Meanings Given to Performance in Dutch Sport Organizations: Gender and Racial/Ethnic Subtexts

This article focuses on the dominant meanings given by coaches and managers to “performance” in Dutch (amateur) sport clubs and how such meanings contribute to organizational processes related to (the intersection of) gender and race/ethnicity. We use the results of six studies conducted in (amateur) sport organizations in the Netherlands for this discussion/exploration. We argue that the relatively slow increase in the number of women and ethnic minorities in leadership positions can in part be explained by the dominant meanings given to “performance.” We also show how the salience of the intersection between gender and race/ethnicity is situation-specific.

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Re-examining Adult Education and Training Participation by Education, Literacy, Gender, and Race/Ethnicity in the U.S.

Journal of Adult and Continuing Education ◽

10.1177/14779714211049261 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 147797142110492

Author(s):

Wonmai Punksungka ◽

Takashi Yamashita ◽

Abigail Helsinger ◽

Rita Karam ◽

Phyllis Cummins ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Adult Education ◽

Educational Attainment ◽

Ethnic Minorities ◽

Education And Training ◽

Literacy Skills ◽

Gender And Race ◽

Race Ethnicity ◽

Racial Ethnic ◽

And Training ◽

The U.S

This study examined the associations between adult education and training (AET) participation, educational attainment, literacy skills, gender, and race/ethnicity among the U.S. adult population aged 25 to 65 years old (n = 5,450). Given the socioeconomic advancements of women and racial/ethnic minorities in the last few decades, including higher educational attainment, increased labor force participation, and greater income, and as new data becomes available, it is important to re-examine AET participation by gender and race/ethnicity in the U.S while controlling for educational attainment and literacy skills. This study employed the 2012/2014 Program for International Assessment of Adult Competencies (PIAAC) public-use file (PUF). Binary logistic regression was used to examine (1) any AET, (2) formal AET, and (3) non-formal AET across all variables of interest. Indeed, educational attainment and literacy skills are associated with greater AET participation. Further analyses showed that more women than men participated in all forms of AET, and there were some variations in AET participation by racial/ethnic minorities. More Black, Hispanic, and other racial/ethnic minority adults participated in formal AET, and more Black adults participated in all forms of AET, compared to their White counterparts. This study also provides within-race/ethnicity group variations.

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A Systematic Review of Parenting Scales Measurement Invariance/Equivalence of by Race and Ethnicity: Recommendations for Inclusive Parenting Research

Assessment ◽

10.1177/10731911211038630 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 107319112110386

Author(s):

Violeta J. Rodriguez ◽

Dominique L. La Barrie ◽

Miriam C. Zegarac ◽

Anne Shaffer

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

Measurement Invariance ◽

Ethnic Minorities ◽

Race And Ethnicity ◽

Parenting Practices ◽

The United States ◽

Weak Evidence ◽

Race Ethnicity ◽

Development And Validation ◽

Racial Ethnic

The limited inclusion of racial/ethnic minorities in the development and validation of parenting measures limits our understanding of whether parenting constructs are valid in racial and ethnic minorities. Tests of measurement invariance/equivalence (MI/E) of parenting measures can help evaluate the validity of parenting constructs among racial/ethnic minorities. This systematic review summarized studies on MI/E of parenting constructs by race/ethnicity and evaluated the strength of the evidence. A literature search was conducted using various databases and references to retrieve studies from the United States. Indeed, 10 studies were identified that tested for MI/E of eight parenting scales by race/ethnicity. Only one scale showed moderate evidence of MI/E, five showed weak evidence of MI/E, and two showed no evidence of MI/E. Most studies (80%) used factor analytic methods to test for MI/E, but only two studies (20%) examined all levels of invariance. These findings show that differences exist in how racial/ethnic minorities perceive parenting constructs. Further research is needed to develop more inclusive parenting measures, to protect against the ways in which biased measures may pathologize or misrepresent parenting practices among racial/ethnic minorities.

