Effects of Arms-Only Swimming Training on Performance, Movement Economy, and Aerobic Power

2008 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 294-304 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Konstantaki ◽  
Edward Winter ◽  
Ian Swaine
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Training Program ◽  
Exercise Intensity ◽  
Exercise Test ◽  
Aerobic Power ◽  
Swimming Performance ◽  
Peak Exercise ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Swimming Training ◽  
Weekly Training

Context:Forward propulsion in freestyle swimming is predominantly achieved through arm action. Few studies have assessed the effects of arm training on arm power and swimming performance, yet there have not been any investigations on the effects of arms-only swimming training on swimming performance and physiological responses to arm exercise.Purpose:To investigate the changes in arms-only and full-stroke swimming performance, movement economy and aerobic power after an arms-only swimming training program.Methods:Fifteen male county level swimmers were assigned either to an experimental (ES, n = 8) or control group (CS, n = 7). For six weeks ES performed arms-only freestyle swimming exercises for 20% of their weekly training distance three times per week, whereas CS performed their usual swimming training. Before and after the training program, both groups performed a) two time trials, 186 m using arms-only (186ARMS) and 372 m using full-stroke (372FULL) freestyle swimming, and b) an incremental arm-pulling exercise test. The time to complete the trials was recorded. Peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak), peak exercise intensity (EIpeak) submaximal oxygen uptake at 60 W (VO2−60) and exercise intensity at ventilatory threshold (VTW) were determined from the exercise test.Results:After training, ES had improved in 186ARMS (−14.2 ± 3.6%, P = .03), VO2−60 (−22.5 ± 2.3%, P = .04), EIpeak (+17.8 ± 4.2%, P = .03), and VTW (+18.9 ± 2.3%, P = .02), but not in VO2peak (P = .09) or in 372FULL (P = .07). None of the measures changed in CS (P > .05).Conclusion:Arms-only swimming training at 20% of the weekly training distance is an effective method to improve arm conditioning during the preparatory phase of the annual training cycle.

scholarly journals The Effect of a Combat Swimming Training Program on Swimming Performance

Proceedings ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 6
Author(s):  
Kostoulas ◽  
Kounalakis ◽  
Toubekis ◽  
Kaniadakis ◽  
Karagiannis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Training Program ◽  
Swimming Performance ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Swimming Training ◽  
Peak Heart Rate ◽  
Army Officer ◽  
Peak Blood ◽  
Similar Peak ◽  
Peak Blood Lactate

Aim: To explore the effect of a combat swimming training program (CSTP), with and without equipment, on swimming performance. Material & Method: 45 male army officer cadets volunteered to participate in the study and were randomly divided into three groups: a control group (CG) and two experimental groups. The experimental groups participated in a 4-week combat swimming training program with equipment (CSTPE) or without equipment (CSTPS). Prior to and after the CSTP, all groups performed a 400-m and a 4 × 50-m swimming task, and the time to complete the task, peak blood lactate, and peak heart rate were measured. Results: The time to complete the 400-m and 4 × 50-m trials improved significantly only in the CSTPE group (490 ± 66 s pre and 463 ± 50 s post for 400 m; and 205 ± 28 s pre and 192 ± 19 s post for 4 × 50 m; p < 0.05), while the CG and CTSPS groups did not improve their time significantly in either trial. All groups presented similar peak lactate and peak heart rate values. Conclusions: The results suggest that only the CSTPE group improved swimming performance in both the 400-m and 4 × 50-m trials.

