Agreement of Clinical Judgments of Endfeel between 2 Sample Populations

2002 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 209-223 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wendy L. Hurley
Keyword(s):  
Outcome Measures ◽  
Athletic Trainers ◽  
False Negative ◽  
Clinical Judgments ◽  
Controlled Clinical Trials ◽  
Certified Athletic Trainers ◽  
Lachman Test ◽  
Diagnostic Skills ◽  
Examination Procedure ◽  
Orthopedic Surgeons

Context:The agreement of clinical judgments of endfeel between certified athletic trainers and orthopedic surgeons is not known.Objectives:To examine agreement of clinical judgments of endfeel between sample populations and explore the influence of clinician technique on sensitivity for determining ACL injury when performing an isolated examination procedure.Design:Randomized, blinded, controlled clinical trials.Setting:Laboratory.Subjects:1 orthopedic surgeon, 22 certified athletic trainers, and 12 model patients.Main Outcome Measures:Kappa coefficients were calculated to determine the agreement of clinical judgments of endfeel between the 2 populations sampled. Lachman-test sensitivity was measured using true positive and false negative interpretations.Results:Concurrence was poor for clinical judgments of endfeel. Sensitivity varied according to clinician technique.Conclusion:Agreement between the 2 populations sampled was influenced by the examiners’ diagnostic skills and their capacity to properly perform and interpret the Lachman test.

The Relationship between Grading and Instrumented Measurements of Anterior Knee Joint Laxity

2008 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 60-67 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wendy L. Hurley ◽  
Craig Denegar ◽  
William E. Buckley
Keyword(s):  
Athletic Trainers ◽  
Knee Laxity ◽  
Anterior Tibial Translation ◽  
Clinical Judgments ◽  
Certified Athletic Trainers ◽  
Anterior Knee Laxity ◽  
Anterior Tibial ◽  
Tibial Translation ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Anterior Knee

Context:The relationship between clinical judgments of anterior knee laxity and instrumented measurement of anterior tibial translation is unclear.Objective:To examine the relationship between certified athletic trainers’ grading of anterior knee laxity and instrumented measurements of anterior tibial translation.Design:Randomized, blinded, clinical assessment.Setting:Laboratory.Participants:Model patients receiving evaluation of anterior knee laxity.Intervention:Twelve model patients were evaluated using a MEDmetric® KT1000™ knee ligament Arthrometer® to establish instrumented measurements of anterior translation values at the tibio-femoral joint. Twenty-two certified athletic trainers were provided with operational definitions of potential laxity grades and examined the model patients to make judgments of anterior knee laxity.Main Outcome Measures:Correlation between clinical judgments and instrumented measurements of anterior tibial translation.Results:Clinical judgments and instrumented measurements were mutually independent.Conclusions:Anterior tibial translation grading by certified athletic trainers should be interpreted with caution during clinical decision-making.

Certified Athletic Trainers' Perspectives on Rehabilitation Adherence in Collegiate Athletic Training Settings

2014 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 123-133 ◽  
Author(s):  
Megan D. Granquist ◽  
Leslie Podlog ◽  
Joanna R. Engel ◽  
Aubrey Newland
Keyword(s):  
Athletic Training ◽  
Outcome Measures ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Injury Severity ◽  
Athletic Trainers ◽  
The United States ◽  
Return To Play ◽  
Certified Athletic Trainers ◽  
Rehabilitation Adherence ◽  
Content Analyses

