Distributive Justice in Intercollegiate Athletics: Development of an Instrument

This study examined the development of an instrument to assess the views held by NCAA male and female coaches and administrators concerning the principles of distributive justice used in the allocation of resources in athletic departments. The steps in the development of the instrument, including the use of a panel of experts, a pilot study, and a confirmatory study, are presented. Scenarios were developed describing situations involving either distribution or retribution of three different resources within athletic departments; money, facilities, or support services. The eight allocation principles listed under each scenario were (a) equality of treatment, (b) equality of results, and (c) equality of opportunity; contributions based on (d) productivity, (e) spectator appeal, (f) effort, and (g) ability; and (h) need. Subjects were asked to rate the justness of each allocation principle in each scenario and to choose which allocation principle they would implement in that scenario.

Download Full-text

Distributive Justice in Intercollegiate Athletics: The Views of NCAA Coaches and Administrators

Journal of Sport Management ◽

10.1123/jsm.8.3.200 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 8 (3) ◽

pp. 200-217 ◽

Cited By ~ 28

Author(s):

Mary A. Hums ◽

Packianathan Chelladurai

Keyword(s):

Distributive Justice ◽

Intercollegiate Athletics ◽

Support Services ◽

Equality Of Opportunity ◽

The Other ◽

Athletic Administrators ◽

Athletic Departments ◽

Male And Female ◽

Treatment Need ◽

Female Coaches

This study examined the principles of distributive justice held by male and female coaches and athletic administrators from all three NCAA divisions in allocating resources within athletic departments. A total of 328 subjects from Divisions I, II, and III responded to the instrument, which contained 12 scenarios describing situations of either distribution or retribution of three different resources-—money, facilities, or support services. The eight allocation principles listed under each scenario were (a) equality of treatment, (b) equality of results, and (c) equality of opportunity; contributions based on (d) productivity, (e) spectator appeal, (f) effort, and (g) ability; and (h) need. In each distributive situation, subjects were asked to rate the justness of each allocation principle and to choose one of the eight principles for implementation. All subgroups rated equality of treatment, need, and equality of results as the most just and the other principles as relatively unjust. These principles were also the principles most frequently chosen by subjects for implementation.

Download Full-text

The Violence of the Cut: Gendering Self-Harm

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph18094650 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (9) ◽

pp. 4650

Author(s):

Amy Chandler ◽

Zoi Simopoulou

Keyword(s):

Pilot Study ◽

Data Generation ◽

Male And Female ◽

Female Violence ◽

Starting Point ◽

Self Harm ◽

Qualitative Methodologies ◽

Qualitative Exploration

Taking as a starting point the frequent characterisation of self-harm as “an adolescent thing for girls,” this paper offers a sociologically informed, qualitative exploration of self-harm as a gendered practice. We move beyond statistical constructions of this “reality,” and critically examine how this characterisation comes to be, and some of its effects. Our data are drawn from a pilot study that developed a collaborative arts-based inquiry into meanings of self-harm. The authors worked with two groups: one of practitioners and another of people who had self-harmed, meeting over six sessions to discuss and make art in response to a range of themes relating to the interpretation and explanation of self-harm. Through data generation and analysis, we collaboratively seek to make sense of the gendering of self-harm, focusing on a series of dualistic Cartesian “cuts” between male and female, violence and vulnerability, and inside and outside. In conclusion, we call for more multi- and interdisciplinary explorations of self-harm, and greater use of diverse, arts-based, and qualitative methodologies, in order to further expand and nuance understandings and ethical engagements with self-harm, and those who are affected by it.

Download Full-text

Collegiate Athletes’ Gendered Perceptions of a Hypothetical Male and Female Coach

Journal of Coaching Education ◽

10.1123/jce.3.1.42 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 3 (1) ◽

pp. 42-55

Author(s):

Lori Rittenhouse-Wollmuth ◽

Cindra S. Kamphoff ◽

Jon Lim

Keyword(s):