The Aerobic Capacity and Ventilatory Efficiency During Exercise in Qigong and Tai Chi Chuan Practitioners

2004 ◽  
Vol 32 (01) ◽  
pp. 141-150 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ching Lan ◽  
Shih-Wei Chou ◽  
Ssu-Yuan Chen ◽  
Jin-Shin Lai ◽  
May-Kuen Wong
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Aerobic Capacity ◽  
Exercise Intensity ◽  
Tai Chi ◽  
Ventilatory Threshold ◽  
Community Dwelling ◽  
Peak Exercise ◽  
Training Effect ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Tai Chi Chuan

The objective of this study was to compare cardiorespiratory responses to exercise among older Qigong participants, Tai Chi Chuan (TCC) practitioners and normal sedentary controls during cycle ergometry. Thirty-six community-dwelling men with a mean age of 59.1±6.6 years participated in this study. Each group (Qigong, TCC and control) included 12 subjects with matched age and body size. The Qigong group practiced Qigong regularly for 2.3±1.5 years; the TCC group practiced Yang TCC for 4.7±2.3 years. Heart rate (HR) responses were measured during the practice of Qigong and TCC. Additionally, breath-by-breath measurement of cardiorespiratory function was performed during the incremental exercise of leg cycling. The mean HR during Qigong and TCC practice was 91±5 bpm and 129±7 bpm, respectively. At the peak exercise and the ventilatory threshold (VeT), TCC group displayed highest oxygen uptake [Formula: see text], O 2 pulse and work rate among the three groups. The Qigong group also showed higher oxygen uptake and O 2 pulse than the control group. At the same relative exercise intensity, the Qigong group had the highest tidal volume among the three groups. In conclusion, Qigong and TCC show a beneficial effect to aerobic capacity in older individuals, but TCC displays a better training effect than Qigong due to its higher exercise intensity. However, Qigong can enhance breathing efficiency during exercise due to the training effect of diaphragmatic breathing.

The Effect of a Surface Combat Swimming Training Program on Swimming Performance

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ioannis D. Kostoulas ◽  
Stylianos N. Kounalakis ◽  
Argyris G. Toubekis ◽  
Antonios Kaniadakis ◽  
Anastasios Karagiannis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Training Program ◽  
Swimming Performance ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Swimming Training ◽  
Training Adaptations ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Improved Performance

AbstractIn this study the effect of a surface combat swimming (sCS) training program on performance in freestyle swimming and sCS was examined. Forty-five officer cadets were divided into three equivalent groups: a control group (CG), a group that was trained only with a swimsuit and fins (SF), and a group that was trained with combat uniform and equipment (UE). Groups SF and UE followed a 60-min training program with sCS for 4 weeks, 4 times per week. Before and after the training program all groups performed 4×50 and 400-m freestyle swimming, 250-m sCS with a uniform and equipment, 350-m with a swimsuit and fins, and 300-m with a swimsuit. The UE group showed improved performance in 4×50-m (mean±SD 14±9 s) and in 250-m sCS (24±14 s) (p<0.01). Both the SF group and the UE group improved in 300-m sCS, in 350-m sCS and in 400-m freestyle (p<0.05). We conclude that the training adaptations seemed to be specific, not only with regard to the activity performed, but also in terms of the actual conditions of an operation, which also include equipment.

Effects of an 18-Month Endurance Run Training Program on Maximal Aerobic Power in 4- to 6-Year-Old Girls

1997 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shigehiro Yoshizawa ◽  
Hiroko Honda ◽  
Naka Nakamura ◽  
Kiyohide Itoh ◽  
Nobuo Watanabe
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Stroke Volume ◽  
Training Program ◽  
Aerobic Power ◽  
Maximal Aerobic Power ◽  
Training Effect ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Seasonal Cycles ◽  
Content Difference ◽  
Experimental Group

In the present study, 8 young girls participated as the experimental group and another 8 as the control group in a study of the effect of training on maximal aerobic power. The experimental group practiced a 915-m endurance run 6 days per week. Both groups underwent treadmill tests to check the training effect every 6 months. After 18 months, the experimental group was significantly superior to the control group in maximal aerobic power. The training program brought about this effect in only 12 months. The increased maximal oxygen uptake was mainly due to the increase of stroke volume rather than to the improvement of maximal arteriovenous oxygen content difference. There were seasonal cycles in the change of the endurance run performance: longer times in spring to summer and fall to winter and shortened times in summer to fall and winter to spring.

scholarly journals Comparison of constant load exercise intensity for verification of maximal oxygen uptake following a graded exercise test in older adults

