Application of the Doubly Labeled Water Technique for Studying Total Energy Expenditure in Young Children: A Review

1994 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael I. Goran
Keyword(s):  
Energy Metabolism ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Young Children ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Resting Energy Expenditure ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Doubly Labeled Water ◽  
Daily Energy ◽  
Total Daily Energy Expenditure ◽  
Body Energy

The doubly labeled water technique represents an unobtrusive and noninvasive means to measure total daily energy expenditure in free-living human subjects who are unaware that energy expenditure is being measured. When combined with measurement of resting energy expenditure, the doubly labeled water technique can also be used to estimate energy expenditure related to physical activity. The relatively recent availability of the doubly labeled water technique in humans has led to several advances in the fundamental understanding of whole body energy metabolism in several important areas. The purpose of this paper is to review the areas in which the doubly labeled water technique has specifically advanced our understanding of whole-body energy metabolism in young children.

scholarly journals Energy Intake and Total Daily Energy Expenditure Assessed by Subjective and Objective Methods in Older Individuals from a Tropical Setting in Brazil

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 623-623
Author(s):  
Luiz Dos Anjos ◽  
Bruna Silva ◽  
Vivian Wahrlich
Keyword(s):  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Resting Energy Expenditure ◽  
Objective Method ◽  
Daily Energy Expenditure ◽  
Older Individuals ◽  
Subjective Method ◽  
Daily Energy ◽  
Total Daily Energy Expenditure ◽  
The Difference

Abstract Objectives To assess different methods of estimating energy balance (EB) and its components in a sample of older people (age ≥ 60 years) living in a tropical city in Brazil. Methods EB was calculated in 85 older individuals (69 women) as the difference between energy intake (EI), obtained by three 24-hour dietary recalls on nonconsecutive days, and total daily energy expenditure (TDEE) estimated by 24-hour physical activity recalls (24hPAR, subjective method) and accelerometry (ACC, objective method) on the same days. Basal metabolic rate (BMR) was estimated by a validated local predictive equations derived from a sample of healthy adults from the same city and by international equations (Schofield). Resting energy expenditure (MET) was also estimated by local predictive equation and the conventional value of 3.5 mL.kg−1.min−1. Anthropometry and % body fat (DXA) assessment was also obtained. Results Mean (SD) age was 69.0 (5.5) years with a mean BMI of 26.7 (4.4) kg.m−2 and %BF of 39.4 (7.9). BMR from locally-derived equations (1050.7 ± 188.7 kcal.day−1) was significantly lower than BMR estimated by the Schofield's equation (1286.5 ± 145.3 kcal.day−1). Likewise, predicted MET was significantly lower than the conventional value. Despite the high prevalence of overweight (66% with BMI ≥ 25 kg.m−2), EB was always negative for the 24hPAR method (−863.5 ± 799.5 kcal.day−1) but positive (252.1 ± 726.6 kcal.day−1) with the ACC method when MET was calculated with population-specific equations. EB estimated by ACC was also negative (−122.7 ± 781.0 kcal.day−1) using the conventional MET value. Conclusions The findings of this study indicate that EB is negative when the subjective method of TDEE estimation is used but becomes positive with the objective method. It is also evident that BMR and MET equations derived from samples of the population of interest may help improve the final estimates of TDEE and EB in older adults. Funding Sources CNPq (310,461/2016–20 and 485,168/2011–1) and FAPERJ (E-26/111.496/2011; E-26/202.514/2018; E-26/203.068/2017).

Doubly labeled water measurement of human energy expenditure during exercise at high altitude

1994 ◽  
Vol 266 (3) ◽  
pp. R966-R971 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. W. Hoyt ◽  
T. E. Jones ◽  
C. J. Baker-Fulco ◽  
D. A. Schoeller ◽  
R. B. Schoene ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Total Weight ◽  
Doubly Labeled Water ◽  
Activity Monitors ◽  
Human Energy ◽  
Total Daily Energy Expenditure ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Water Measurement ◽  
Body Energy