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A Review of the Validity of Juvenile Risk Assessment Across Race/Ethnicity

Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Criminology and Criminal Justice ◽

10.1093/acrefore/9780190264079.013.345 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Christina Campbell ◽

William Miller

Keyword(s):

Risk Assessment ◽

Decision Making ◽

Ethnic Minorities ◽

Minority Groups ◽

Critical Role ◽

The United States ◽

Risk Assessments ◽

Assessment Instruments ◽

Race Ethnicity ◽

Racial Ethnic

Juvenile risk assessment instruments have provided juvenile courts with the opportunity to make standardized decisions concerning sentences and intervention needs. Risk assessments have replaced the reliance on professional decision-making practices in which court officials relied on their hunches or previous experience to determine what to do with youth once they became involved in corrections. A primary goal of juvenile risk assessment is to improve case management and help courts focus resources on juveniles who exhibit the greatest intervention needs. Further, juvenile risk assessments play a critical role in estimating which juveniles will likely reoffend by identifying factors that increase the propensity of future offending. Although some researchers believe that the implementation of standardized juvenile risk assessments is a good strategy for reducing biased decision-making for racial/ethnic minorities, other researchers have called into question the extent to which risk assessments overestimate risk for certain juveniles, especially those in minority groups who have a history of being marginalized due to their race, culture, or ethnicity. This article provides an overview of how well juvenile risk assessment instruments predict future delinquency across race and ethnicity. The review suggests that in general, risk assessments do a good job in predicting recidivism across racial/ethnic groups for diverse populations inside and outside the United States. However, there is still some room for improvement concerning the assessment of risk and needs for ethnic minorities. In addition, while there are some studies that do not report the predictive validity of risk assessment scores across race/ethnicity, risk assessments overall seem to be a promising effort to correctly classify and/or identify juveniles who are at greatest risk for future recidivism.

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Trastuzumab-induced cardiotoxicity and hypertension among racially and ethnically diverse patients with HER2-positive early-stage breast cancer.

Journal of Clinical Oncology ◽

10.1200/jco.2020.38.15_suppl.e24092 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 38 (15_suppl) ◽

pp. e24092-e24092

Author(s):

Monica F. Chen ◽

Daniel K. Manson ◽

Ariel Yuan ◽

Katherine D. Crew

Keyword(s):

Breast Cancer ◽

Ethnic Groups ◽

Ethnic Minorities ◽

Early Stage ◽

Early Stage Breast Cancer ◽

Her2 Positive ◽

Factors Associated ◽

Race Ethnicity ◽

Racial Ethnic ◽

Hispanic White

e24092 Background: Trastuzumab improves breast cancer survival but is associated with an increased risk of heart failure. Identifying risk factors associated with trastuzumab induced cardiotoxicity (TIC) would allow for more targeted and intensive screening for at-risk patients. Hypertension is one of the most consistent predictors of TIC. Racial/ethnic minorities are at higher risk of cardiovascular disease but are under-represented in studies of TIC. The objective of this study was to evaluate the relationship between race/ethnicity and risk of TIC among a diverse cohort of patients with HER2-positive early-stage breast cancer. Methods: We conducted a retrospective cohort study of patients treated at Columbia University between 2007 and 2016 for stage I-III breast cancer with adjuvant or neoadjuvant trastuzumab who had at least two echocardiograms. Mild TIC was defined as a ≥10% decline in left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF); moderate TIC ≥15% decline; severe TIC ≥20% or decline in LVEF to < 50%. Diagnosis of hypertension, average systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and number of hypertension medications was assessed 1- year pre-treatment, during treatment, and 1-year post-treatment. We generated descriptive statistics and used multivariable logistic regression to evaluate demographic and clinical factors associated with TIC. Results: Of 279 patients evaluated, 36.6% were non-Hispanic white, 18.3% non-Hispanic black, 34.8% Hispanic, and 10.4% Asian. The average baseline LVEF was 60% and did not significantly differ between racial/ethnic groups. Mild TIC developed in 33.3% of patients, moderate TIC 18.6%, severe TIC 15.8%, and 14.7% with LVEF decline to < 50%. Patients with hypertension were at increased odds of developing TIC (OR = 2.41, 95% CI = 1.15-3.93; p = 0.02). Prevalence of hypertension was 53% among non-Hispanic white women, 69% non-Hispanic black, 53% Hispanic, and 39% Asian. Incidence of TIC did not differ significantly between racial/ethnic groups. Forty percent of patients with hypertension were not on any medications before initiating trastuzumab. Conclusions: There was no difference in TIC based upon race/ethnicity despite higher rates of hypertension among racial/ethnic minorities compared to non-Hispanic whites. However, a high portion of patients with hypertension were not on any medications before treatment. Increased screening and treatment of hypertension among patients receiving HER2-positive targeted therapy for early-stage breast cancer may be warranted.

