The Influence of Biological Maturity on Sprint Speed, Standing Long Jump, and Vaulting Performance in Young Female Gymnasts

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Sylvia Moeskops ◽  
Jon L. Oliver ◽  
Paul J. Read ◽  
Gregory D. Myer ◽  
Rhodri S. Lloyd
Keyword(s):  
Adult Height ◽  
Velocity Ratio ◽  
Young Female ◽  
Regression Analyses ◽  
Standing Long Jump ◽  
Long Jump ◽  
Biological Maturity ◽  
Female Gymnasts ◽  
Peak Speed ◽  
Separate Regression

Purpose: To quantify speed, peak momentum, standing long jump (SLJ), and the ratio of vertical to horizontal take-off velocity (Ratiovert–hori TOV) in young female gymnasts of different maturity status and their influence on vaulting vertical TOV. Methods: One hundred twenty gymnasts age 5–14 years were subdivided into maturity groupings using percentage of predicted adult height. Participants performed three 20-m sprints, SLJ, and straight jump vaults that were recorded using 2-dimensional video and analyzed using digitizing software. Results: All speed intervals, peak speed, peak momentum, SLJ distance, vault height, and vertical TOV increased between the early prepubertal and late prepubertal (P < .001; d = 0.65–1.10) and early prepubertal and pubertal (P < .001; d = 0.75–1.00) groups. No differences between these metrics were observed between the 2 most mature groups (d = 0.01–0.55). Multiple regression analyses revealed peak speed had the strongest association with vertical TOV (R2 = 59%) and also identified the Ratiovert–hori as a secondary determinant (R2 = 12%). A separate regression model indicated that maturity status (percentage of predicted adult height) moderately influences vertical TOV during vaulting (R2 = 41%). Conclusion: Speed and SLJ performance increase between the early prepubertal and late prepubertal years in young female gymnasts. However, given that peak speed and Ratiovert–hori combined to explain 71% of the total variance in vaulting vertical TOV, in order to increase aerial time for more advanced vaulting, practitioners should attempt to enhance peak speed alongside takeoff technique to develop gymnasts’ ability to transfer linear speed to vertical TOV.

scholarly journals The Influence of Biological Maturity on Dynamic Force–Time Variables and Vaulting Performance in Young Female Gymnasts

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 319-329 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sylvia Moeskops ◽  
Jon L. Oliver ◽  
Paul J. Read ◽  
John B. Cronin ◽  
Gregory D. Myer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Predictive Ability ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Young Female ◽  
Total Variance ◽  
Dynamic Force ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Time Variables ◽  
Force Time ◽  
Biological Maturity ◽  
Female Gymnasts

Abstract Purpose This cross-sectional study investigated dynamic force–time variables and vaulting performance in young female gymnasts of different maturity status. Methods 120 gymnasts aged 5–14 years were sub-divided into maturity groupings using percent of predicted adult height (%PAH) attained. Participants performed three jumping protocols, the squat jump (SJ), countermovement jump (CMJ) and drop jump (DJ), before completing straight jump vaults that were recorded using two-dimensional video. Results Jumping performance improved with biological maturity evidenced by the most mature gymnasts’ producing significantly more absolute force (P < 0.05; all d > 0.78), impulse (P < 0.05; all d > 0.75) and power (P < 0.05; all d > 0.91) than the least mature group, resulting in the greater jump heights (P < 0.05; all d > 0.70). While, no significant differences were observed in relative peak force across multiple tests, measures of relative peak power did significantly increase with maturity. Based upon regression analyses, maturation was found to influence vertical take-off velocity during vaulting, explaining 41% of the variance in each jumping protocol. Across all tests, the DJ was found to have the highest predictive ability of vaulting vertical take-off velocity, explaining 55% of the total variance. Conclusion Biological maturation impacts jump height and underpinning mechanical variables in young female gymnasts. Vaulting vertical take-off velocity appears to be influenced by maturation and various dynamic force–time variables, particularly those during DJ, which had the highest explained total variance.

scholarly journals The Effects of Combined Balance and Complex Training Versus Complex Training Only on Measures of Physical Fitness in Young Female Handball Players

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Helmi Chaabene ◽  
Yassine Negra ◽  
Senda Sammoud ◽  
Jason Moran ◽  
Rodrigo Ramirez-Campillo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Fitness ◽  
Young Female ◽  
Strength Index ◽  
Countermovement Jump ◽  
Balance Test ◽  
Standing Long Jump ◽  
Balance Exercises ◽  
Long Jump ◽  
Complex Training ◽  
Versus Complex