Estimates of total daily energy expenditure (TDEE) by the doubly labeled water (DLW, 2H(2)18O) and intake balance (I-B) methods were compared in six male soldiers studied over 6 days that included 5 days of strenuous winter exercise at 2,500- to 3,100-m elevation. Use of body energy stores [-9.54 +/- 1.54 (SD) MJ/day or -2,280 +/- 368 kcal/day] was estimated from changes in body weight, body density (hydrodensitometry), and total body water (H(2)18O dilution). The subjects wore computerized activity monitors and kept daily records of ration consumption (9.87 +/- 3.60 MJ/day or 2,359 +/- 860 kcal/day). Accuracy of individual DLW and I-B TDEE values was estimated from the correlations of TDEE with fat-free mass (FFM) or total weight (body wt + load). The DLW and I-B estimates of TDEE differed by -12.0 to 15.2% but provided comparable estimates of group mean TDEE (DLW = 19.07 +/- 2.37 MJ/day or 4,558 +/- 566 kcal/day; I-B = 19.41 +/- 3.72 MJ/day or 4,639 +/- 889 kcal/day; P > 0.05). The DLW TDEE was correlated with both FFM (r2 = 0.89, P < 0.01, power = 0.95) and total weight (r2 = 0.95, P < 0.01, power = 0.99), whereas I-B TDEE was correlated only with total weight (r2 = 0.75, P < 0.03, power = 0.81). Under adverse field conditions the DLW method provided individual TDEE estimates that were probably more accurate than those provided by the I-B method.

Energy Expenditure in Individuals With Spinal Cord Injury Quantified by Doubly Labeled Water and a Multi-Sensor Armband

2015 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 163-170 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ricardo A. Tanhoffer ◽  
Aldre I.P. Tanhoffer ◽  
Jacqueline Raymond ◽  
Nathan A. Johnson ◽  
Andrew P. Hills ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Spinal Cord Injury ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Doubly Labeled Water ◽  
Cord Injury ◽  
Daily Energy ◽  
Total Daily Energy Expenditure ◽  
Exercise Training Intervention ◽  
Low Activity

Background:The objective of this study was to determine whether doubly labeled water (DLW) and a multi-sensor armband (SWA) could detect the variation in energy expenditure incurred by a period of increased exercise (EXE) versus a period of high sedentary activity (SED), in individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI).Methods:Eight participants with SCI were submitted to 2 testing periods of energy expenditure assessment: 1) a 14-day phase during which sedentary living conditions were imposed and 2) a 14-day phase during which an exercise training intervention was employed. For each phase, total daily energy expenditure (TDEE) and physical activity energy expenditure (PAEE) were measured by DLW and SWA.Results:Mean TDEE assessed by DLW, was significantly higher during EXE versus SED (11,605 ± 2151 kJ·day-1 and 10,069 ± 2310 kJ·day-1). PAEE predicted by DLW was also significantly higher during EXE versus SED (5422 ± 2240 kJ·day-1 and 3855 ± 2496 kJ·day-1). SWA-predicted PAEE significantly underestimated PAEE measured by the DLW during SED and EXE.Conclusion:DLW is sensitive to detect variation in within-individual energy expenditure during voluntary increase in physical activity in individuals with SCI. SWA failed to detect statistically significant variations in energy expenditure between periods of high versus low activity in SCI.

Energy expenditure and requirement while climbing above 6,000 m

1996 ◽  
Vol 81 (3) ◽  
pp. 1306-1311 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. M. Pulfrey ◽  
P. J. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Energy Requirement ◽  
Barometric Pressure ◽  
Skinfold Thickness ◽  
Doubly Labeled Water ◽  
Dietary Record ◽  
Extreme Altitude ◽  
Energy Stores ◽  
Daily Energy ◽  
Body Energy

Humans survive the low barometric pressure of altitudes above 6,000 m only by making a complex series of adaptations. However, the effects of such adaptations on energy metabolism have not been widely studied. To determine daily energy requirement at extreme altitude, energy expenditure (EE) was measured by doubly labeled water (DLW) and energy intake-balance (IB) methods in five men and one woman while climbing between 5,900 and 8,046 m over a 7-day period. Energy intakes were determined by dietary record (13.8 +/- 2.0 MJ/day). Change in body energy stores, estimated from differences in body weight, skinfold thickness, limb circumference, and isotope-dilution techniques, was -5.1 +/- 1.6 MJ/day. DLW (19.4 +/- 1.2 MJ/day) and IB (18.9 +/- 2.7 MJ/day) measurements of EE provided similar estimates of group mean EE. These results suggest that IB and DLW techniques can yield comparable estimates of group mean EE at extreme altitude. It is concluded that problems of meeting energy requirements while climbing at extreme altitude are related to energy intakes amounting to only roughly 70% of EE.

