The Effect of Exercise on Global Self-Esteem: A Quantitative Review

2005 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 311-334 ◽  
Author(s):  
John C. Spence ◽  
Kerry R. McGannon ◽  
Pauline Poon
Keyword(s):  
Physical Fitness ◽  
Effect Size ◽  
Selection Criteria ◽  
Skills Training ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
The Body ◽  
Effect Sizes ◽  
Quantitative Review ◽  
Small Change ◽  
Unpublished Works

The purpose of this study was to quantitatively review the body of research on exercise and global self-esteem (GSE). This review focuses specifically on studies using adults and also incorporates both published and unpublished works. Computer and manual searches identified 113 studies matching the selection criteria. Each study was coded according to 20 study features. A total of 128 effect sizes (d) were derived. As indicated by effect-size magnitude, participation in exercise brought about a small change in GSE (d = +0.23). Change in physical fitness and type of program were significant moderators of the effect of exercise on GSE. Larger effect sizes were observed for those who experienced significant changes in physical fitness and those participating in exercise or lifestyle programs as opposed to skills training.

scholarly journals An effect size distribution analysis of heart rate variability studies: Recommendations for reporting the magnitude of group differences

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel S. Quintana
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Heart Rate Variability ◽  
Size Distribution ◽  
Effect Size ◽  
Case Control ◽  
The Body ◽  
Effect Sizes ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Distribution Analysis ◽  
Effect Size Distribution

AbstractThe calculation of heart rate variability (HRV) is a popular tool used to investigate differences in cardiac autonomic control between population samples. When interpreting effect sizes to quantify the magnitude of group differences, researchers typically use Cohen's guidelines of small (0.2), medium (0.5), and large (0.8) effects. However, these guidelines were only proposed for use when the effect size distribution (ESD) was unknown. Despite the availability of effect sizes from hundreds of HRV studies, researchers still largely rely on Cohen's guidelines to interpret effect sizes. This article describes an ESD analysis of 297 HRV effect sizes from case-control studies, revealing that the 25th, 50th, and 75th effect size percentiles correspond with effect sizes of 0.25, 0.5, and 0.84, respectively. The ESD for separate clinical groups are also presented. The data suggests that Cohen's guidelines underestimate the magnitude of small and large effect sizes for the body of HRV case-control research. Therefore, to better reflect observed HRV effect sizes, the data suggest that effect sizes of 0.25, 0.5, and 0.85 should be interpreted as small, medium, and large effects. Researchers are encouraged to use the ESD dataset or their own collected datasets in tandem with the provided analysis script to perform bespoke ESD analyses relevant to their specific research area.

A quantitative review of cognitive deficits in depression and Alzheimer-type dementia

1997 ◽  
Vol 3 (6) ◽  
pp. 631-651 ◽  
Author(s):  
HELEN CHRISTENSEN ◽  
KATHLEEN GRIFFITHS ◽  
ANDREW MACKINNON ◽  
PATRICIA JACOMB
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Deficits ◽  
Effect Size ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Effect Sizes ◽  
Clinical Test ◽  
Alzheimer Type ◽  
Quantitative Review ◽  
Visual Material ◽  
Alzheimer Type Dementia ◽  
Severity Of Depression

Meta-analysis was used to examine the performance of depressed and Alzheimer-type dementia (DAT) patients on standard and experimental clinical tests of cognitive function. Deficits were found for depression on almost every psychological test. Relative to nondepressed controls, the average deficit was 0.63 of a standard deviation, but the magnitude of the effect varied with the type of test. DAT patients performed worse than depressed patients, with an average effect size of 1.21 standard deviations, but the size of the effect depended on the clinical test. Effect sizes for the comparison between depressives and controls were significantly affected by age, treatment setting, ECT use, severity of depression, and the source of diagnostic criteria, but not by the type of depression. Effect sizes in the comparison of depressives to DAT patients were influenced by age, the severity of depression, and ECT. Depressives performed proportionately worse than controls on tasks with pleasant or neutral, compared with unpleasant content, on speeded compared with nonspeeded tasks, and on vigilance tasks. However, there were no differences in the magnitude of effect size for tests using recall compared with recognition, using categorical compared with noncategorical word lists, on story compared with word comprehension, and using verbal compared with visual material. Relative to DAT patients, depressives performed no better on recall compared to recognition tasks, or verbal compared to visual material. The findings of the review are not consistent with the hypothesis that depression is associated with deficits in effortful processing. A model of psychological deficit in depression as a deficit in speed or attention has more promise. (JINS, 1997, 3, 631–651.)

scholarly journals Talent Selection Based on Sport-Specific Tasks Is Affected by the Relative Age Effects among Adolescent Handball Players

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (21) ◽  
pp. 11418
Author(s):  
Zsófia Tróznai ◽  
Katinka Utczás ◽  
Júlia Pápai ◽  
Zalán Négele ◽  
István Juhász ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Effect Size ◽  
Selection Criteria ◽  
Performance Metrics ◽  
Selection Process ◽  
National Level ◽  
The Body ◽  
Age Effects ◽  
Relative Age ◽  
Talent Selection