Context:Adherence to sport-injury rehabilitation protocols may be pivotal in ensuring successful rehabilitation and return-to-play outcomes.Objectives:To investigate athletic trainers' perspectives related to the degree to which rehabilitation adherence is an issue in collegiate athletic training settings, gain insight from certified athletic trainers regarding the factors contributing to rehabilitation nonadherence (underadherence and overadherence), and ascertain views on the most effective means for promoting adherence.Design:Crosssectional, mixed methods.Setting:Collegiate athletic training in the United States.Participants:Certified athletic trainers (n = 479; 234 male, 245 female).Main Outcome Measures:Online survey consisting of 3 questions regarding rehabilitation adherence, each followed by an open-ended comments section. Descriptive statistics were calculated for quantitative items; hierarchical content analyses were conducted for qualitative items.Results:Most (98.3%) participants reported poor rehabilitation adherence to be a problem (1.7% = no problem, 29.2% = minor problem, 49.7% = problem, 19.4% = major problem), while most (98.96%) participants reported that they had athletes who exhibited poor rehabilitation adherence (1% = never, 71.4% = occasionally, 22.5% = often, 5% = always). In addition, the majority (97.91%) of participants reported that overadherence (eg, doing too much, failing to comply with activity restrictions, etc) was at least an occasional occurrence (2.1% = never, 69.3% = occasionally, 26.3% = often, 1.9% = always). Hierarchical content analyses regarding the constructs of poor adherence and overadherence revealed 4 major themes: the motivation to adhere, the development of good athletic trainer–athlete rapport and effective communication, athletic trainers' perception of the coaches' role in fostering adherence, and the influence of injury- or individual- (eg, injury severity, sport type, gender) specific characteristics on rehabilitation adherence.Conclusions:These results suggest that participants believe that underadherence (and to a lesser extent overadherence) is a frequent occurrence in collegiate athletic training settings. Strategies for enhancing rehabilitation adherence rates and preventing overadherence may therefore be important for optimizing rehabilitation outcomes.

Certified Athletic Trainers' Perceptions of Exercise-Associated Muscle Cramps

2003 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 333-342 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcus B. Stone ◽  
Jeffrey E. Edwards ◽  
Catherine L. Stemmans ◽  
Christopher D. Ingersoll ◽  
Riann M. Palmieri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Athletic Training ◽  
Outcome Measures ◽  
Athletic Trainers ◽  
Fluid Replacement ◽  
Electrolyte Imbalance ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Certified Athletic Trainers ◽  
Muscle Cramps ◽  
Treatment And Prevention ◽  
Exercise Associated Muscle Cramps

Context:Despite recent evidence to suggest that exercise-associated muscle cramps (EAMC) might be primarily of neuromuscular origin, the authors surmise that most information available to certified athletic trainers (ATCs) emphasizes the role of dehydration and electrolyte imbalance in EAMC.Objective:To investigate ATCs' perceptions of EAMC.Design:7-question, Web-based, descriptive, cross-sectional survey.Subjects:997 ATCs.Main Outcome Measures:Responses to 7 questions regarding the cause, treatment, and prevention of EAMC.Results:Responders indicated humidity, temperature, training, dehydration, and electrolyte imbalance as causative factors of EAMC. Fluid replacement and stretching the involved muscle were identified as very successful in treating and preventing EAMC. Proper nutrition and electrolyte replacement were also perceived as extremely successful prevention strategies.Conclusions:ATCs' perceptions of the cause, treatment, and prevention of EAMC are primarily centered on dehydration and electrolyte imbalance. Other prominent ideas concerning EAMC should be implemented in athletic training education.

Injury incidence and characteristics for elite, male, artistic USA gymnastics competitions from 2008 to 2018

2020 ◽  
pp. bjsports-2019-101297
Author(s):  
David William Kruse ◽  
Andrew Seiji Nobe ◽  
John Billimek
Keyword(s):  
Athletic Trainers ◽  
Common Type ◽  
Injury Incidence ◽  
Muscle Strain ◽  
Time Loss ◽  
Certified Athletic Trainers ◽  
Injury Site ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Location Type ◽  
Type Of Injury