Female Athletes ◽

Collegiate Athletes ◽

Physical Contact ◽

Head Coach ◽

Male Athletes ◽

Male And Female ◽

Female Head ◽

Study Results ◽

Female Collegiate Athletes ◽

Female Coaches

Historically, the world of sport is considered a masculine domain characterized by power, aggression, and physical contact (Hall, 1996). The exclusionary elements of the male culture of sport have created gender inequities in participation (Birrell & Theberge, 1994), and a gendered perception of male and female coaches (Frankl & Babitt, 1998; Weinberg, Reveles, & Jackson, 1984). The purpose of this study was to examine the perceptions of male and female collegiate athletes of a hypothetical male and female coach, and to determine if female coaches are more accepted compared to Weinberg et al.’s study investigating male and female athletes’ perceptions of a hypothetical coach. The Attitudinal Questionnaire (Weinberg, Reveles, & Jackson, 1984) was utilized to determine athletes’ attitudes about a hypothetical coach. A 2 × 2 MANOVA indicated a significant interaction between the gender of a hypothetical head coach and the gender of an athlete, and a significant main effect for gender. Univariate ANOVA results indicate that males and females differed in their attitudes and perceptions of both a hypothetical male and female head coach. The female athletes, compared to male athletes, were more likely to be accepting of coaches regardless of the coaches’ gender. Furthermore, male athletes were less accepting of female coaches. In addition, when comparing the means of the current study to Weinberg et al.’s (1984) study, results indicate that female coaches were not more accepted than in 1984.

Download Full-text

Burnout in gastroenterology registrars: a pilot study of trainees in the East of England

10.1101/2020.03.18.20038463 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

John Ong ◽

Carla Swift ◽

Wanyen Lim ◽

Sharon Ong ◽

Yasseen Al-Naeeb ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Pilot Study ◽

Emotional Exhaustion ◽

Support Services ◽

Human Services ◽

Maslach Burnout Inventory ◽

Personal Accomplishment ◽

Professional Support ◽

Free Text ◽

List Type ◽

Item Questionnaire

ABSTRACTObjectiveThe scale of burnout in UK gastroenterology trainees and the feasibility to determine its prevalence using the validated Maslach Burnout Inventory Human Services Survey (MBI-HSS) tool are unknown. A region-wide pilot study was conducted to determine the uptake of a 31-item questionnaire and estimate the prevalence of burnout in gastroenterology trainees within the East of England deanery (EoE). Symptom severity across the three domains of burnout (emotional exhaustion, depersonalisation, and low personal accomplishment), and frequently experienced stressors by gastroenterology trainees were also studied.DesignThis was a cross-sectional study involving gastroenterology trainees from 16 hospitals across EoE using a 31-item questionnaire. The questionnaire consisted of the 22-item MBI-HSS and 9 additional free-text questions. All gastroenterology trainees in EoE were invited to complete the anonymized survey online. Data were analysed quantitatively and qualitatively.ResultsUptake of the survey was above-average; 44.0% (40/91) response rate. 57.5% (23/40) of gastroenterology trainees suffered emotional exhaustion. 23.5% (8/34) had depersonalisation and 63.9% (23/36) experienced low professional accomplishment. Burnout prevalence was 35.3% (12/34). Only 48.4% (15/31) of gastroenterology trainees were aware of professional support services within EoE. Stressors related to service requirements and professional relationships were commonly reported; 65.6% and 25.0% respectively.ConclusionsIt is feasible to use a 31-item questionnaire to detect and study burnout in a national cohort of gastroenterology trainees. Burnout in EoE gastroenterology trainees was high and this may reflect the national prevalence within the specialty. Larger studies, greater awareness of burnout, and better access to professional support services are needed.Summary BoxWhat is already known about the subject?Burnout in physicians is a growing problem worldwide which can lead to personal ill-health and suboptimal patient care.Burnout in young gastroenterology fellows in the US are reported as high as 50% but the prevalence in UK gastroenterology trainees is unknown.The Maslach Burnout Inventory - Human Services Survey (MBI-HSS) is the most validated tool to determine physician burnout but survey length may affect uptake by UK gastroenterology trainees and the feasibility of future studies.What are the new findings?This pilot study demonstrated the feasibility of a 31-item questionnaire which included the MBI-HSS in studying burnout in UK gastroenterology trainees.Emotional exhaustion and a sense of low personal accomplishment affect more than half of gastroenterology trainees within the East of England.The prevalence of burnout in UK gastroenterology trainees is estimated to be high (35.3%) but larger studies are needed.Approximately half of gastroenterology trainees in the East of England were not aware of existing support services to help them cope with burnout.How might it impact on clinical practice in the foreseeable future?This pilot study may increase the awareness of burnout among UK trainees and trainers in gastroenterology.An estimate of burnout prevalence in UK gastroenterology trainees is provided so future research and remediation measures in the specialty can be justified.

