GRADE-ADOLOPMENT Process to Develop 24-Hour Movement Behavior Recommendations and Physical Activity Guidelines for the Under 5s in the United Kingdom, 2019

Background: This article summarizes the approach taken to develop UK Chief Medical Officers’ physical activity guidelines for the Under 5s, 2019. Methods: The Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE)-Adaptation, Adoption, De Novo Development (ADOLOPMENT) approach was used, based on the guidelines from Canada and Australia, with evidence updated to February 2018. Recommendations were based on the associations between (1) time spent in sleep, sedentary time, physical activity, and 10 health outcomes and (2) time spent in physical activity and sedentary behavior on sleep outcomes (duration and latency). Results: For many outcomes, more time spent in physical activity and sleep (up to a point) was beneficial, as was less time spent in sedentary behavior. The authors present, for the first time, evidence in GRADE format on behavior type–outcome associations for infants, toddlers, and preschoolers. Stakeholders supported all recommendations, but recommendations on sleep and screen time were not accepted by the Chief Medical Officers; UK guidelines will refer only to physical activity. Conclusions: This is the first European use of GRADE-ADOLOPMENT to develop physical activity guidelines. The process is robust, rapid, and inexpensive, but the UK experience illustrates a number of challenges that should help development of physical activity guidelines in future.

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Abstract MP91: Self-Reported Sitting Time Using a Two-Question Method Is a Good Measure of Sedentary Behavior: Findings in the New York City Adult Population

Circulation ◽

10.1161/circ.129.suppl_1.mp91 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 129 (suppl_1) ◽

Author(s):

Stella Yi ◽

Katherine Bartley ◽

Melanie Firestone ◽

Donna Eisenhower

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Higher Education ◽

New York ◽

New York City ◽

Sedentary Behavior ◽

York City ◽

Sedentary Time ◽

Population Surveillance ◽

Sitting Time ◽

Physical Activity Guidelines

Introduction: Sedentary behavior is defined as activities that require low energy expenditure (1.0 - 1.5 [METs]). Sitting time is a specific domain of sedentary behavior that is associated with metabolic disturbances, decreased life expectancy, and mortality - outcomes that occur independent of meeting physical activity guidelines. Population-level prevalence estimates of the ‘active couch potato’, or active adults who engage in at least 7+ hours of sitting time a day, are needed. Hypothesis: We tested that the two-question method of self-reported sitting time would have adequate construct validity for population surveillance. Methods: The New York City Health Department conducted the 2011 Physical Activity and Transit (PAT) Survey using random-digit dial (cell and landline telephones) methods (n=3811); an additional subset of participants wore accelerometers for a seven-day period (n=679). Sedentary time was defined as accelerometer minutes with <100 counts on valid days (those with 10 hours of wear time). Self-reported sitting time was assessed from two questions on time spent sitting awake for daytime and evening. Construct validity was assessed using Spearman’s Rho and examination of a Bland-Altman plot. Multivariable regression models were used to assess demographic factors associated with sitting time and measured sedentary time. Prevalence of the ‘active couch potato’ was defined as those adults who were meeting the 2008 Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans of at least 150 min/week of physical activity, but who also self-reported sitting for 7+ hours per day, using both accelerometer and self-reported data. All data were weighted and analyzed in SUDAAN 10. Results: Self-reported mean daily sitting time was 444 min (7.4 hours); accelerometer-based mean daily sedentary time was 494 min (8.2 hours; correlation: r=0.32, p<0.01). The mean difference was 49 min/d (Limits of Agreement: -441-343). In adjusted models, higher measured sedentary time was associated with older age and higher education. Sitting time was higher in women, Asians and those with a higher education, and lower in foreign-born persons and Hispanics, compared to referent groups. The prevalence of being an ‘active couch potato’ was 56.9% and was highest among high-income, highly educated New Yorkers. Conclusions: Sitting time can be accurately assessed by self-report for population surveillance, but may be limited in characterizing individual-level behavior. Differences in measurement characteristics suggest that accelerometer-based measurements may not be an appropriate way to validate self-reported sitting time. Sedentary behavior appears to be prevalent in two different groups: (1) older adults and; (2) working-age adults of higher socioeconomic status. Targeted interventions to minimize extended periods of sedentary activity among these groups are warranted. 1

