The Effects of Model Similarity and Model Talk on Self-efficacy and Muscular Endurance

1981 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Gould ◽  
Maureen Weiss
Keyword(s):  
Self Efficacy ◽  
Endurance Performance ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Group Model ◽  
Muscular Endurance ◽  
Model Control ◽  
Self Talk ◽  
Efficacy Measures ◽  
Four Levels ◽  
Model Similarity

This study was designed to determine if observing a similar or dissimilar model who makes varying self-efficacy statements influences an observer's efficacy expectations and, in turn, muscular endurance performance. Females (N = 150) were randomly assigned to groups in a 2 × 4 × 3 (model similarity by model talk by trials) factorial design or to a no-model control group. Model similarity was manipulated by having subjects view a female described as a nonathlete (similar) or a male described as a varsity track athlete (dissimilar). The four levels of model talk included: a positive self-talk model who performed and made positive self-efficacy statements, a negative self-talk model who made negative self-efficacy statements, an irrelevant-talk model who made statements unrelated to self-efficacy, and a no-talk model who remained silent throughout the performance. Self-efficacy measures were assessed in addition to performance on three trials of a muscular endurance task. Results revealed that similar model subjects extended their legs significantly longer than dissimilar model and control subjects. Moreover, the similar-positive-talk and similar-no-talk groups performed significantly better than the dissimilar-positive-talk, dissimilar-negative talk, dissimilar-no-talk, and the no-model control groups. Subject self-efficacy, however, was not found to be the major mediating variable affecting these performance changes.

Effects of Model Similarity on Self-Efficacy and Muscular Endurance: A Second Look

1992 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 237-248 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas R. George ◽  
Deborah L. Feltz ◽  
Melissa A. Chase
Keyword(s):  
Self Efficacy ◽  
Motor Performance ◽  
Female College Students ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Leg Extension ◽  
Female Model ◽  
Model Control ◽  
Model Control Group ◽  
Male Model ◽  
Model Similarity

This study examined the effects of model-similarity cues on motor performance and self-efficacy. Specifically, the study was designed to determine which characteristics of a model (sex or ability) subjects perceived as the more salient similarity cue. This study was a replication and extension of the no-talk model conditions employed in the Gould and Weiss (1981) study. Female college students (N=100) with limited or no athletic experience were randomly assigned to one of four modeling conditions (an athletic male model, an athletic female model, a nonathletic male model, or a nonathletic female model) or to a no-model (control) group. After viewing a videotaped demonstration of the model performing a leg-extension endurance task, each subject performed three trials. Subjects completed self-efficacy questionnaires on two occasions. Only those subjects indicating that it was moderately to very important for them to do well on the task were used in the analyses (N=69). Results replicated those in Gould and Weiss's study in that subjects in the nonathletic-model groups extended their legs significantly longer than subjects in the athletic-model groups. In addition, subjects in the nonathletic-model conditions reported higher levels of efficacy compared to subjects in the athletic-model conditions. Our finding extends Gould and Weiss's study in that it suggests that model ability is a more salient similarity cue than model sex for nonathletic or unskilled female observers.

Experimental Study Oviductus ranae for the Change of α-SMA and TGF-β in Hepatic Fibrosis Rat Liver

2014 ◽  
Vol 912-914 ◽  
pp. 1940-1943
Author(s):  
Yan Li ◽  
Xiao Ou Li ◽  
Feng Hao ◽  
Lei Zhang ◽  
Lei Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Liver Fibrosis ◽  
Hepatic Fibrosis ◽  
Rat Liver ◽  
Liver Tissue ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Group Model ◽  
Model Group ◽  
Model Control ◽  
Oviductus Ranae

