highest cucumber weight was observed in group with 270 g zeolite + 310 ml liquid fertilizer, the lowest was in group with 620 ml liquid fertilizer. Therefore, it may be said that zeolite has positive effect on germination. On the other hand, liquid fertilizer and zeolite combinations may have positive effects on the weight of the cucumber seedling and yield.


Author(s):  
А.Н. Бетин ◽  
А.И. Фролов ◽  
В.И. Дорохова

Обмен веществ и его особенности определяют состояние здоровья свиней, резистентность организма к неблагоприятным факторам внешней среды. Молодняк послеотъемного возраста особенно подвержен заболеваниям желудочно-кишечного тракта, их причиной являются патогенные бактерии. Этими заболеваниями переболевает до 100% поросят. Фактором, от которого зависит развитие патогенной микрофлоры, является рН переваренного в желудке корма. Изучено воздействие кормовой добавки БиоАцидУльтра, разработанной для снижения уровня патогенной микрофлоры в кормах и повышения продуктивности свиней. Действующие вещества БиоАцидУльтра: муравьиная кислота – 14,45–19,55%; формиат аммония – 8,5–11,5%; пропионовая кислота – 11,9–16,1%; пропионат аммония – 5,95–8,05%; молочная кислота – 1,7–2,3%; кремниевая кислота – 17–23%; вермикулит – 12,83–17,37%; диатомит – 8,84–11,96%; дистиллированная вода – до 100%. Опыт был проведён в условиях племзавода Тамбовской области на четырёх группах поросят для выращивания, подобранных по принципу аналогов (порода, возраст 21 день, живая масса), размещённых в помещениях с одинаковыми условиями содержания. Установлено, что кормовая добавка БиоАцидУльтра, добавленная в корм поросятам, позволяет эффективно контролировать диарею при отъёме их от свиноматок и дальнейшем выращивании, а также оказывает положительное влияние на среднесуточный прирост живой массы. Исследования показали, что в кишечнике животных опытных групп преимущественное положение занимают анаэробные бактерии, представители нормальной микрофлоры. Биохимический анализ крови показал, что у животных опытных групп произошло увеличение общего белка, гемоглобина, содержания кальция и фосфора, уменьшилось содержание мочевины. Установлена наиболее эффективная доза подкислителя корма БиоАцидУльтра в рационах молодняка при выращивании: группа поросят, которым скармливали кормовую добавку в дозе 3 кг/т комбикорма, показала лучшие результаты по всем перечисленным параметрам. Metabolism and its features determine the state of health of pigs, resistance of the organism to unfavourable environmental factors. Young stock of post-weaning age is especially susceptible to diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, pathogenic bacteria being their cause. Up to 100% of piglets suffer from these diseases. The factor on which the development of pathogenic microflora depends is the pH of the food digested in the stomach. The effect of the feed supplement BioAcidUltra developed to reduce the level of pathogenic microflora in feed and increase pig productivity was studied. Active ingredients of BioAcidUltra are formic acid – 14.45–19.55%; ammonium formate – 8.5–11.5%; propionic acid – 11.9–16.1%; ammonium propionate – 5.95–8.05%; lactic acid – 1.7–2.3%; silicic acid – 17–23%; vermiculite – 12.83–17.37%; diatomite – 8.84–11.96%; distilled water – up to 100%. The experiment was carried out in the conditions of a stud farm in the Tambov region on four groups of piglets for raising selected according to the principle of analogues (breed, age 21 days, live weight) placed in houses with the same management conditions. It has been established that the feed supplement BioAcidUltra added to the feed of piglets allows effective control of diarrhea when weaning them from sows and further rearing as well as has a positive effect on daily live weight gain. Researches have shown that anaerobic bacteria, representatives of normal microflora, occupy a dominant position in the intestines of animals of experimental groups. A biochemical blood test showed that in animals of experimental groups there was an increase in total protein, hemoglobin, calcium and phosphorus content and a decrease in urea content. The most effective dose of the BioAcidUltra feed acidulent was established in the diets of young animals during raising: a group of piglets fed a supplement in a dose of 3 kg / t of mixed feed showed the best results in all of the listed parameters.


2015 ◽  
pp. S507-S512 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. PORUBA ◽  
Z. MATUŠKOVÁ ◽  
L. KAZDOVÁ ◽  
O. OLIYARNYK ◽  
H. MALÍNSKÁ ◽  
...  