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Inequity in Health Among People Living With Alzheimer's Disease and Related Dementias in Adult Day Centers

Innovation in Aging ◽

10.1093/geroni/igab046.1275 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 5 (Supplement_1) ◽

pp. 330-330

Author(s):

Gary Yu ◽

Bei Wu ◽

Abraham Brody ◽

Tina Sadarangani ◽

Jonelle Boafo

Keyword(s):

Alzheimer’S Disease ◽

Alzheimer's Disease ◽

Ethnic Minorities ◽

English Speakers ◽

Potential Health ◽

Adult Day Centers ◽

Complex Population ◽

Report Data ◽

Race Ethnicity ◽

Racial Ethnic

Abstract In adult day centers (ADCs), 58% of clients identify as racial/ethnic minorities, and at least 30% have Alzheimer’s Disease and related dementias (ADRD). ADCs offer culturally and linguistically congruent care to clients, making them well-positioned to address potential health disparities affecting persons with ADRD. We used data from 53 California ADCs (n=3,053) to identify differences in clinical characteristics among ADC clients’ with ADRD based on demographics such as race and English proficiency. We found that, when compared to their respective counterparts, a significantly greater proportion of racial/ethnic minorities and non-English speakers (p<.001) had 5 or more chronic conditions in addition to ADRD. We noted considerable missing data on race, likely because ADCs in California are not mandated to report data on race/ethnicity. In order to identify inequities in care within this complex population, social determinants of health, including race, must be a standard component of client assessment.

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Multiple sleep dimensions and type 2 diabetes risk among women in the Sister Study: differences by race/ethnicity

BMJ Open Diabetes Research & Care ◽

10.1136/bmjdrc-2019-000652 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 7 (1) ◽

pp. e000652 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Ketrell L McWhorter ◽

Yong-Moon Park ◽

Symielle A Gaston ◽

Kacey B Fang ◽

Dale P Sandler ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Ethnic Minorities ◽

Sleep Latency ◽

Diabetes Risk ◽

Poor Sleep ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Race Ethnicity ◽

Racial Ethnic

ObjectivePoor sleep has been associated with type 2 diabetes. Since racial/ethnic minorities experience a disproportionately high prevalence of poor sleep and type 2 diabetes, we sought to determine the relationships between multiple sleep dimensions and incident type 2 diabetes and to investigate if these relationships vary by race/ethnicity.Research design and methodsProspective data were analyzed from the Sister Study, which enrolled 50 884 women from 2003 to 2009. Participants self-reported sleep duration, sleep latency, night awakenings, and napping at baseline, and a physician’s diagnosis of type 2 diabetes at follow-up. Multivariable-adjusted HRs and 95% CIs were estimated using Cox proportional hazards models.ResultsAmong the 39 071 eligible participants, 87% self-identified as white, 8% black and 5% Hispanic/Latina. The mean follow-up period was 8.5±2.1 years and 1785 type 2 diabetes cases were reported. The incidence rate per 1000 person-years was 5.4 for whites, 13.3 for blacks and 11.6 for Hispanics/Latinas. There was a positive but non-significant increased risk of type 2 diabetes among women who reported short sleep, latency >30 min and frequent night awakenings. In fully-adjusted models, frequent napping was associated with a 19% (HR 1.19, 95% CI 1.04 to 1.37) higher type 2 diabetes risk in the overall sample. Poor sleep among racial/ethnic minorities ranged from a 1.4-fold to a 3.2-fold higher type 2 diabetes risk than whites with recommended sleep.ConclusionsFrequent napping was associated with higher type 2 diabetes risk. Racial/ethnic minorities with poor sleep had a higher type 2 diabetes risk than whites with recommended sleep.

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Racial/ethnic differences in end-of-life (EoL) treatment preferences: The role of religious beliefs about care.