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (18) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian R. Villanueva ◽  
John C. Campbell ◽  
Serena M. Medina ◽  
Theresa M. Jorgensen ◽  
Shannon L. Wilson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Exercise Intensity ◽  
Exercise Test ◽  
Maximal Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Constant Load ◽  
Graded Exercise Test ◽  
Graded Exercise ◽  
Constant Load Exercise

The Effect of an Aerobic Interval Training Program on Intermittent Anaerobic Performance

1995 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 452-464 ◽  
Author(s):  
Milena C. Gaiga ◽  
David Docherty
Keyword(s):  
Training Program ◽  
Peak Power ◽  
Aerobic Power ◽  
Interval Training ◽  
Training Group ◽  
Cycle Ergometer ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Anaerobic Performance ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Aerobic Interval Training

The effects of a 9-week aerobic interval training program on anaerobic intermittent performance were investigated. Intermittent work consisted of four repeat 30-sec maximal efforts on a cycle ergometer (Wingate test) with 3-min recovery intervals. Thirteen men trained 3 days a week on the cycle ergometer, completing 3-min work-to-rest intervals and progressing from 5 to 10 reps. Relative and absolute values of aerobic power increased significantly for the training group (p <.05). No significant change was observed for the control group (n = 11). The training group demonstrated significant increases in the four anaerobic variables of short-term peak power (SPP), short-term anaerobic capacity (SAC), intermediate-term peak power (IPP), and total work (TW), and across the four 30-sec maximal repeats for anaerobic performance (T1-T4) (p <.05). Greater percentages of increase occurred for IPP and TW, especially during Repeats 3 and 4. The control group only demonstrated a significant increase in SPP for Repeat 3. These data suggest that the type of interval training program used in the study increased aerobic power and also enhanced performance in repeated high intensity, short duration work. Key words: short-term peak power, intermediate-term peak power, total work

The Effects of Resistance and Martial Arts Training in 6- to 8-Year-Old Boys

1996 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 48-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bareket Falk ◽  
Guy Mor
Keyword(s):  
Training Program ◽  
Martial Arts ◽  
Upper Body ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Strength Exercises ◽  
Body Strength ◽  
Weekly Training ◽  
Upper Body Strength ◽  
Prepubertal Boys ◽  
Shuttle Run

The purpose of the present study was to determine the effect of a 12-week training program on the motor performance of 6- to 8-year-old prepubertal boys (n = 14). Each subject participated in a 40-min session twice a week, which included three sets of upper body strength exercises (1 to 15 repetitions/set), unregimented lower body strength exercises, coordination, balance, and martial arts skills. The control group included 15 prepubertal boys in the same age range. All subjects were pre- and posttested on 20-s sit-ups, seated ball put, standing broad jump, sit-and-reach flexibility, 6 × 4-m shuttle run, and a coordination task. The experimental group improved significantly (p < .05) more than the control group in the sit-ups and in the long jump. Both groups improved (p < .05) in the coordination task. No significant changes were observed in body weight, seated ball put, flexibility, and shuttle run. A twice-weekly training program seems to improve performance in selected motor tasks in 6- to 8-year-old boys.

scholarly journals The effects of theraband training on respiratory parameters, upper extremity muscle strength and swimming performance

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (6) ◽  
pp. 316-322
Author(s):  
Ayşegül Yapıcı-Öksüzoğlu
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Strength ◽  
Upper Extremity ◽  
Swimming Performance ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Anaerobic Performance ◽  
Swimming Training ◽  
Respiratory Parameters ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Post Test ◽  
Experimental Group