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Sedentary Behavior, Physical Activity, and Bone Health in Postmenopausal Women

Journal of Aging and Physical Activity ◽

10.1123/japa.2016-0046 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 25 (2) ◽

pp. 173-181 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Saori I. Braun ◽

Youngdeok Kim ◽

Amy E. Jetton ◽

Minsoo Kang ◽

Don W. Morgan

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Sedentary Behavior ◽

Postmenopausal Women ◽

Bone Health ◽

Sedentary Time ◽

Activity Data ◽

Physical Activity Guidelines ◽

X Ray ◽

Vigorous Intensity ◽

Objectively Measured

The purpose of this study was to determine if bone health at the femoral neck (FN) and lumbar spine (LS) can be predicted from objectively-measured sedentary behavior and physical activity data in postmenopausal women. Waist-mounted ActiGraph GT1M and GT3X devices were used to quantify levels of sedentary and moderate-to-vigorous intensity behavior during a 7-day period in 44 older females. Bone health (normal and osteopenia/osteoporosis) of FN and LS was derived from T scores generated using dual energy x-ray absorptiometry. Binomial logistic regression analysis indicated that sedentary time and number of breaks in sedentary behavior were significant predictors of osteopenia/osteoporosis at the FN, but not at the LS. Adherence to physical activity guidelines was not a significant predictor of bone health at the FN or LS. Our findings suggest that more frequent interruptions in sedentary behavior are associated with improved bone health in postmenopausal women.

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Comparisons of physical activity and sedentary behavior between owners and non-owners of commercial wearable devices

Perspectives in Public Health ◽

10.1177/1757913921989389 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 141 (2) ◽

pp. 89-96

Author(s):

Hsin-Yen Yen ◽

Hao-Yun Huang

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Sleep Quality ◽

Sedentary Behavior ◽

Sedentary Time ◽

Short Form ◽

Wearable Devices ◽

Wearable Device ◽

World Health ◽

World Health Organization Quality ◽

Quality Of Life Scale

Aims: Wearable devices are a new strategy for promoting physical activity in a free-living condition that utilizes self-monitoring, self-awareness, and self-determination. The main purpose of this study was to explore health benefits of commercial wearable devices by comparing physical activity, sedentary time, sleep quality, and other health outcomes between individuals who used and those that did not use commercial wearable devices. Methods: The research design was a cross-sectional study using an Internet survey in Taiwan. Self-administered questionnaires included the International Physical Activity Questionnaire–Short Form, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, Health-Promoting Lifestyle Profile, and World Health Organization Quality-of-Life Scale. Results: In total, 781 participants were recruited, including 50% who were users of wearable devices and 50% non-users in the most recent 3 months. Primary outcomes revealed that wearable device users had significantly higher self-reported walking, moderate physical activity, and total physical activity, and significantly lower sedentary time than non-users. Wearable device users had significantly better sleep quality than non-users. Conclusion: Wearable devices inspire users’ motivation, engagement, and interest in physical activity through habit formation. Wearable devices are recommended to increase physical activity and decrease sedentary behavior for promoting good health.

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To bee or not to beet with neonicotinoids

Environmental Law Review ◽

10.1177/14614529211021194 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 23 (2) ◽

pp. 103-109

Author(s):

Lynda M. Warren

Keyword(s):