ObjectivesTo determine the injury incidence and characteristics for elite, male, artistic USA gymnasts during gymnastics competitions, held in the USA, from 2008 to 2018.MethodsInjury documentation performed by lead physician and certified athletic trainers at elite junior and senior USA Gymnastics competitions from 2008 to 2018 were reviewed and compiled into an excel database. Injury incidence was computed per 1000 registered gymnasts by competition setting as well as injury location, type, cause, severity, and setting.ResultsFrom 2008 to 2018, 180 injuries were reported in a total of 2102 gymnasts with injury incidence of 85.6 per 1000 gymnasts (95% CI 73.4 to 97.8). The most common injury site was at the ankle (16.7 per 1000 gymnasts, 95% CI 10.9 to 22.4), and muscle strain/rupture/tear was the most common type of injury (28.5 per 1000 gymnasts, 95% CI 21.2 to 35.9). The most common cause was contact with surface (56.1 per 1000 gymnasts, 95% CI 46.1 to 66.2), and the event where most injuries were sustained was the vault (21.9 per 1000 gymnasts, 95% CI 15.4 to 28.4). Incidence of time loss injuries was 38.5 per 1000 gymnasts (95% CI 30.1 to 47.0). Injury incidence was higher during competition (58.5 per 1000 gymnasts, 95% CI 48.2 to 68.8) than during training (27.1 per 1000 RG, 95% CI 19.9 to 34.3; RR 2.16, 95% CI 1.59 to 2.94, p<0.001); injury incidence was greater at Olympic Trials (RR 3.23, 95% CI 1.24 to 8.47, p=0.017) than at National Qualifier meets. We report concussion incidence in gymnastics (5.7 per 1000 gymnasts, 95% CI 2.3 to 9.2).ConclusionsThis is the largest injury study to date for male artistic gymnasts (180 injuries, 2102 gymnasts, 11 years).

Epidemiology of 10,000 High School Football Injuries: Patterns of Injury by Position Played

2013 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 160-169 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcus A. Badgeley ◽  
Natalie M. McIlvain ◽  
Ellen E. Yard ◽  
Sarah K. Fields ◽  
R. Dawn Comstock
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Athletic Trainers ◽  
Injury Rate ◽  
The United States ◽  
Data Collection Tool ◽  
High School Athletes ◽  
High School Football ◽  
Certified Athletic Trainers ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Patterns Of Injury

Background:With more than 1.1 million high school athletes playing annually during the 2005−06 to 2009−10 academic years, football is the most popular boys’ sport in the United States.Methods:Using an internet-based data collection tool, RIO, certified athletic trainers (ATs) from 100 nationally representative US high schools reported athletic exposure and football injury data during the 2005−06 to 2009−10 academic years.Results:Participating ATs reported 10,100 football injuries corresponding to an estimated 2,739,187 football-related injuries nationally. The injury rate was 4.08 per 1000 athlete-exposures (AEs) overall. Offensive lineman collectively (center, offensive guard, offensive tackle) sustained 18.3% of all injuries. Running backs (16.3%) sustained more injuries than any other position followed by linebackers (14.9%) and wide receivers (11.9%). The leading mechanism of injury was player-player contact (64.0%) followed by player-surface contact (13.4%). More specifically, injury occurred most commonly when players were being tackled (24.4%) and tackling (21.8%).Conclusions:Patterns of football injuries vary by position. Identifying such differences is important to drive development of evidence-based, targeted injury prevention efforts.

The Effects of Walking on Gastrocnemius Cooling During an Ice Bag Treatment

2014 ◽  
Vol 19 (6) ◽  
pp. 34-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephanie J. Guzzo ◽  
Susan W. Yeargin ◽  
Jeffery S. Carr ◽  
Timothy J. Demchak ◽  
Jeffrey E. Edwards
Keyword(s):  
Outcome Measures ◽  
Gastrocnemius Muscle ◽  
Athletic Trainers ◽  
Exercise Physiology ◽  
Lower Extremity Injury ◽  
Physically Active ◽  
Treatment Conditions ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Physiology Laboratory ◽  
Randomized Crossover Study