To evaluate the control effect of Oviductus ranae on liver fibrosis in rats, and the change of TGF-β and α-SMA in liver of. To explore the mechanism of Oviductus ranae decoction on liver fibrosis. Methods Wistar female rats were randomly divided into a blank control group, model control group, colchicines group, Oviductus ranae group. Using the CCl4composite approach to make the rat modle. The course of treat-mart was 12 weeks.After treatment,All the rats was killed,and the materials and blood was taken,and to detect biochemical test of liver function after eight weeks. Investigating the variation of liver histology. Meanwhile detecting protein expression of TGF-β and α-SMA and by immunehistochemical method.Result The general condition of rats in all treatment groups are worse than the blank group,but better than the model group. And the rats in the model group were all occurred in liver fibrosis,and liver fibrosis is the most serious.In a normal rat liver tissue of TGF-β and α-SMA were significantly lower in model group and each treatment group, and there were significant differences, and the TGF-β and α-SMA in expression of liver tissue in model rats of TGF-β and α-SMA the highest. Conclusion: Oviductus ranae can effectively improve liver fibrosis rats induced by CC14liver function.Oviductus ranae can reduce the expression of TGF-β1in liver tissue of hepatic fibrosis rats induced by CCl4in. This may be one of the mechanisms of Oviductus ranae in prevention and treatment of liver fibrosis. Even though both increased expression of TGF-β and α-SMA expression, is able to determine TGF-β and α-SMA for the intervention of liver TGF-β signal transduction pathway in liver fibrosis.

Antioxidant Research of Persimmon Extraction in Ionizing Radiatio Mice

2011 ◽  
Vol 343-344 ◽  
pp. 1198-1206 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiang Ning Chen ◽  
Wan Shan Hu ◽  
Yuan Hong Xie ◽  
Yu Hua Li ◽  
Lin Bo Guo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ionizing Radiation ◽  
Good Health ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Group Model ◽  
Dosage Group ◽  
Blank Control Group ◽  
Model Control ◽  
Mda Content ◽  
Set Up

Persimmon has good health function. To further investigate the antioxidant function in vivo, we set up a model mice with ionizing radiation. IRC mice were divided randomly into six groups, Blank control group, Model control group, VE control group, Low dosage group (G1), Middle dosage group (G2) and High dosage group (G3) respectively. Orally given persimmon extract for 35 days, mice were treated with γ-rays. Our results indicated that pervious administration of the persimmon extraction obviously increased the liver index of the mice. And pathological inspection by microscope suggested that orally given persimmon extraction obviously protected the liver cells of the mice. Further analysis demonstrated that persimmon extraction decreased the MDA content, and increased the SOD and GSH-PX activity in both the serum and the liver in the mice after the Ionizing radiation. Our results suggested the protection role of persimmon extraction by inhibiting the oxidation reaction in vivo.

scholarly journals The Polysaccharides from Codonopsis pilosula Modulates the Immunity and Intestinal Microbiota of Cyclophosphamide-Treated Immunosuppressed Mice

Molecules ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 23 (7) ◽  
pp. 1801 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu-Ping Fu ◽  
Bin Feng ◽  
Zhong-Kai Zhu ◽  
Xin Feng ◽  
Shu-Fan Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Immunoglobulin A ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Group Model ◽  
Codonopsis Pilosula ◽  
Model Control ◽  
Model Control Group ◽  
Ifn Γ ◽  
Immunosuppressed Mice ◽  
Secretory Immunoglobulin

Based on previous studies about microflora regulation and immunity enhancement activities of polysaccharides from Codonopsis pilosula Nannf. var. modesta (Nannf.) L. T. Shen (CPP), there is little study on intestinal mucosal immunity, which is a possible medium for contacting microflora and immunity. In the present study, the BALB/c mice were divided into five groups (eight mice in each group), including a normal group (Con), a model control group (Model), and model groups that were administered CPP (50, 100, 200 mg/kg/d) orally each day for seven days after intraperitoneal injection of 60 mg/kg BW/d cyclophosphamide (CP) for three days. CPP recovered the spleen index and restored the levels of IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-10, as well as serum IgG. In addition, it elevated ileum secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA), the number of Lactobacillus and acetic acid content in cecum. These results indicated that CPP plays an important role in the protection against immunosuppression, especially mucosa immune damage, and the inhibition of pathogenic bacteria colonization, which could be considered a potential natural source of immunoregulator.