scholarly journals Concepts of indirect calorimetry on metabolic disorders: a narrative review

2020 ◽  
Vol 99 (6) ◽  
pp. 581-590
Author(s):  
Rocio San Martin ◽  
Camila Fernanda Cunha Brandao ◽  
Marcia Varella Morandi Junqueira-Franco ◽  
Gizela Pedroso Junqueira ◽  
Fernando Bahdur Chueire ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Indirect Calorimetry ◽  
Metabolic Disorders ◽  
Resting Energy Expenditure ◽  
Daily Energy Expenditure ◽  
Methodological Basis ◽  
Daily Energy ◽  
Total Daily Energy Expenditure ◽  
Methodological Aspects ◽  
Resting Energy

Introduction: Indirect calorimetry remains a gold standard in measuring resting energy expenditure in the clinical field. Through its measurements, it is possible to offers a patient’s energy needs to maximize nutritional therapy benefits. However, the concepts and methodological basis of collected data can be difficult to be interpreted by users in clinical practice. Objective: To address the concepts of total daily energy expenditure and its components and present the methodological aspects of indirect calorimetry that can guide the clinical field. Method: Narrative bibliographic review using the electronic Pubmed (US National Library of Medicine), SCOPUS, and Scientific Electronic Library Online (SCIELO) databases. The research was carried out in the period between 1905-2019, using the following identifiers in Health Sciences Descriptors: Basal Metabolism, Energy Metabolism and Indirect Calorimetry. We selected 55 researches published that presented contents related to the objectives of this study. Result: The total daily energy expenditure (TDEE) is comprised of three main components, such as physical activity (PA), thermic effect of food (TEF) and basal metabolic rate (BMR) and/or resting energy expenditure (REE). The REE is generally evaluated by indirect calorimetry, which also provides information on the respiratory coefficient (RQ) or oxidation of substrates. Its result varies depending on the existence of some metabolic disorders such as obesity or malnutrition. Therefore, the proper management of the methodological aspects of indirect calorimetry and its subsequent interpretation in metabolic disorders is essential to guarantee the results’ quality. Conclusion: Energy expenditure concepts and the methodological basis of indirect calorimetry are relevant to providing individualized attention to patients with metabolic disorders. This review can be used as a practical guide, helping to understand the correct application of the indirect calorimetry technique in studies related to energy expenditure with an emphasis on metabolic disorders.

scholarly journals Grains of paradise (Aframomum melegueta) extract activates brown adipose tissue and increases whole-body energy expenditure in men

2013 ◽  
Vol 110 (4) ◽  
pp. 733-738 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jun Sugita ◽  
Takeshi Yoneshiro ◽  
Takuya Hatano ◽  
Sayuri Aita ◽  
Takeshi Ikemoto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Negative Group ◽  
Oral Ingestion ◽  
Positive Group ◽  
Bat Activity ◽  
Brown Adipose ◽  
Body Energy

Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is responsible for cold- and diet-induced thermogenesis, and thereby contributes to the control of whole-body energy expenditure (EE) and body fat content. BAT activity can be assessed by fluoro-2-deoxyglucose (FDG)-positron emission tomography (PET) in human subjects. Grains of paradise (GP, Aframomum melegueta), a species of the ginger family, contain pungent, aromatic ketones such as 6-paradol, 6-gingerol and 6-shogaol. An alcohol extract of GP seeds and 6-paradol are known to activate BAT thermogenesis in small rodents. The present study aimed to examine the effects of the GP extract on whole-body EE and to analyse its relation to BAT activity in men. A total of nineteen healthy male volunteers aged 20–32 years underwent FDG-PET after 2 h of exposure to cold at 19°C with light clothing. A total of twelve subjects showed marked FDG uptake into the adipose tissue of the supraclavicular and paraspinal regions (BAT positive). The remaining seven showed no detectable uptake (BAT negative). Within 4 weeks after the FDG-PET examination, whole-body EE was measured at 27°C before and after oral ingestion of GP extract (40 mg) in a single-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled, crossover design. The resting EE of the BAT-positive group did not differ from that of the BAT-negative group. After GP extract ingestion, the EE of the BAT-positive group increased within 2 h to a significantly greater (P< 0·01) level than that of the BAT-negative group. Placebo ingestion produced no significant change in EE. These results suggest that oral ingestion of GP extract increases whole-body EE through the activation of BAT in human subjects.