Context:Many athletic trainers use “ice to go” to treat their athletes. However, researchers have reported that icing a working muscle may negate intramuscular (IM) cooling.Objective:The purpose of our study was to determine the length of time needed to cool the gastrocnemius while walking followed by rest.Design:A randomized crossover study design was used.Setting:Exercise Physiology Laboratory.Patients or Other Participants:Nine healthy, physically active males and females (males 5, females 4; age 24.0 ± 2.0 years; height 174.0 ± 8.0 cm; weight 86.3 ± 6.5 kg; skinfold taken at center of gastrocnemius greatest girth, R leg 20.3 ± 4.4 mm, L leg 19.6 ± 4.1 mm) without lower extremity injury or cold allergy volunteered to complete the study.Intervention:Participants randomly experienced three treatment conditions on separate days: rest (R), walk for 15 minutes followed by rest (W15R), or walk for 30 minutes followed by rest (W30R). During each treatment, participants wore a 1 kg ice bag secured to their right gastrocnemius muscle. Participants walked at a 4.5km/hr pace on a treadmill during the W15R and W30R trials.Main Outcome Measures:A 1 × 3 within groups ANOVA was used to determine the effect of activity on cooling time needed for the gastrocnemius temperature to decrease 6 °C below baseline.Results:The R condition cooled faster (25.9 ± 5.5 min) than both W15R (33.7 ± 9.3 min;P= .002) and W30R (49.4 ± 8.4 min;P< .001). Average time to decrease 6 °C after W15R was 18.7 ± 9.3 minutes and after W30R was 19.4 ± 8.4 minutes.Conclusions:Clinicians should instruct their patients to stay and ice or to keep the ice on for an additional 20 minutes after they stop walking and begin to rest.

scholarly journals Low Burnout and High Engagement Levels in Athletic Trainers: Results of a Nationwide Random Sample

2009 ◽  
Vol 44 (4) ◽  
pp. 370-377 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter R. Giacobbi
Keyword(s):  
Random Sample ◽  
Athletic Trainers ◽  
Health Complaints ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Occupational Engagement ◽  
Occupational Burnout ◽  
Certified Athletic Trainers ◽  
Somatic Health ◽  
Occupational Setting ◽  
College Or University

Abstract To assess the prevalence of occupational burnout, engagement, and somatic health complaints and the associations among these constructs experienced by certified athletic trainers (ATs). A secondary objective was to examine differences between men and women, those with more versus less postcertification experience, and ATs who worked in different occupational settings.Objective: Survey-based, stratified, proportionate random sample of full-time ATs.Design: Data were collected online from ATs employed full time in the college or university, secondary school or youth, and industrial or clinical settings.Setting: Of 3998 invited ATs, 934 replied, for a response rate of 24%. The mean age of the participants was 33.84 ± 8.29 years, and each AT worked with an average of 90 clients.Patients or Other Participants: The dependent variables were perceived stress, occupational burnout, engagement, and somatic health complaints.Main Outcome Measure(s): Although 17.2% of participants were in the most advanced stages of burnout, low levels of burnout and high degrees of occupational engagement were observed. Women ATs and those working in the college or university settings scored higher for burnout, whereas men and those in the clinical or industrial settings scored higher for engagement. Women also reported significantly more somatic health complaints than men did.Results: The overall prevalence of burnout in ATs was relatively small, but sex and occupational-setting differences were observed and deserve greater scrutiny.Conclusions:

scholarly journals Identifying Attitudes and Deterring Factors Toward Continuing Education Among Certified Athletic Trainers

2005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian Hughes
Keyword(s):  
Continuing Education ◽  
Positive Attitude ◽  
Athletic Trainers ◽  
Descriptive Statistics ◽  
State University ◽  
Certified Athletic Trainers ◽  
Demographic Groups ◽  
Indiana State University ◽  
On Line ◽  
And Cluster Analysis

