Body Size and the Growth of Maximal Aerobic Power in Children: A Longitudinal Analysis

1997 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 262-274 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Rowland ◽  
Paul Vanderburgh ◽  
Lee Cunningham
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Body Size ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Allometric Scaling ◽  
Aerobic Power ◽  
Maximal Aerobic Power ◽  
Scaling Exponent ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Treadmill Testing ◽  
The Mean

Adjustment of VO2max for changes in body size is important in evaluating aerobic fitness in children. It is important, therefore, to understand the normal relationship between changes VO2max and body size during growth. Over the course of 5 years, 20 children (11 boys, 9 girls) underwent annual maximal treadmill testing to determine VO2max. The mean longitudinal allometric scaling exponent for VO2max relative to body mass (M) was 1.10 ± 0.30 in the boys and 0.78 ± 0.28 in the girls (p < .05). Respective cross-sectional values were 0.53 ± 0.08 and 0.65 ± 0.03. VO2max expressed relative to M1.0, M0.75, and M0.67 rose during the 5 years in the boys, but not the girls. Significant gender differences remained when VO2max was related to lean body mass. These findings suggest (a) factors other than body size affect the development of VO2max in children, and (b) gender differences exist in VO2max during childhood which are independent of body composition.

Variability in Power Output During Cycling in International Olympic-Distance Triathlon

2014 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 732-734 ◽  
Author(s):  
Naroa Etxebarria ◽  
Shaun D’Auria ◽  
Judith M. Anson ◽  
David B. Pyne ◽  
Richard A. Ferguson
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass ◽  
Power Output ◽  
Coefficient Of Variation ◽  
Aerobic Power ◽  
Maximal Aerobic Power ◽  
Mean Power ◽  
Large Power ◽  
Elite Level ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Mean Power Output

Purpose:The patterns of power output in the ~1-h cycle section of Olympic-distance triathlon races are not well documented. Here the authors establish a typical cycling-race profile derived from several International Triathlon Union elite-level draftinglegal triathlon races.Methods:The authors collated 12 different race power profiles from elite male triathletes (N = 5, age 25 ± 5 y, body mass 65.5 ± 5.6 kg; mean ± SD) during 7 international races. Power output was recorded using SRM cranks and analyzed with proprietary software.Results:The mean power output was 252 ± 33 W, or 3.9 ± 0.5 W/kg in relative terms, with a coefficient of variation of 71% ± 13%. Normalized power (power output an athlete could sustain if intensity were maintained constant without any variability) for the entire cycle section was 291 ± 29 W, or 40 ± 13 W higher than the actual mean power output. There were 34 ± 14 peaks of power output above 600 W and ~18% time spent at >100% of maximal aerobic power.Conclusion:Cycling during Olympic-distance triathlon, characterized by frequent and large power variations including repeat supramaximal efforts, equates to a higher workload than cycling at constant power.

Allometric Scaling Factors for Oxygen Uptake during Exercise in Children

1995 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 12-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Danette M. Rogers ◽  
Kenneth R. Turley ◽  
Kathleen I. Kujawa ◽  
Kevin M. Harper ◽  
Jack H. Wilmore
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Body Size ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Body Surface Area ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Body Surface ◽  
Allometric Scaling ◽  
Scaling Factors ◽  
Treadmill Testing ◽  
The Relationship

This study was designed to examine the relationship between oxygen consumption and both body surface area and body mass in children to determine what allometric scaling factors from these variables provide appropriate means of expressing data for this population. These scaling factors were then compared to exponents based on theoretical and animal models to determine if the same relationships were present. Forty-two children (21 boys and 21 girls) 7 to 9 years of age participated in maximal and submaximal treadmill testing. The submaximal V̇O2 to body size relationship proved to be a more appropriate factor to use when scaling V̇O2 than the relationship seen between body size and V̇O2max. Therefore, in this population of children, V̇O2 relative to body surface area or body mass to the power 0.67, demonstrated submaximally, provided a more appropriate means of data expression both statistically and physiologically than the traditional expression of V̇O2 relative to body mass (ml·kg−1·min−1).

scholarly journals Scaling peak V˙o 2 to body mass in young male and female distance runners

2001 ◽  
Vol 90 (6) ◽  
pp. 2172-2180 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joey C. Eisenmann ◽  
James M. Pivarnik ◽  
Robert M. Malina
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Allometric Scaling ◽  
Young Male ◽  
Peak Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Adolescent Male ◽  
Distance Runners ◽  
Scaling Factors ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Male And Female