Silymarin and silybin are widely used for their hepatoprotective properties. Our previous studies confirm positive effect of silymarin on lipoprotein profile and lipid homeostasis. Advanced drug forms may improve the bioavailability of these compounds. In this study, we investigate the effects of silybin in different drug forms (standardized silybin, micronized silybin, and silybin in form of phytosomes) on dyslipidemia and glucose metabolism in hereditary hypertriglyceridemic (HHTg) rats. Male HHTg rats were divided into four groups of seven animals and were fed by experimental diets. Silybin significantly decreased serum level of triglycerides in groups of rats fed by standardized silybin and silybin in form of phytosomes compared to control group. Results show that silybin did not affect the total cholesterol level, but significantly increased the levels of HDL cholesterol in all groups of animals. Silybin in a standardized form had the highest hypotriglyceridemic effect. On the other hand, the micronized form has caused the highest increase of protective HDL and most significantly decreased glucose and insulin levels. Our results suggest that silybin is probably responsible for some positive properties of silymarin. Subsequent dose-dependent studies of silybin action may reveal the intensity of its positive effects on lipid and glucose parameters.


2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Phillip Aouad ◽  
Phillipa Hay ◽  
Nasim Foroughi ◽  
Suzanne M. Cosh ◽  
Haider Mannan

Background and Aim: Eating Disorders (EDs) impact an estimated 15% of the global population and are linked to maladaptive defence-styles (coping strategies) and poorer mental health outcomes. Defence-styles have been grouped into immature, neurotic, and mature behaviours. Studies have yet to examine all three defence-styles in ED symptomatic individuals over an extended period of time. The current study aimed to investigate using converse analysis the relationships between defence-style and ED outcomes over a 5-years period.Methods: Participants (n = 216, mean age 33 years) were recruited through the Women's Eating and Health Literacy study, with the current study examining a 5-years period of two waves (year-4 and year-9). The current study tested associations over time between eating pathology (EDE-Q), psychological distress (K10), mental and physical health related quality of life (M/PHRQoL, SF-12), and defence-style (DSQ-40).Results: Mature, immature and neurotic defence-styles did not significantly change over 5 years. Over the same period, only PHRQoL significantly predicted mature defence-styles having positive effect. Both MHRQoL and PHRQoL significantly predicted immature defence-styles having positive and negative effects, respectively. Psychological distress, PHRQoL and weight concern significantly predicted neurotic defence-styles having positive effects except for psychological distress. PHRQoL, MHRQoL, restraint and eating concern significantly predicted overall eating pathology having positive effects except for PHRQoL and MHRQoL. Conversely, among the defence-style variables, over 5 years, both immature and neurotic defence-styles significantly predicted psychological distress having positive effects, immature and mature defence-styles significantly predicted MHRQoL having negative and positive effects, respectively, while only immature defence-styles significantly predicted overall eating pathology having positive effect.Conclusions: The results of the current study suggest that immaturity and neuroticism but not maturity were the defence-style variables predicting psychological distress over a 5-years period while conversely psychological distress predicted only neurotic defence styles. The findings of the current study may suggest that without intervention, mature, immature and neurotic defence-styles may largely remain immutable to significant shifts over time. Limitations in the current study included limited demographic representation. The current study is anticipated to generate considerations into treatments that could strengthen defence-styles in individuals with increased eating pathology.


2012 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 234-244 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Ozkaya ◽  
M. T. Toker

Abstract. The objectives of this study were to investigate the effects of amount of milk fed, weaning age and difference of starter protein levels on growth performance of female Holstein Friesian calves. Forty Holstein calves were housed in individual boxes. Calves were divided into 2 groups (n=20); first group was fed with whole milk with the amount of 10 % of their body weight (BW), while the second group was fed with whole milk with the amount of 8 % of their BW. These 2 groups were divided into sub-groups of calves (n=10 for each) again. One of the sub-groups was fed with whole milk for a period of 8 weeks, while the other group was fed with whole milk for a period of 5 weeks. Once again the sub-groups were divided into 2 groups (n=5 for each). One of these groups was fed with starter diet containing 22 % crude protein (CP), while the other group was fed with starter diet containing 18 % CP ad libitum as the starting feed. After an 8-week period, Calves which were fed by the whole milk of %10 of their BW were defined to be heavier than those which were fed by %8 whole milk of their BW. The effect of weaning age and protein level of starter on BW was not statistically significant. The results showed that the body weight gains of the calves receiving milk at 10 % of BW were better, early weaning tended to increase feed consumption and the protein levels did not affect the performance of calves.


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