Sugar Beet ◽

Weather Conditions ◽

The European Union ◽

Environmental Standards ◽

Economic Interests ◽

Precautionary Approach ◽

The United Kingdom ◽

Commercial Sugar ◽

The Uk ◽

First Time

In January 2021 the UK government granted an application for authorisation to use thiamethoxam, a neonicotinoid pesticide, to protect commercial sugar beet crops from attack by viruses transmitted by aphids. This was the first time such an authorisation had been granted in the United Kingdom (UK) and there were concerns that it signalled a weakening of environmental standards now that the UK was no longer part of the European Union. In fact, similar authorisations had been granted by several European Member States in the last 2 years, despite the ban on the use of neonicotinoids introduced in 2018. Nevertheless, the reasons for granting the authorisation do suggest that the balance between adopting a precautionary approach to environmental protection and taking emergency action to protect economic interests may have shifted. It was acknowledged that the proposed mitigation to safeguard bees and other wildlife was not entirely satisfactory. In the end, due to unforeseen weather conditions it meant that the pesticide is not necessary, which in itself demonstrates that short-term emergency measures are unsuitable for dealing with the problem. If the sugar beet industry is to continue to prosper in the UK, it will need to be managed in a way that provides resistance to virus infection without the use of controversial chemicals.

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Recall, perceptions and determinants of receiving physical activity advice amongst cancer survivors: a mixed-methods survey

Supportive Care in Cancer ◽

10.1007/s00520-021-06221-w ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Samuel T. Orange ◽

Stephen E. Gilbert ◽

Morven C. Brown ◽

John M. Saxton

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Mixed Methods ◽

Cancer Survivors ◽

Sociodemographic Characteristics ◽

Physical Activity Guidelines ◽

Physical Activity Advice ◽

Exercise Specialist ◽

Tailored Approach ◽

The Uk ◽

Exercise Guidelines

Abstract Purpose This study explored cancer survivors’ views and experiences of receiving physical activity advice post-diagnosis. We also determined the influence of sociodemographic characteristics on the recall of physical activity advice and whether receiving advice was associated with meeting physical activity guidelines. Methods An anonymised, mixed-methods, 27-item survey was distributed to cancer survivors via online cancer communities in the UK. Results Of the 242 respondents, 52% recalled receiving physical activity advice. Of those who recalled receiving advice, only 30% received guidance on type of physical activity and 14% were referred to another source of information or exercise specialist. Advice was most often given after treatment cessation, with only 19% of respondents receiving advice during active treatment. Most respondents (56%) expressed a need for further information. There was no evidence of associations between sociodemographic characteristics and recall of physical activity advice. However, cancer survivors who perceived the physical activity advice they received as being appropriate (odds ratio [OR] 3.8, 95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 1.4–10.7) and those with a higher level of education (OR 3.2, 95% CI: 1.8–5.8) were more likely to meet aerobic exercise guidelines. Females were less likely to meet resistance exercise guidelines than males (OR 0.44, 95% CI: 0.21–0.90). Conclusion There is scope to improve the provision of physical activity advice in cancer care by providing advice in a timely manner after diagnosis, referring patients to a suitable exercise or rehabilitation specialist when indicated, and using a tailored approach to ensure the advice is appropriate for specific sociodemographic groups.

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The duties of impartiality, disclosure, and confidentiality: lessons from a London-seated arbitration

Arbitration International ◽

10.1093/arbint/aiab013 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Samuel Yee Ching Leung ◽

Alex Chun Hei Chan

Keyword(s):

United Kingdom ◽

Important Case ◽

Careful Examination ◽

International Arbitration ◽

The United Kingdom ◽

Key Concepts ◽

The Uk ◽

First Time

Abstract Halliburton Company v Chubb Bermuda Insurance Ltd (formerly known as Ace Bermuda Insurance Ltd [2020] UKSC 48 is an important case not only to the UK but also to the international arbitration community for several reasons: first, it examines indispensable duties in international arbitration and for the first time recognises and explicates upon the duty of disclosure at the highest court of the United Kingdom; secondly, it addresses and clarifies key concepts in international arbitration; thirdly, it confirms the objective nature of the test of justifiable doubts which has wider implications for other arbitral forums; fourthly, it illustrates how the duties of impartiality, disclosure, and confidentiality interact with and affect each other and how the key concepts should be applied to this interaction; and finally, it lays down useful guidance for arbitrators. For these reasons, this case deserves close and careful examination. This article aims to explain the significance of the aforesaid and suggests that, in addition to what has been addressed, further judicial explanations are warranted in what other aspects.