This study examined age- and sex-associated variation in peak oxygen consumption (V˙o 2) of young male and female distance runners from an allometric scaling perspective. Subjects were from two separate studies of 9- to 19-yr-old distance runners from the mid-Michigan area, one conducted between 1982 and 1986 (Young Runners Study I, YRS I) and the other in 1999–2000 (Young Runners Study II, YRS II). Data from 27 boys and 27 girls from YRS I and 48 boys and 22 girls from the YRS II were included, and a total of 139 and 108 measurements of body size and peak V˙o 2 in boys and girls, respectively, were available. Subjects were divided into whole year age groups. A 2 × 9 (sex × age group) ANOVA was used to examine differences in peakV˙o 2. Intraindividual ontogenetic allometric scaling was determined in 20 boys and 17 girls measured annually for 3–5 yr. Allometric scaling factors were calculated using linear regression of log-transformed data. Results indicated that 1) absolute peak V˙o 2increases with age in boys and girls, 2) relative peakV˙o 2(ml · kg−1 · min−1) remains relatively stable in boys and in girls, 3) relative peakV˙o 2(ml · kg−0.75 · min−1) increases throughout the age range in boys and increases in girls until age 15 yr, and 4) peakV˙o 2 adjusted for body mass (ml/min) increases with age in boys and girls. The overall mean cross-sectional scaling factor was 1.01 ± 0.03 (SE) in boys and 0.85 ± 0.05 (SE) in girls. Significant age × sex interactions and significant scaling factors between sexes identify the progressive divergence of peak V˙o 2 between adolescent male and female distance runners. Mean ontogenetic allometric scaling factors were 0.81 [0.71–0.92, 95% confidence interval (CI)] and 0.61 (0.50–0.72, 95% CI) in boys and girls, respectively ( P = 0.002). There was considerable variation in individual scaling factors (0.51–1.31 and 0.28–0.90 in boys and girls, respectively). The results suggest that the interpretation of growth-related changes in peak V˙o 2 of young distance runners is dependent upon the manner of expressing peakV˙o 2 relative to body size and/or the statistical technique employed.

Statistical Techniques for Interpreting Body Size–Related Exercise Performance during Growth

2000 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 112-127 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joanne R. Welsman ◽  
Neil Armstrong
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Linear Regression ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Exercise Performance ◽  
Multilevel Regression ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Regression Techniques ◽  
Ontogenetic Allometry ◽  
Log Linear ◽  
Individual Size

This paper reviews some of the statistical methods available for controlling for body size differences in the interpretation of developmental changes in exercise performance. For cross-sectional data analysis simple per body mass ratio scaling continues to be widely used, but is frequently ineffective as the computed ratio remains correlated with body mass. Linear regression techniques may distinguish group differences more appropriately but, as illustrated, only allometric (log-linear regression) scaling appropriately removes body size differences while accommodating the heteroscedasticity common in exercise performance data. The analysis and interpretation of longitudinal data within an allometric framework is complex. More established methods such as ontogenetic allometry allow insights into individual size-function relationships but are unable to describe adequately population effects or changes in the magnitude of the response. The recently developed multilevel regression modeling technique represents a flexible and sensitive solution to such problems allowing both individual and group responses to be modeled concurrently.

scholarly journals Ambient temperature correlates with geographic variation in body size of least horseshoe bats

2020 ◽  
Vol 66 (5) ◽  
pp. 459-465 ◽  
Author(s):  
Man Wang ◽  
Kelly Chen ◽  
Dongge Guo ◽  
Bo Luo ◽  
Weiwei Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Geographic Variation ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Body Length ◽  
Primary Productivity ◽  
Minimum Temperature ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Heat Conservation ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Horseshoe Bats

Abstract Geographic variation in body size is common within many animal species. The causes of this pattern, however, remain largely unexplored in most vertebrate groups. Bats are widely distributed globally owing to their ability of powered flight. Most bat species encounter a variety of climatic conditions across their distribution range, making them an ideal taxon for the study of ecogeographic patterns in body size. Here, we used adult least horseshoe bats, Rhinolophus pusillus, to test whether geographic variation in body size was determined by heat conservation, heat dissipation, climatic seasonality, or primary productivity. We measured body mass and head-body length for 246 adult bats from 12 allopatric colonies in China. We quantified the ecological conditions inhabited by each colony, including mean maximum temperature of the warmest month, mean minimum temperature of the coldest month, temperature seasonality, precipitation seasonality, and annual net primary productivity (ANPP). Body mass and head-body length, 2 of the most reliable indicators of body size, exhibited marked differences between colonies. After controlling for spatial autocorrelation, the mean minimum temperature of the coldest month explained most of the variation in body size among colonies, regardless of sex. The mean maximum temperature, climatic seasonality, and ANPP had limited power in predicting body size of males or females in comparison with mean minimum temperature. These results support the heat conservation hypothesis and suggest adaptive responses of body size to cold climates in cave-dwelling bats.