Objective: To explore the perceived attitudes toward continuing education and the deterrents to continuing education for certified athletic trainers (ATCs). Design and Setting: Data were collected using the Adults Attitudes Towards Continuing Education Scale (AATCES) instrument, Deterrents to Participation Scale-General (DPS-G) instrument, and self-reported demographics. Subjects: An imbedded on-line questionnaire was e-mailed three times in a 6-week period to ATCs who subscribe to the athletic trainers listserv at Indiana State University and the professional athletic trainers education listserv at Findlay University. The sample of this study consisted of approximately 1,200 ATCs of which 268 answered and returned the survey, a return rate of 22%. Measurements: Data included descriptive statistics, a one-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), and Cluster Analysis to compare the demographic groups on the AATCES and the DPS-G instruments. Results: This study found that the participants have a very positive attitude toward continuing education according to the AATCES instrument and that the participants report few deterrents through the DPS-G instrument. However, two deterrents of statistical importance were found in the items related to Time and Course Relevance and one deterrent, Cost, was found in the comparison to gender.Conclusions: This study found that ATCs have a very favorable attitude toward continuing education and that ATCs perceive few deterrents to continuing education. To further understand these trends in continuing education, these particular surveys must be made available to more ATCs. In addition, continuing education providers need to understand the needs of the ATCs that they serve.

scholarly journals Work-Related Injury and Management Strategies Among Certified Athletic Trainers

2018 ◽  
Vol 53 (6) ◽  
pp. 606-618
Author(s):  
Kristen L. Kucera ◽  
Hester J. Lipscomb ◽  
Karen G. Roos ◽  
John M. Dement ◽  
Jennifer M. Hootman
Keyword(s):  
Confidence Interval ◽  
Medical Care ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Athletic Trainers ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Workers Compensation ◽  
Certified Athletic Trainers ◽  
Work Limitations ◽  
Work Related ◽  
Injury Reporting

Context:  Health care workers have high rates of musculoskeletal injuries, but many of these injuries go unreported to workers' compensation and national surveillance systems. Little is known regarding the work-related injuries of certified athletic trainers (ATs). Objective:  To determine the 12-month incidence and prevalence of work-related injuries and describe injury-reporting and -management strategies. Design:  Cross-sectional study. Setting:  Population-based online survey. Patients or Other Participants:  Of the 29 051 ATs currently certified by the Board of Certification, Inc, who “opted in” to research studies, we randomly selected 10 000. Of these, 1826 (18.3%) ATs currently working in the clinical setting were eligible and participated in the baseline survey. Main Outcome Measure(s):  An online survey was e-mailed in May of 2012. We assessed self-reported work-related injuries in the previous 12 months and management strategies including medical care, work limitations or modifications, and time off work. Statistics (frequencies and percentages) were calculated to describe injury rates per 200 000 work hours, injury prevalence, injury characteristics, and injury-reporting and -management strategies. Results:  A total of 247 ATs reported 419 work-related injuries during the previous 12 months, for an incidence rate of 21.6 per 200 000 hours (95% confidence interval = 19.6, 23.7) and injury prevalence of 13.5% (95% confidence interval = 12.0%, 15.1%). The low back (26%), hand/fingers (9%), and knee (9%) were frequently affected body sites. Injuries were most often caused by bodily motion/overexertion/repetition (52%), contact with objects/equipment/persons (24%), or slips/trips/falls (15%). More than half of injured ATs (55.5%) sought medical care, 25% missed work, and most (77%) did not file a workers' compensation claim for their injury. Half of injured ATs were limited at work (n = 125), and 89% modified or changed their athletic training work as a result of the injury. Conclusions:  More than half of AT work-related injuries required medical care or work limitations and were not reported for workers' compensation. Understanding how ATs care for and manage their work-related injuries is important given that few take time off work.

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