Journal of Clinical Oncology ◽

10.1200/jco.2013.31.15_suppl.6529 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 31 (15_suppl) ◽

pp. 6529-6529 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Tracy A. Balboni ◽

Paul K Maciejewski ◽

Michael J. Balboni ◽

Andrea Catherine Enzinger ◽

M. Elizabeth Paulk ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Ethnic Minorities ◽

Ethnic Differences ◽

Religious Beliefs ◽

Treatment Preferences ◽

Advanced Cancer Patients ◽

Race Ethnicity ◽

Aggressive Care ◽

Eol Care ◽

The Relationship ◽

Racial Ethnic

6529 Background: Racial/ethnic minorities and patients who turn to religion to cope receive more aggressive EOL care. Beliefs underlying these associations are unknown. Methods: Coping with Cancer is an ongoing, multi-site, NCI-funded study examining factors influencing racial/ethnic EoL disparities. From 11/2010-10/2012, 133 advanced cancer patients underwent baseline interviews, including 7 items assessing religious beliefs about EoL care (RBEC). Univariate analyses assessed racial/ethnic differences in RBEC and EoL treatment preferences. Multivariable analyses (MVA) modeled mean RBEC score as a function of race/ethnicity, controlling for confounders, and assessed the relationship of race/ethnicity and RBEC to treatment preferences. Results: Religious beliefs about EoL care are common and more often held by racial/ethnic minorities (Table); racial/ethnic differences persisted in MVA (p<.0001). Black patients were more likely than Whites to prefer aggressive EOL care (OR=5.03, p=.02), whereas Latino’s EOL preferences did not differ from Whites (p=.87). In MVA including race and RBEC score, Black race was not related to EOL care preferences (OR 1.61, p=0.55), whereas greater RBEC score was associated with greater preference for aggressive care (OR 2.48, p=0.003). Conclusions: Religious beliefs about EoL care are common and significantly more so among racial/ethnic minorities. Preliminary data suggest these beliefs mediate the relationship between race/ethnicity and EoL treatment preferences. [Table: see text]

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Abstract WP278: Demographic Disparities in Extended Use of Tissue Plasminogen Activase in Acute Stroke Patients Treated via Telestroke

Stroke ◽

10.1161/str.48.suppl_1.wp278 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 48 (suppl_1) ◽

Author(s):

Shima Bozorgui ◽

Tzu-Ching Wu ◽

Arvind B Bambhroliya ◽

Christy M Ankrom ◽

Tiffany D Cossey ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Ethnic Groups ◽

Older Patients ◽

Gender And Race ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Video Consultation ◽

Scientific Statement ◽

Race Ethnicity ◽

The Difference ◽

To Receive ◽

Racial Ethnic

Introduction: Disparities have been demonstrated in acute ischemic stroke (AIS) treatment between age, gender, and racial/ethnic groups. Telestroke (TS) has been noted to decrease disparities in AIS care. As AIS management via TS increases and the inclusion criteria for tPA expands, it is crucial to evaluate differences among patients of various age, gender, and race/ethnicity with extended use of tPA (EU-tPA). EU-tPA was defined as patients with relative contraindications as per 2016 AHA/ASA scientific statement, and who have consented to receive EU-tPA. Hypothesis: We hypothesized that EU-tPA is administered at similar frequencies among patients of different age, gender, and racial/ethnic groups via TS. Methods: From 9/2015-3/2016, we identified 136 suspected AIS patients with reported relative contraindications to tPA in our TS registry who were evaluated by video consultation at one of 17 spoke hospitals. We compared the likelihood of receiving EU-tPA among patients of different age, gender, and racial/ethnic groups. Results: Of 136 suspected AIS patients with reported contraindications to tPA in our TS registry, 35 (25.7%) received EU-tPA. Demographic characteristics are presented in Table 1. There was no significant difference between gender and race/ethnicity in receiving EU-tPA. Patients who were older were less likely to receive EU-tPA and the difference persisted in the multivariate analysis (p=0.026). Similarly, patients with mild or rapidly improving symptoms were less likely to receive EU-tPA (p=0.001). Conclusion: Our study suggests that older patients receive EU-tPA less frequently. Although there was no significant difference between gender and racial/ethnic groups, there was a trend that Hispanics might receive EU-tPA less frequently than non-Hispanic whites. Additional prospective study is needed to evaluate reasons why older patients are less likely to receive EU-tPA.