Purpose: To examine the effects of balance exercises conducted prior to complex training (bCT) versus complex training (CT) only on measures of physical fitness in young female elite handball players. Methods: Participants aged 17 years were randomly assigned to bCT (n = 11) or CT (n = 12). The 2 training interventions lasted 8 weeks with 2 sessions per week in replacement of some technical/tactical handball exercises and were matched for total training volume. Before and after training, tests were performed for the evaluation of proxies of muscle power (countermovement jump height, standing long-jump distance, and reactive strength index), muscle strength (back half-squat 1-repetition maximum), dynamic balance (Y-balance test), linear sprint speed (20-m sprint test), and change-of-direction speed (T test). Results: Two-factor repeated-measures analysis of variance revealed significant group × time interactions for the reactive strength index (d = 0.99, P = .03) and Y-balance test score (d = 1.32, P < .01). Post hoc analysis indicated significant pre–post reactive strength index improvements in CT (d = 0.69, P = .04) only. For the Y-balance test, significant pre–post increases were found in bCT (d = 0.71, P = .04) with no significant changes in CT (d = 0.61, P = .07). In addition, significant main effects of time were observed for half-squat 1-repetition maximum, countermovement jump, standing long jump, and T test performance (d = 1.50 to 3.10, P < .05). Conclusions: Both bCT and CT interventions were effective in improving specific measures of physical fitness in young elite female handball players. If the training goal is to improve balance in addition, balance exercises can be conducted within a CT training session and prior to CT exercises.

scholarly journals The Influence of Biological Maturity and Competitive Level on Isometric Force-Time Curve Variables and Vaulting Performance in Young Female Gymnasts

2020 ◽  
Vol 34 (8) ◽  
pp. 2136-2145 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sylvia Moeskops ◽  
Jon L. Oliver ◽  
Paul J. Read ◽  
John B. Cronin ◽  
Gregory D. Myer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Isometric Force ◽  
Young Female ◽  
Time Curve ◽  
Force Time ◽  
Biological Maturity ◽  
Female Gymnasts

scholarly journals 67 PARENTAL HEIGHTS, TARGET-HEIGHT AND ADULT HEIGHT PROGNOSIS OF YOUNG FEMALE GYMNASTS AND SWIMMERS

1988 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 528-528
Author(s):  
G Theintz ◽  
H Howald ◽  
Y Allemann ◽  
P C Sizonenko
Keyword(s):  
Adult Height ◽  
Young Female ◽  
Target Height ◽  
Female Gymnasts

scholarly journals STUDY ON THE PHYSICAL TRAINING OF FEMALE GYMNASTS IN BEAM

2021 ◽  
Vol 14(63) (1) ◽  
pp. 23-30
Author(s):  
A.R. TANASĂ ◽  
◽  
C.E. MORARU ◽  
P.F. TROFIN ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Training ◽  
Female Athletes ◽  
Performance Level ◽  
Standing Long Jump ◽  
Long Jump ◽  
Physical Tests ◽  
Female Gymnasts

"The purpose of the study was to identify the optimal physical training means and their influence on the power indicators of the female gymnasts. The study was conducted on a sample of 13 female athletes (32.97±5.72 kg and 140.8±9.2 cm) practicing artistic gymnastics, aged between 10 – 12 years (11.15±0.8 years), at performance level. The physical tests performed were as follows: standing long jump, stahl bar semi-squats, push-ups at the beam, pike position on the beam, extensions on the gym bench, and handstands. Following the analysis of the results, it has been concluded that the effects of the means proposed by us are statistically significant in case of all events (p=˂0.0001)."

scholarly journals Inter-Limb Jump Asymmetries and Their Association with Sport-Specific Performance in Young Male and Female Swimmers

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (14) ◽  
pp. 7324
Author(s):  
Max I. Phukan ◽  
Rohit K. Thapa ◽  
Gopal Kumar ◽  
Chris Bishop ◽  
Helmi Chaabene ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
National Level ◽  
Young Male ◽  
Front Crawl ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Standing Long Jump ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Specific Performance ◽  
Long Jump ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Level Of Agreement