scholarly journals Energy metabolism of young rats after early postnatal overnutrition

2002 ◽  
Vol 88 (3) ◽  
pp. 301-306 ◽  
Author(s):  
Petra Wiedmer ◽  
Sylvia Ortmann ◽  
Susanne Klaus
Keyword(s):  
Energy Metabolism ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Later Life ◽  
Daily Energy Intake ◽  
Daily Energy ◽  
Total Daily Energy Expenditure ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Total Fat ◽  
The Relationship

Early postnatal overnutrition (PNO) induced by restricting litter size in rats leads to increased body-weight (BW) and body-fat gain in later life. PNO rats are used as an animal model of moderate obesity and early hyperinsulinism. We investigated whether the increased adiposity could be due to a decreased energy expenditure. Male newborn Wistar rats were raised in litters of either two (SL) or twelve pups (NL), weaned at 4 weeks of age and subsequently fed ad libitum. BW was recorded continuously until 12 weeks of age. Daily energy intake, total daily energy expenditure (EE, measured by indirect calorimetry) and body composition were measured in weaned pups at 5, 8 and 12 weeks of age. SL rats displayed increased BW compared with NL rats from week 2 to 5 and again from week 10 to 12. Lean body mass, body fat and protein content and total EE were increased in SL rats at week 5. The same linear correlation described the relationship between BW and total EE in NL and SL rats. At week 8 to 12 no differences in energy metabolism could be found, but the total fat content was increased in SL rats at week 12. Energy balance, i.e. assimilated energy minus EE, was no different between SL and NL at any time that it was measured. We conclude that although PNO rats display increased adiposity in early life, there seem to be no long-lasting effects on energy metabolism in later life, even if a tendency to increased adiposity can still be detected.

Protein and energy metabolism in chronic bacterial infection: studies in melioidosis

2000 ◽  
Vol 100 (1) ◽  
pp. 101-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas I. PATON ◽  
Brian ANGUS ◽  
Wipada CHAOWAGUL ◽  
Andrew J. SIMPSON ◽  
Yupin SUPUTTAMONGKOL ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Metabolism ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Bacterial Infection ◽  
Total Energy ◽  
Protein Turnover ◽  
Resting Energy Expenditure ◽  
Total Energy Expenditure ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Anabolic Response ◽  
Resting Energy

Chronic infection is often accompanied by a wasting process, the metabolic basis of which is not fully understood. The aims of the present study were to measure protein and energy metabolism in patients with melioidosis (a serious and antibiotic-refractory Gram-negative bacterial infection which is endemic in South-East Asia) in order to define the metabolic abnormalities that might contribute to wasting. Whole-body protein turnover was measured using the [13C]leucine technique, both in the fasted state and while consuming a high-energy meal. Resting energy expenditure was measured by indirect calorimetry, and total energy expenditure by the bicarbonate/urea method. Results were normalized for fat-free mass, as estimated from skinfold thickness. Protein turnover was increased in melioidosis patients compared with healthy controls during fasting (170.9 compared with 124.1 µmol·kg-1·h-1; P = 0.04), but the net rate of catabolism (22.2 compared with 20.5 µmol·kg-1·h-1; P = 0.77) and the anabolic response to feeding were similar in the two groups. Resting energy expenditure was higher in melioidosis patients compared with controls (191.4 and 157.3 kJ·kg-1·day-1 respectively; P = 0.04), but total energy expenditure (measured in a separate group of eight patients with melioidosis) was low (192.1 kJ·kg-1·day-1). In conclusion, this study found no evidence of metabolic causative factors, such as accelerated net protein catabolism during fasting, a blunted anabolic response to feeding or increased daily energy expenditure, and therefore suggests that reduced energy intake is the prime cause of wasting. The observed normal response to feeding should encourage nutritional approaches to prevent wasting.

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