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Physical Activity, Sedentary Time, and Sleep and the Association With Inflammatory Markers and Adiponectin in 8- to 11-Year-Old Danish Children

Journal of Physical Activity and Health ◽

10.1123/jpah.2015-0123 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 13 (7) ◽

pp. 733-739 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Mette S. Nielsen ◽

Jonas S. Quist ◽

Jean-Philippe Chaput ◽

Stine-Mathilde Dalskov ◽

Camilla T. Damsgaard ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Sleep Duration ◽

Inflammatory Markers ◽

Sedentary Time ◽

Vigorous Physical Activity ◽

Movement Behavior ◽

Inverse Association ◽

Pubertal Status ◽

Negatively Associated ◽

Reactive Protein

Background:Inflammatory markers, adiponectin, and movement/nonmovement behaviors have all been linked to risk factors for cardiovascular disease; however, the association between childhood movement/nonmovement behaviors and inflammatory markers and adiponectin is unknown.Methods:We explored the association between accelerometer determined moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA), sedentary time, and sleep (7 days/8 nights) and fasting C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and adiponectin in 806 school children. A sleep variability score was calculated.Results:MVPA was negatively associated with adiponectin in boys and girls (P < .001) and with CRP and IL-6 in girls (P < .05) independent of sleep duration, sedentary time, age, fat mass index (FMI), and pubertal status. Sedentary time was positively associated with adiponectin in boys and girls (both P < .001), and sleep duration with adiponectin in boys independent of age, FMI, and pubertal status (P < .001); however, these associations disappeared after mutual adjustments for movement behavior. Sleep duration variability was positively associated with CRP in girls independent of all covariates (P < .01).Conclusion:MVPA remained negatively associated with inflammatory markers and adiponectin, and sleep duration variability positively associated with CRP after adjustment for FMI, pubertal status, and other movement behavior. The inverse association between MVPA and adiponectin conflicts with the anti-inflammatory properties of adiponectin.

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Association of Physical Activity with Body Composition: A Mendelian Randomization Study

10.31219/osf.io/e3mrx ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Ferris Alaa Ramadan ◽

Katherine Ellingson ◽

Yann Klimentidis

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Body Composition ◽

Sedentary Behavior ◽

Mendelian Randomization ◽

Association Studies ◽

Sensitivity Analyses ◽

Genome Wide Association Studies ◽

Protective Effects ◽

Dietary Interventions ◽

The Uk

Background. Studies suggest that body composition can be improved through physical activity (PA) independently of dietary interventions. A separate line of evidence suggests that PA may reduce high-risk visceral adipose tissue (VAT), without clinically meaningful weight change. Genome-wide association studies have previously identified genetic markers associated with PA behaviors and may provide an opportunity to evaluate hypothesized causal relationships with body composition. Methods. We performed a Mendelian randomization (MR) study to test the incremental benefits of various PA exposures on body composition outcomes as assessed by anthropometric indices, lean body mass (LBM) (kg), body fat (%), and VAT (kg). Genetic instruments were identified for both self-reported and accelerometer-measured PA, including sedentary behavior. Outcomes included anthropometric and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry measures of adiposity, extracted from the UK Biobank and the largest publicly available consortia. Multivariable MR (MVMR) included educational attainment as a covariate to address potential confounding. Sensitivity analyses were evaluated for weak instrument bias and pleiotropic effects.Results. We did not identify associations between genetically-predicted sedentary behavior (self-reported or accelerometer) and body composition outcomes in MVMR analyses. All analyses for self-reported moderate PA were null for body composition outcomes, including BMI, LBM and VAT. Genetically-predicted PA at higher intensities was protective against VAT in MR and MVMR analyses of both accelerometer-measured vigorous PA (MVMR β = -0.15, 95% Confidence Interval (CI): -0.24, -0.07, p<0.001) and self-reported participation in strenuous sports or other exercises (MVMR β = -0.27, 95%CI: -0.52, -0.01, p=0.034), and was robust across several sensitivity analyses. Conclusions. We did not identify evidence of a causal relationship between genetically-predicted PA and body composition, with the exception of a putatively protective effect of higher-intensity PA on VAT. Protective effects of PA against VAT may support prior evidence of biological pathways through which PA decreases risk of downstream cardiometabolic diseases.