This study aimed to examine inter-limb jump asymmetries and their association with sport-specific performance in young swimmers. Thirty-eight (male, n = 19; female, n = 19) regional/national level young swimmers (age: 12.3 ± 1.2 years; height: 159.6 ± 8.2 cm; body mass: 52.5 ± 9.2 kg) participated in this study. Inter-limb asymmetries were assessed for single-leg countermovement jump (SLCMJ) and single-leg standing long jump (SLSLJ). Sport-specific performance was evaluated using front crawl (i.e., 50 m and 25 m) and front crawl kick (i.e., 50 m and 25 m). The kappa coefficient revealed a “slight” level of agreement (Κ = 0.156, 0.184, and 0.197 for female, male, and all, respectively) between the direction of asymmetry for SLCMJ and SLSLJ, indicating that asymmetries rarely favored the same limb during both tests. A paired sample t-test showed a significant difference (p = 0.025) between asymmetry scores obtained in SLCMJ and SLSLJ. No significant difference was found in asymmetry scores between males and females (p = 0.099 to 0.977). Additionally, no association between asymmetry scores and sport-specific performance was observed (p > 0.05). Our findings highlight the independent nature of inter-limb asymmetries derived from SLCMJ and SLSLJ among young male and female swimmers. Further, our results suggest no association between jumping asymmetries and sport-specific performance.

BIOMECHANICAL ANALYSIS OF THE STANDING LONG JUMP

2003 ◽  
Vol 15 (05) ◽  
pp. 186-192 ◽  
Author(s):  
WEN-LAN WU ◽  
JIA-HROUNG WU ◽  
HWAI-TING LIN ◽  
GWO-JAW WANG
Keyword(s):  
Knee Joint ◽  
Motion Analysis ◽  
Joint Angle ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
The Body ◽  
Initial Angle ◽  
Knee Joint Angle ◽  
Standing Long Jump ◽  
Long Jump ◽  
Arm Motion

The purposes of the present study were to (1) investigate the effects of the arm movement and initial knee joint angle employed in standing long jump by the ground reaction force analysis and three-dimensional motion analysis; and (2) investigate how the jump performance of the female gender related to the body configuration. Thirty-four healthy adult females performed standing long jump on a force platform with full effort. Body segment and joint angles were analyzed by three-dimensional motion analysis system. Using kinetic and kinematic data, the trajectories on mass center of body, knee joint angle, magnitude of peak takeoff force, and impulse generation in preparing phase were calculated. Average standing long jump performances with free arm motion were +1.5 times above performance with restricted arm motion in both knee initial angles. The performances with knee 90° initial flexion were +1.2 times above performance with knee 45° initial flexion in free and restricted arm motions. Judging by trajectories of the center mass of body (COM), free arm motion improves jump distance by anterior displacement of the COM in starting position. The takeoff velocity with 90° knee initial angle was as much as 11% higher than in with 45° knee initial angle. However, the takeoff angles on the COM trajectory showed no significant differences between each other. It was found that starting jump from 90° bend knee relatively extended the time that the force is applied by the leg muscles. To compare the body configurations and the jumping scores, there were no significant correlations between jump scores and anthropometry data. The greater muscle mass or longer leg did not correlated well with the superior jumping performance.

scholarly journals „Z”-scores of anthropometric and motor parameters of girls in aerobic gymnastics

2014 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 55-58
Author(s):  
M. Tibenská ◽  
H. Medeková
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Body Height ◽  
Sport Performance ◽  
Z Score ◽  
Anthropometric Parameters ◽  
Percentage Of Body Fat ◽  
Standing Long Jump ◽  
Z Scores ◽  
Long Jump ◽  
Shuttle Run

Abstract This study presents the evaluation of chosen anthropometric and motor parameters in group of female junior competitors throughout the course of 2-year preparation of aerobic gymnastics by means of Z-scores. The observed group consisted of 12 girls (average age at the beginning of observance 14.08 ± 1.19 years). Evaluation of anthropometric (body height, body weight, body mass index, percentage of body fat, acting body weight) and motor parameters (sit-ups in 30 seconds and 60 seconds, pull-ups to bar, modified push-ups, standing long jump, backwards tandem walking, shuttle run 4×10 m, Jacík’s test) was carried out in standard conditions in nine girls at 3-month intervals. It has been confirmed that female probands with higher Z-score of motor parameters together with lower Z-score of anthropometric parameters achieved higher sport performance during the 2-year observance at competitions, with an exception of one such proband.

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