Fractional Utilization of Maximal Aerobic Capacity in Children 6 to 8 Years of Age

1989 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 271-277 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gary S. Krahenbuhl ◽  
Robert P. Pangrazi ◽  
William J. Stone ◽  
Don W. Morgan ◽  
Tracy Williams
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Aerobic Power ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Open Circuit ◽  
Maximal Aerobic Power ◽  
Percentage Increase ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Maximal Aerobic Capacity ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The Absolute

Untrained 6- to 8-year-old children (N = 80) served as subjects in a cross sectional study of the fractional utilization of maximal aerobic power during submaximal running. Using the open-circuit method, the absolute oxygen demands of submaximal running were found to increase with age. When expressed relative to body weight, oxygen demands of submaximal running showed no statistically significant changes over the 3-year span. VO2max increased 36.2%, which was proportionally greater than the percentage increase for either body weight (28.4%) or the absolute oxygen demands of submaximal running (22.9%). Thus, during the span of years studied there was a significant reduction in the fractional utilization of maximal aerobic power required to run at a fixed submaximal speed.

Testing models of biological scaling with mammalian population densities

2003 ◽  
Vol 81 (5) ◽  
pp. 844-851 ◽  
Author(s):  
F Stephen Dobson ◽  
Bertram Zinner ◽  
Marina Silva
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Mammalian Species ◽  
Fractal Dimensions ◽  
Scaling Exponent ◽  
Population Densities ◽  
Biological Variables ◽  
Terrestrial Habitats ◽  
Broad Variety ◽  
The Relationship

Two hypotheses have been suggested to explain the form of interspecific scaling of organismal characteristics to body size, such as the well-known increase in total metabolism with body mass. A hypothesis based on simple Euclidean geometry suggests that the scaling of many biological variables to body size should have a scaling exponent of 2/3, or [Formula: see text]0.667. On the other hand, according to a hypothesis based on fractal dimensions, the relationship between biological variables and body mass should have a scaling exponent of 0.750. We conducted a power analysis of the predicted exponents of scaling under the Euclidean and fractal hypotheses, using average adult body masses and population densities collected from the published literature on mammalian species. The collected data reflect 987 mammal populations from a broad variety of terrestrial habitats. Using statistical methods we determined the sample sizes required to decide between the values of the scaling exponent of the density-to-mass relationship based on the Euclidean (–0.667) and fractal (–0.750) hypotheses. Non-linearities in the dataset and insufficient power plagued our tests of the predictions. We found that mammalian species weighing less than 100 kg had a linear scaling pattern, sufficient power to reveal a difference between the scaling coefficients –0.667 and –0.750, and an actual scaling coefficient of –0.719 (barely significantly different from –0.667 but not from –0.750). Thus, our results support the fractal hypothesis, though the support was not particularly strong, which suggests that the relationship between body mass and population density should have a scaling exponent of –0.750.

scholarly journals The relationship between body mass index before pregnancy and the amount of weight that should be gained during pregnancy: A cross-sectional study

2019 ◽  
Vol 35 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Resmiye Özdilek ◽  
Yılda Arzu Aba ◽  
Sena Dilek Aksoy ◽  
Bulat Aytek Şık ◽  
Yaşam Kemal Akpak
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Relationship

Objective: To investigate the adaptation of pregnant women to the recommended weight gain range according to body mass index (BMI) and to determine the factors affecting them. Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed in a university hospital’s obstetrics and gynecology unit (tertiary center) in Turkey. This study was conducted between March 2018 and August 2018 (6 months) in pregnant women. Pregnant women with chronic disease and receiving treatment during antenatal follow-up, with twin pregnancy, with a fetus with a congenital abnormality, and nutritional disturbance were excluded from the study. Eight hundred twelve pregnant women with normal antenatal follow-up and who volunteered to participate were included in the study. Results: The mean age of the participants was 27.66±5.05 years. The mean weight and BMI before pregnancy were near standard in all participants. The group with the highest rate of recommended weight gain according to BMI before pregnancy was the group with low weight pregnant women. The ideal weight gain rate in all groups was 32%. Conclusions: The groups with overweight and obese pregnant women according to BMI before pregnancy had the highest rates of weight gain, above the recommended limits. BMI before pregnancy directly affects weight gain during pregnancy and the importance of pre-pregnancy counseling and weight loss is emphasized once again. doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.35.5.133 How to cite this:Ozdilek R, Aba YA, Aksoy SD, Sik BA, Akpak YK. The relationship between body mass index before pregnancy and the amount of weight that should be gained during pregnancy: A cross-sectional study. Pak J Med Sci. 2019;35(5):---------.  doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.35.5.133 This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

scholarly journals Internal Proportions of The Body Composition in Members of the Female National Tennis Team of Poland