Download Full-text

The voice quality of sports coaches

Logopedija ◽

10.31299/log.8.1.1 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

pp. 1-5 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Anđela Bučević ◽

Ana Bonetti ◽

Luka Bonetti

Keyword(s):

Voice Quality ◽

Training Session ◽

Acoustic Method ◽

Male And Female ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Before And After ◽

Sports Coaches ◽

The Voice ◽

Female Coaches

The aim of this research paper was to examine the voice quality of sports coaches using the objective (acoustic) method. A total of 28 sports coaches (mean age 28.58, SD=5.08), from the City of Zagreb participated in this research. Recordings of the phonation of the vowel /a/ before and after one training session were obtained and analyzed using the PRAAT Program. Mean, minimal and maximal values of fundamental frequency, shimmer, jitter and harmonics-to-noise ratio were observed. The statistical analyses showed no statistically significant difference in acoustic voice quality of male and female coaches before and after the training session, or between male and female coaches. However, intra-individual differences among participants were observed, which may be significant in terms of their potential to affect the quality of their voices in the future.

Download Full-text

Verteilungsgerechtigkeit ohne Verteilungsgleichheit

Analyse & Kritik ◽

10.1515/auk-1999-0202 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 21 (2) ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Thomas Schramme

Keyword(s):

Distributive Justice ◽

Good Life ◽

Equality Of Opportunity ◽

Alternative Approaches ◽

Equal Respect ◽

Formal Justice ◽

The Ideal

AbstractAlternative approaches in the discussion of distributive justice differ in their answers to the question „equality of what“? In this essay I intend to ask instead ,why equality?" The article rejects several arguments in favour of distributive equality, mainly on the grounds that they confuse two different kinds of justice, namely ,formal’ justice (equal respect) and distributive justice. The ideal of distributive equality is based on comparisons but equal respect does not necessarily involve relational considerations. Subsequently I will consider equality of opportunity which appears on first sight to be the most promising account. However, I will point out that this approach is not convincing as an attempt to give everyone the chance to live a good life. Finally I will submit that only a theory of absolute needs is adequate.

Download Full-text

‘A Nut We Have Officially yet to Crack’: Forcing the Attention of Athletic Departments Toward Sustainability Through Shared Governance

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su11195198 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (19) ◽

pp. 5198

Author(s):

Martin Barrett ◽

Kyle S. Bunds ◽

Jonathan M. Casper ◽

Michael B. Edwards ◽

D. Scott Showalter ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Sustainable Development ◽

Intercollegiate Athletics ◽

The United States ◽

Coupled Systems ◽

Structured Interviews ◽

Athletic Departments ◽

The Sustainable Development ◽

Sustainability Governance ◽

The Impact ◽

Office Personnel

In many ways, intercollegiate athletics represents the ‘sustainable’ front porch of higher education. The high-visibility, high-impact nature of elite-level college athletics make athletic departments a central player in the sustainable development journey. However, not all athletic departments respond to this responsibility, nor are all responses uniformly successful. According to national reporting frameworks, an increasing number of universities in the United States are choosing to involve their athletic departments in university-level sustainability governance structures, but the benefits and limitations of this remain unclear. Using the theory of loosely coupled systems, and more specifically, the voice of compensations (which views loose coupling as an unsatisfactory state), the purpose of this paper is to explore perceptions of athletic department engagement in shared sustainability governance, and, thus, a whole-of-institution approach. Semi-structured interviews with sustainability office personnel were conducted and analyzed, and the findings imply that shared sustainability governance has the potential to focus the attention of athletic departments toward sustainability, as well as to reaffirm shared values. Yet, to maximize the impact of athletic departments toward the sustainable development goals of a university, sustainability office personnel suggest the deployment of additional change levers, in a multi-dimensional fashion, as supplementary coupling mechanisms. These would include more rigorous sustainability goals (top-down), continued collaboration on ‘low-hanging fruit’ initiatives (lateral), student-athlete engagement (bottom-up), and the development of an internal sustainability framework (inside-out).

Download Full-text

Investigating the circumstances under which singers use imagery: A pilot study

Psychology of Music ◽

10.1177/0305735619868299 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 030573561986829 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Brianna DeSantis ◽

Sarah Deck ◽

Craig Hall

Keyword(s):

Pilot Study ◽

Qualitative Study ◽

Character Development ◽

Performance Anxiety ◽

Structured Interviews ◽

Male And Female ◽

Vocal Technique ◽

Professional Dancers ◽

High Level

This is a qualitative study in which detailed, semi-structured interviews were conducted with six male and female high-level singers. In comparison to Nordin and Cumming’s work on professional dancers, some similarities and some unique differences emerged from the results. The Four Ws framework was employed, which involves Where, What, Why, and When singers image. Like in Nordin and Cumming’s study, How was a dimension that emerged inductively from the results. Singers mainly used imagery for improving vocal technique, performance anxiety, and character development.

Download Full-text