Talent selection is often affected by the relative age effects (RAEs), resulting in the overrepresentation of relatively older (vs. relatively younger) players among those selected. The use of sport-specific tasks is suggested to reduce RAEs during talent selection. Purpose: To test the hypothesis that talent selection including only sport-specific tasks is not affected by the RAEs and to analyse the body size and biological maturity of the top selection level according to relative age. Methods: Participants were U14 female (n = 5428) and U15 (n = 4408) male handball players participating in four programs consisting of four selection levels (local, county, regional, and national) grouped in bi-annual age. Handball-specific generic skills, position-specific technical drills and in-game performance were the selection criteria evaluated by experts and coaches. Body dimensions were measured and bone age, as an indicator of maturity, was estimated. The relative age quartile distributions within the bi-annual cohorts were examined using Chi-square and Odds Ratios. Results: In terms of all the registered players no RAEs were evident. However, the RAEs of moderate effect size were evident at the county level; χ2 = 53.2 (girls) and 66.4 (boys), OR = 2.5 and 3.3, respectively. The RAEs of a large effect size were found at the regional level; χ2 = 139.5 (girls) and 144.9 (boys), OR = 8.2 and 5.2, respectively. At national level, RAEs were still present, but with no further increase in the effect size. At the highest selection level, there were no differences in the anthropometric measures between the relatively older and younger players. Conclusion: The findings provide support to the hypothesis that the selection process exacerbates RAEs even when using only sport-specific selection criteria. The performance metrics in technical skills, but also coaching assessments are likely involved. In addition, an advanced maturity and/or an above-average body size increases the selection odds for relatively younger players.

scholarly journals Calidad de vida, autoestima, condición física y estado nutricional en adolescentes y su relación con el rendimiento académico

2020 ◽  
Vol 69 (3) ◽  
pp. 174-181
Author(s):  
Pedro Delgado-Floody ◽  
Felipe Caamaño-Navarrete ◽  
Daniel Jerez-Mayorga ◽  
Alfonso Cofré-Lizama
Keyword(s):  
Nutritional Status ◽  
Physical Fitness ◽  
Physical Condition ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Influential Factors ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Self ◽  
Calidad De Vida ◽  
Lower Hrqol

El rendimiento académico (RA) es condicionado por diversos factores, destacándose la autoestima y la calidad de vida relacionada con la salud (CVRS) como factores influyentes. El objetivo de la investigación fue determinar la asociación entre el estado nutricional, la condición física, la autoestima y la CVRS con el RA en adolescentes. En este estudio de corte transversal participaron hombres (n= 219, 15,82±1,37años) y mujeres (n=200, ± 15,23±0,85 años) de entre 14 y 17 años de edad. El índice de masa corporal (IMC) la circunferencia de cintura (CC), la razón cintura estatura (RCE), la condición física, la autoestima, CVRS y el RA fueron evaluados. En la comparación de los niveles de autoestima, CVRS y RA acorde al estado nutricional, los escolares con obesidad tienen menor puntaje CVRS (P=0,001), del mismo modo la autoestima fue menor en los escolares con sobrepeso y obesos en comparación con sus pares normopeso (P=0,013). En relación al RA no existieron diferencias según estado nutricional (P>0,05). El RA presentó relación positiva con la condición física, la autoestima y la CVRS (P<0,05). Los adolescentes con obesidad presentaron menor CVRS que sus pares con sobrepeso y normopeso, además el RA se ve relacionada con la condición física, la autoestima y la CVRS, por tal motivo es importante incorporar estrategias en los establecimientos educacionales que mejoren esta condición y aporten al desarrollo integral de los escolares. Academic performance (AP) is conditioned by several factors and the self-esteem and health related to quality of life (HRQoL) are influential factors. The objective of the research was to determine the association between the nutritional levels, physical fitness, self-esteem and HRQoL with AP in adolescents. In this cross-sectional study, men (n = 219, 15.82 ± 1.37 years) and women (n = 200, ± 15.23 ± 0.85 years) between 14 and 17 years of age participated. The body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), height waist ratio (WtHR), physical fitness, self-esteem, HRQoL and AP were evaluated. In the comparison of the levels of self-esteem, HRQoL and AP according to the nutritional status, the schoolchildren with obesity have a lower HRQoL (P = 0.001), in the same way the self-esteem was lower in the overweight and obese schoolchildren in comparison with their normal weight peers (P = 0.013). In relation to AP, there were no differences according to nutritional status (P> 0.05). The AP presented a positive relationship with physical condition, self-esteem and HRQoL (P <0.05). The adolescents with obesity had lower HRQoL than their overweight and normal weight peers, in addition AP is related to physical condition, self-esteem and HRQoL, for this reason it is important to incorporate strategies in educational establishments that improve this condition and contribute to the integral development of school children.