scholarly journals Study on the Effect of Ginsenosides Rb on Blood of Tumor Mice

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mengmeng Zheng ◽  
Wenxiu Zheng ◽  
Wei Wang ◽  
Hong Guo ◽  
Hui Cao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dose Group ◽  
Extraction Process ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Control Group ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Group Model ◽  
Mice Model ◽  
Distribution Width ◽  
Model Control ◽  
Water Saturated

Objective. The blood of cancer patients is in a state of hypercoagulability, easily leading to thrombosis. Anemia is also a complication of tumors. Anemia and thrombosis affect the treatment of tumor patients. Methods. Ginsenosides Rb were extracted from the stems and leaves of American ginseng using water-saturated ethanol and ethyl acetate in silica gel column. Tumor mice model was established by injecting H22 hepatocellular carcinoma cells into the axilla of mice. Mice were randomly divided into 6 groups: normal control group, model control group, positive control group, low dose group (7 mg/kg), middle dose group (14 mg/kg), and high dose group (35 mg/kg). After 18 days, the blood was obtained by picking the eyeball of mice. The levels of red blood cells (RBC), hemoglobin (HGB), neutrophils/lymphocytes radio (NLR), platelets (PLT), platelet distribution width (PDW), fibrinogen (FIB), and D-Dimer (D-D) were measured and compared in each group of mice. Results. The content of obtained ginsenosides Rb reached 90.05%. This extraction process was simple and reliable. Middle dose of ginsenosides Rb could significantly increase RBC and HGB levels (P<0.05). Moreover, ginsenosides Rb could significantly reduce NLR, PLT, PDW, FIB, and D-D (P<0.01). Conclusion. ginsenosides Rb could significantly improve anaemia and hypercoagulation of blood in cancer mice. Ginsenosides Rb are a potential anticoagulant and antianemia drug in treating cancer.

scholarly journals Effects of Self-Talk Training on Competitive Anxiety, Self-Efficacy, Volitional Skills, and Performance: An Intervention Study with Junior Sub-Elite Athletes

Sports ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (6) ◽  
pp. 148 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nadja Walter ◽  
Lucie Nikoleizig ◽  
Dorothee Alfermann
Keyword(s):  
Self Efficacy ◽  
Elite Athletes ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Competitive Anxiety ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Self Talk ◽  
And Performance ◽  
The Impact

(1) Background: Self-talk (ST) is used to influence athletes’ thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. Samples of squad and competitive athletes are underrepresented, although research has proven the positive effects of ST in the context of sports. Thus, the present study focused on the impact of ST on psychological and performance outcomes of junior sub-elite athletes. (2) Methods: N = 117 athletes (55 females, 62 males; M = 16.0 years) were randomly assigned to either one of two experimental groups or to a control group (n = 30). The experimental groups received an ST intervention for either one week (n = 36) or eight weeks (n = 38), and the control group received no ST training. The dependent variables (competitive anxiety, volitional skills, self-efficacy, and coaches’ performance ratings) were assessed three times before and after the intervention. It was expected that (a) an ST intervention would reduce the competitive anxiety and increase volitional skills, self-efficacy, and performance; and, (b) long-term training would lead to higher effects than short-term training. (3) Results: As expected, ST training led to (less) somatic state anxiety and (higher) state self-confidence, self-optimization, self-efficacy, and performance. Additionally, long-term training was more effective than short-term training. (4) Conclusions: Targeted ST interventions may help to improve junior athletes’ psychological states and performance.

Effect of triamcinolone acetonide-loaded nanoparticles on diabetic retinopathy in rats

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 1511-1517
Author(s):  
Chengyan Li ◽  
Guihong Zhao ◽  
Lianwei Lu ◽  
Xiuping Du
Keyword(s):  
Diabetic Retinopathy ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Triamcinolone Acetonide ◽  
Glycosylated Hemoglobin ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Group Model ◽  
Pathological Changes ◽  
Model Control ◽  
Model Control Group