Background and Study Aim. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of 6 weeks theraband training on respiratory parameters, upper extremity muscle strength and 50-100m swimming performance in swimming athletes. Material and Methods. Totally 12 male swimmers participated voluntarily and were divided into two groups as control group (n=6) and experimental group (n=6). Control group did only swimming training, experimental group did theraband exercises in addition to swimming exercises. Respiratory parameters, upper extremity anaerobic performance, shoulder extension/flexion strength and swimming performance were measured. Mann Whitney-U Test was used to determine the differences between two groups. Wilcoxon Test was used to determine intra-group differences. Results. There was no statistically significant difference between the pre and post-test values of respiratory parameters, anaerobic performance values and swimming measurements of the experimental groups (p>0.05). There was a statistically significant difference between shoulder extension and flexion values (p<0.05). As for the statistical results between the pre and post-test values of the control group, no significant difference was found in any of the variables (p>0.05). There was a statistically significant difference between the post-test values ​​of the experimental and control groups shoulder extension and flexion values (p<0.05). There was no statistically significant difference between respiratory function parameters, anaerobic performance values and 50-100m swimming degrees (p>0.05). Conclusions. As a result of the findings, it can be said that theraband training which is done as a land work with swimming training leads to positive effects in the upper extremity muscle strength and swimming performance development of youth swimmers.  

Oxygen uptake

2021 ◽  
pp. 35-43
Author(s):  
William J.M. Kinnear ◽  
James H. Hull
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Lung Disease ◽  
Oxygen Content ◽  
Exercise Test ◽  
Cardiopulmonary Exercise Test ◽  
The Body ◽  
Peak Exercise ◽  
Cardiopulmonary Exercise ◽  
Predicted Values ◽  
Age And Sex

This chapter describes how the most important parameter measured during a cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) is the volume of oxygen taken up by the body at peak exercise. This is called the maximum oxygen uptake, or VO2max. Sometimes the terms ‘peak’ and ‘maximal’ are also used to describe oxygen uptake. It is measured by looking at the volume of air inspired and the oxygen content of the expired air. Predicted values depend on age and sex. A VO2max of more than 80% of predicted makes significant heart or lung disease unlikely. The lower the VO2max, the worse the prognosis.

Eighteen days of “living high, training low” stimulate erythropoiesis and enhance aerobic performance in elite middle-distance runners

2006 ◽  
Vol 100 (1) ◽  
pp. 203-211 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julien V. Brugniaux ◽  
Laurent Schmitt ◽  
Paul Robach ◽  
Gérard Nicolet ◽  
Jean-Pierre Fouillot ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Maximal Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Aerobic Power ◽  
Ventilatory Threshold ◽  
Maximal Aerobic Power ◽  
Aerobic Performance ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Distance Runners ◽  
Early Return ◽  
Oxygen Carrying Capacity

The efficiency of “living high, training low” (LHTL) remains controversial, despite its wide utilization. This study aimed to verify whether maximal and/or submaximal aerobic performance were modified by LHTL and whether these effects persist for 15 days after returning to normoxia. Last, we tried to elucidate whether the mechanisms involved were only related to changes in oxygen-carrying capacity. Eleven elite middle-distance runners were tested before (Pre), at the end (Post1), and 15 days after the end (Post2) of an 18-day LHTL session. Hypoxic group (LHTL, n = 5) spent 14 h/day in hypoxia (6 nights at 2,500 m and 12 nights at 3,000 m), whereas the control group (CON, n = 6) slept in normoxia (1,200 m). Both LHTL and CON trained at 1,200 m. Maximal oxygen uptake and maximal aerobic power were improved at Post1 and Post2 for LHTL only (+7.1 and +3.4% for maximal oxygen uptake, +8.4 and +4.7% for maximal aerobic power, respectively). Similarly oxygen uptake and ventilation at ventilatory threshold increased in LHTL only (+18.1 and +12.2% at Post1, +15.9 and +15.4% at Post2, respectively). Heart rate during a 10-min run at 19.5 km/h decreased for LHTL at Post2 (−4.4%). Despite the stimulation of erythropoiesis in LHTL shown by the 27.4% increase in serum transferrin receptor and the 10.1% increase in total hemoglobin mass, red cell volume was not significantly increased at Post1 (+9.2%, not significant). Therefore, both maximal and submaximal aerobic performance in elite runners were increased by LHTL mainly linked to an improvement in oxygen transport in early return to normoxia and probably to other process at Post2.

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