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Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Heart and Cerebrovascular Disease Deaths During the COVID-19 Pandemic in the United States

Circulation ◽

10.1161/circulationaha.121.054378 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Rishi Wadhera ◽

Jose F. Figueroa ◽

Fatima Rodriguez ◽

Michael Liu ◽

Wei Tian ◽

...

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Heart Disease ◽

Cerebrovascular Disease ◽

Ethnic Minorities ◽

Minority Group ◽

Ethnic Disparities ◽

The United States ◽

Race Ethnicity ◽

Racial Ethnic ◽

Hispanic White

Background: Cardiovascular deaths increased during the early phase of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States. However, it is unclear whether racial/ethnic minorities have experienced a disproportionate rise in heart disease and cerebrovascular disease deaths. Methods: We used the National Center for Health Statistics to identify heart disease and cerebrovascular disease deaths for non-Hispanic White, non-Hispanic Black, non-Hispanic Asian, and Hispanic individuals from March-August 2020 (pandemic period), as well as for the corresponding months in 2019 (historical control). We determined the age- and sex-standardized deaths per million by race/ethnicity for each year. We then fit a modified Poisson model with robust standard errors to compare change in deaths by race/ethnicity for each condition in 2020 vs. 2019. Results: There were a total of 339,076 heart disease and 76,767 cerebrovascular disease deaths from March through August 2020, compared to 321,218 and 72,190 deaths during the same months in 2019. Heart disease deaths increased during the pandemic in 2020, compared with the corresponding period in 2019, for non-Hispanic White (age-sex standardized deaths per million, 1234.2 vs. 1208.7; risk ratio for death [RR] 1.02, 95% CI 1.02-1.03), non-Hispanic Black (1783.7 vs. 1503.8; RR 1.19, 1.17-1.20), non-Hispanic Asian (685.7 vs. 577.4; RR 1.19, 1.15-1.22), and Hispanic (968.5 vs. 820.4, RR 1.18, 1.16-1.20) populations. Cerebrovascular disease deaths also increased for non-Hispanic White (268.7 vs. 258.2; RR 1.04, 95% CI 1.03-1.05), non-Hispanic Black (430.7 vs. 379.7; RR 1.13, 95% CI 1.10-1.17), non-Hispanic Asian (236.5 vs. 207.4; RR 1.15, 1.09-1.21), and Hispanic (264.4 vs. 235.9; RR 1.12, 1.08-1.16) populations. For both heart disease and cerebrovascular disease deaths, each racial and ethnic minority group experienced a larger relative increase in deaths than the non-Hispanic White population (interaction term, p<0.001). Conclusions: During the COVID-19 pandemic in the US, Black, Hispanic, and Asian populations experienced a disproportionate rise in deaths due to heart disease and cerebrovascular disease, suggesting that racial/ethnic minorities have been most impacted by the indirect effects of the pandemic. Public health and policy strategies are needed to mitigate the short- and long-term adverse effects of the pandemic on the cardiovascular health of minority populations.

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Social Bonding to School and Educational Inequality: Race/Ethnicity, Dropping Out, and the Significance of Place

10.31235/osf.io/a8eux ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Anthony Peguero ◽

Sarah Ovink ◽

Yun Ling Li

Keyword(s):

Ethnic Minorities ◽

Educational Inequality ◽

Social Bonding ◽

Social Bond ◽

Dropping Out ◽

Protective Effects ◽

Sports Involvement ◽

Race Ethnicity ◽

School Influence ◽

Racial Ethnic

Social bond theory suggests that strong bonds to school influence better outcomes on measures of educational progress and success. However, we know little about the relationship between social bonding to school and dropout for racial/ethnic minorities, or how this relationship varies across school settings. We examine how five types of social bonding (attachment, academic and sports involvement, commitment, and belief) influence the likelihood of dropout for racial/ethnic minorities in urban, suburban, and rural schools using national survey data. Results suggest that strong social bonds to school have the potential to mitigate some of the observed racial/ethnic gaps in dropout risk; however, the opportunity to form such bonds, as well as the strength of their protective effects, vary by student race/ethnicity, type of social bond, and school location.

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