Triamcinolone acetonide acetate (TAA)-loaded nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC) were prepared to investigate their transdermal absorption in vitro and establish a diabetic retinopathy (DR) rat model. To evaluate the effect of triamcinolone acetonide-loaded nanoparticle capsules on improving the structure of the retina and pancreas, we measured blood glucose levels and investigated the pathological changes in the retina and pancreas. The effect of triamcinolone acetonide-loaded nanoparticle capsules on the morphology of the retina and pancreas of the rats with DR was determined and compared among the normal group, model control group, positive control group, and triamcinolone acetonide-loaded nanoparticle group. After treatment with triamcinolone acetonideloaded nanoparticle capsules for 2 months, the blood glucose and glycosylated hemoglobin levels were significantly lower (P < 0.01) and the pathological changes were less severe in the triamcinolone acetonide-loaded nanoparticle group than in the model control group. In addition, the arrangement of the photoreceptor cell layers in the retina was organized, intracellular and extracellular edema in each layer was reduced compared with that in the model control group, the capillary lumen was not occluded, and the peripheral cells were slightly edematous in the triamcinolone acetonide-loaded nanoparticle group. Triamcinolone acetonide-loaded nanoparticle capsules could effectively reduce the blood glucose and glycosylated hemoglobin levels and improve the structure of the retina and pancreas in the rats with DR.

Improving Confidence and Accuracy in Performance Appraisals

2002 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 40-51 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul L. Nesbit ◽  
Robert E. Wood
Keyword(s):  
Performance Appraisal ◽  
Self Efficacy ◽  
Performance Appraisals ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Rating Accuracy ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Efficacy Measures ◽  
Video Vignettes ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Goal Intentions

ABSTRACTThe paper presents findings of a study evaluating the impact of performance appraisal training on rating accuracy and perceived rating ability. 41 supervisors from a telecommunications firm took part in the training evaluated video vignettes and completed a questionnaire measuring self-efficacy beliefs about rating, goal intentions, and feelings about future rating behaviour. Supervisors in a control group (n = 12) also rated the video and completed the questionnaire. Trained supervisors showed increased accuracy on video ratings of work behaviour over the course of the training and an increase in self-efficacy measures. Control group supervisors by comparison decreased their accuracy of rating over the same time period while self-efficacy ratings remained constant. Impact of training on satisfaction and goals of participants is also presented.

scholarly journals Hypolipidemic Activity and Antiatherosclerotic Effect of Polysaccharide ofPolygonatum sibiricumin Rabbit Model and Related Cellular Mechanisms

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jun-xuan Yang ◽  
Shen Wu ◽  
Xi-liang Huang ◽  
Xiao-quan Hu ◽  
Yi Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Endothelial Cells ◽  
Primary Culture ◽  
Rabbit Model ◽  
Foam Cells ◽  
Hypolipidemic Activity ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Group Model ◽  
Model Control ◽  
Antiatherosclerotic Effect ◽  
Aortic Morphology

Objective. To evaluate the hypolipidemic activity and antiatherosclerotic effect of polysaccharide ofPolygonatum sibiricum(PPGS), which is a kind of Chinese herbal medicine using the rhizome part of the whole herb.Materials and Methods. Thirty rabbits were divided into normal control group, model control group, and PPGS subgroups of 0.8, 1.6, and 3.2 mL/kg/day under random selection. In atherosclerosis model, the effects of PPGS on diverse blood lipids, foam cells number, and aortic morphology were evaluated. In the primary culture of endothelial cells (ECs), the activities of PPGS on both ECs proliferation and ECs injury were studied as well.Results. In atherosclerosis model, the hypolipidemic activities of PPGS were mainly focused on TC, LDL-C, and Lp(a). All changes on these factors were statistically significant compared with model group (P< 0.01), except TG and HDL-C. The intimal foam cell number of PPGS subgroups (0.8, 1.6, and 3.2 mL/kg/day) was significantly reduced than model control (P< 0.01). In the primary culture of endothelial cells (ECs), PPGS showed no effect on cell proliferation but preferred to protect EC from injury and apoptosis induced by H2O2and lipopolysaccharide (LPS).Discussion and Conclusion. The antiatherosclerotic effect of PPGS may be supported by its hypolipidemic activities, improving aortic morphology, and reducing foam cells number and ECs injury.

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