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Leading by Example: Association Between Mother and Child Objectively Measured Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior

Pediatric Exercise Science ◽

10.1123/pes.2020-0058 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 1-12

Author(s):

Brad R. Julius ◽

Amy M.J. O’Shea ◽

Shelby L. Francis ◽

Kathleen F. Janz ◽

Helena Laroche

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Sedentary Behavior ◽

Low Income ◽

Multivariate Regression ◽

Sedentary Time ◽

Vigorous Physical Activity ◽

Mother And Child ◽

Low Income Mothers ◽

Objectively Measured ◽

The Relationship

Purpose: The authors examined the relationship between mother and child activity. Methods: The authors compared moderate–vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and sedentary time of low-income mothers with obesity and their 6- to 12-year-old children on week (WD) and weekend (WE) days. A total of 196 mother–child pairs wore accelerometers simultaneously for a week. Mothers completed questionnaires. Spearman correlation and multivariate regression were used. Results: WE MVPA (accelerometry) was significantly correlated between mothers with children aged 6–7 (rs = .35) and daughters (rs = .27). Self-reported maternal PA time spent with one of their children was significantly correlated with the WE MVPA of all children (rs = .21) and children aged 8–10 (rs = .22) and with the WD MVPA of all children (rs = .15), children aged 8–10 (rs = .23), aged 11–12 (rs = .52), and daughters (rs = .37), and inversely correlated to the WD sedentary time of all children (rs = −.21), children aged 8–10 (rs = −.30), aged 11–12 (rs = −.34), daughters (rs = −.26), and sons (rs = −.22). In multivariate regression, significant associations were identified between reported child–mother PA time together and child MVPA and sedentary time (accelerometry). Conclusions: Mothers may influence the PA levels of their children with the strongest associations found in children aged 6–7 and daughters. Mother–child coparticipation in PA may lead to increased child MVPA and decreased sedentary behavior.

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Capturing the Pattern of Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior: Exposure Variation Analysis of Accelerometer Data

Journal of Physical Activity and Health ◽

10.1123/jpah.2012-0105 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 11 (3) ◽

pp. 614-625 ◽

Cited By ~ 20

Author(s):

Leon Straker ◽

Amity Campbell ◽

Svend Erik Mathiassen ◽

Rebecca Anne Abbott ◽

Sharon Parry ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Sedentary Behavior ◽

Public Health Research ◽

Office Workers ◽

Accelerometer Data ◽

Variation Analysis ◽

Occupational Groups ◽

Time Pattern ◽

Exposure Variation Analysis ◽

First Time

Background:Capturing the complex time pattern of physical activity (PA) and sedentary behavior (SB) using accelerometry remains a challenge. Research from occupational health suggests exposure variation analysis (EVA) could provide a meaningful tool. This paper (1) explains the application of EVA to accelerometer data, (2) demonstrates how EVA thresholds and derivatives could be chosen and used to examine adherence to PA and SB guidelines, and (3) explores the validity of EVA outputs.Methods:EVA outputs are compared with accelerometer data from 4 individuals (Study 1a and1b) and 3 occupational groups (Study 2): seated workstation office workers (n = 8), standing workstation office workers (n = 8), and teachers (n = 8).Results:Line graphs and related EVA graphs highlight the use of EVA derivatives for examining compliance with guidelines. EVA derivatives of occupational groups confirm no difference in bouts of activity but clear differences as expected in extended bouts of SB and brief bursts of activity, thus providing evidence of construct validity.Conclusions:EVA offers a unique and comprehensive generic method that is able, for the first time, to capture the time pattern (both frequency and intensity) of PA and SB, which can be tailored for both occupational and public health research.

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