Self-Esteem, Self-Disclosure, Self-Expression, and Connection on Facebook: A Collaborative Replication Meta-Analysis

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dana Charles Leighton ◽  
Nicole Legate ◽  
Sara LePine ◽  
Samantha Anderson ◽  
Jon E. Grahe
Keyword(s):  
Effect Size ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
Original Study ◽  
Effect Sizes ◽  
Self Disclosure ◽  
Research Teams ◽  
Perceived Safety ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Highly Cited

This replication meta-analysis explored the robustness of a highly cited study showing that those with low self-esteem perceived benefits for self-disclosure through Facebook compared to face-to-face interactions (i.e., Forest &amp; Wood, 2012, Study 1). Seven pre-registered direct replication attempts of this study were conducted by research teams as part of the Collaborative Replication and Education Project (CREP), and results were meta-analyzed to better understand the strength and consistency of the effects reported in the original study. Half of the original results were clearly supported: Self-esteem negatively predicted perceived safety of self-disclosure on Facebook as compared to face-to-face interactions (meta-analytic effect size = -.28, original effect size = -.31), and self-esteem did not relate to perceived opportunities for self-expression (across the seven replications, all 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for effect sizes included zero). However, two other findings received less support: Self-esteem only weakly and inconsistently predicted perceived advantages of self-disclosure on Facebook (meta analytic effect size = -.16, original effect size = -.30), and contrary to the original study, there was no evidence for self-esteem predicting perceived opportunities for connection with others on Facebook (six of the seven replication effect size CIs contained zero). The results provided further evidence regarding the original study’s generalizability and robustness. The implications of the research and its relevance to social compensation theory is presented, and considerations for future multi-site replications are proposed.

Clinically Meaningful Change

Methodology ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 97-105
Author(s):  
Rodrigo Ferrer ◽  
Antonio Pardo
Keyword(s):  
Effect Size ◽  
False Negative ◽  
False Negative Rate ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Skewed Distribution ◽  
Effect Sizes ◽  
False Negatives ◽  
Large Size ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Post Test

Abstract. In a recent paper, Ferrer and Pardo (2014) tested several distribution-based methods designed to assess when test scores obtained before and after an intervention reflect a statistically reliable change. However, we still do not know how these methods perform from the point of view of false negatives. For this purpose, we have simulated change scenarios (different effect sizes in a pre-post-test design) with distributions of different shapes and with different sample sizes. For each simulated scenario, we generated 1,000 samples. In each sample, we recorded the false-negative rate of the five distribution-based methods with the best performance from the point of view of the false positives. Our results have revealed unacceptable rates of false negatives even with effects of very large size, starting from 31.8% in an optimistic scenario (effect size of 2.0 and a normal distribution) to 99.9% in the worst scenario (effect size of 0.2 and a highly skewed distribution). Therefore, our results suggest that the widely used distribution-based methods must be applied with caution in a clinical context, because they need huge effect sizes to detect a true change. However, we made some considerations regarding the effect size and the cut-off points commonly used which allow us to be more precise in our estimates.

Physical fitness of people with moderate and considerable intellectual disabilities

Physiotherapy ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marzena Ślężyńska ◽  
Grzegorz Mięsok ◽  
Kamila Mięsok
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Intellectual Disability ◽  
Physical Fitness ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Body Height ◽  
Abdominal Muscle ◽  
The Body ◽  
Intellectually Disabled ◽  
Fitness Tests ◽  
Abdominal Muscle Strength

AbstractIntroduction: The aim of the physical activity of the intellectually disabled is the strengthening of health, creating movement habits, promoting active recreation, and maintaining exercise capacity. Skillfully applied physical activity allows to mitigate the effects of pathology and create the compensations to enable the intellectually disabled people to live relatively independently. Physical activity and sport also increase their chances to integrate with their families, peers, and social environment.Materials and methods: The research targeted a group of 134 people with moderate or considerable intellectual disability (65 women and 69 men), aged 20-53 years, who participated in occupational therapy workshops in Jastrzębie Zdrój, Rybnik, and Żory. Physical fitness was assessed using the “Eurofit Special” test and balance tests. Measurements of body height and mass were also taken and then used to calculate the body mass index (BMI).Results: A salient somatic trait was the greater body mass relative to height among the persons with considerable disability, clearly illustrated by the BMI. This explained their greater heaviness in performing physical exercises. An even greater difference between participants with moderate and considerable intellectual disability was visible in physical fitness. Obviously, older persons did not achieve as good results in fitness tests as the younger ones, yet the participants were more differentiated by the level of disability than age. Most symptomatic differences to the disadvantage of the considerably disabled were observed in explosive strength, speed, abdominal muscle strength, and flexibility.Conclusions: Significant differences in fitness between the compared groups make it necessary to take into account the level of intellectual disability in the course of physical education and sport, at work, and in household duties.

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