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (73) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marina Jagiello ◽  
Wladislaw Jagiello
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Size ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Body Height ◽  
The Body ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Tennis Players ◽  
National Team ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Total Body

Contemporary anthropological research confirms the fact that body composition is one of the basic elements differentiating athletes from persons not practising sport. Among athletes representing various branches of sport there are also significant differences in their body composition. Internal proportions of the body composition of an athlete, or a selected group of athletes, is an especially important yet little researched issue of sports anthropology. This problem is still topical in sports games, especially in tennis. Therefore, the aim of the study was to determine internal proportions of the body composition of female tennis players from the Polish national team in comparison to persons who do not practice sport professionally. The study involved female athletes of the Polish national tennis team (n = 10). The study was carried out in a training camp from 28 September to 9 October 2002 in Zakopane — Centre of Sports Preparation. Athletes’ age was 16—20 (18.1 ± 1.4) years, and the training experience 8—12 years (10.5 ± 1.8). The mean body height for the group members was 171.9 ± 6.7 cm and the mean body mass 59.7 ± 6.3 kg. The results of research by Piechaczek et al. (1996) constituted the reference point for the results of measurements of Polish tennis representatives. The authors studied 153 female students of Warsaw Technical University aged 20.2 ± 1.09 years. They were randomly chosen students of the first and the second year of various departments at this university. The mean body height of the students was 166.2 ± 6.2 cm and the mean body mass 57.4 ± 7.72 kg. Anthropometric measurements were taken using standard instruments (Drozdowski, 1998). The analysis involved 11 somatic features which determined three so-called factors of body composition: length (m1), stoutness (m2) and obesity (m3). The assessment of proportions of the body composition was made by means of Perkal’s natural indices (1953) with Milicerowa’s modifications (1956). We determined the following: composition factors (m), index of total body size (M), internal proportions of the body composition, evenness of composition, the code of internal proportions; also the assessment of internal proportions of the body composition within each of the factors.Taking into consideration the mean values of the studied somatic features in the control group and the comparative group we found differences in their body composition. The representatives of the Polish national tennis team showed substantially longer upper and lower limbs, and the body height was greater. They also had much greater forearm perimeter and shorter pelvic width. As to the total body size, the tennis players slightly exceeded the students (M = 0.24). The total body size (M) resulted from high values of length features (m1 = 1.01), low ones of stoutness (m2 = –0.39) and medium ones of obesity (m3 = 0.1). The value of the intragroup variability index (harmony of composition) amounted to 1.4 and the code of internal proportions of tennis players’ body composition — to 6—2—4. The proportions of internal features of the stoutness index (natural indices of features within a factor) showed the advantage of the forearm perimeter (1.62) and elbow width (0.36). The knee width (–1.30) and pelvic width (–0.60) were disproportionate to the total value of this factor. The input of features characterizing the length factor was relatively proportional.Keywords: tennis, training, body composition, internal proportions.

scholarly journals Obesity and Habitual Physical Activity Level among Staffs Working in a Military Hospital in Malacca, Malaysia

2013 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ayiesah Ramli
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Physical Activity Level ◽  
Activity Level ◽  
Habitual Physical Activity ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Military Hospital ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The Mean

Introduction: Obesity has been recognized as a major public health concern due to lack of physical activity and a sedentary lifestyle. Methods: This cross sectional study was carried out to determine the status of body mass index (BMI) and habitual physical activity level among staffs working in Military Hospital, Malacca using Habitual Physical Activity Questionnaire (HPAQ). Results: About 120 HPAQ were distributed and only 82 responded with 23(28%) of them males and 59 (72%) females, aged between 21 to 59 (40.52 ± 9.38) years old. Anthropometry analysis showed the mean weight of male respondents was 79.48 (± 16.33) and 70.95 (± 15.66) for the females. Body mass index (BMI) for males (33.61 ± 2.82) was almost similar to females ( 33.20± 2.95).The mean waist circumference of men was 93.26 (± 10.94)cm compared to 94.03 (± 11.98)cm in the females. Following categorization of BMI, 59% (n=48) are in the obese group, 24% (n=20) are overweight and only 17% (n=14) have an ideal body weight or normal BMI. Relationship between BMI and HPAQ demonstrated strong and significant correlation coefficient for habitual physical activity at work (r = 0.775, p < 0.001), sports (r = 0.735, p < 0.05) and leisure ( r = 0.713, p < 0.001). Conclusion: The staffs working in the Hospital demonstrated poor habitual physical activity which explains for the high incidence of obesity among the staffs. This requires measures to be taken to promote a healthier lifestyle among them.

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