HISTORICAL ESSAY: A History of HIV Discovery

Science ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 298 (5599) ◽  
pp. 1727-1728 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Montagnier
Keyword(s):  
Historical Essay ◽  
History Of

scholarly journals Biblioteka Henry’ego Jamesa: między katalogiem a kowadłem

2019 ◽  
pp. 155-166
Author(s):  
Mirosława Buchholtz
Keyword(s):  
Great Britain ◽  
Henry James ◽  
Physical Space ◽  
Literary Analysis ◽  
Historical Approach ◽  
Historical Essay ◽  
Literary Heritage ◽  
History Of

This article looks back to the book The Library of Henry James published in 1987 by James’s most renowned and possessive biographer Leon Edel and the biographer’s friend, the independent scholar Adeline Tintner. While Edel outlines the history of James’s book collection in his house in Great Britain, Tintner offers examples of James’s use of the trope of library in his fiction. In between the two essays, the two authors included a catalog of James’s collection in Rye, indicating the location of all the items as of 1987. This article relies on the information provided in Edel and Tintner’s book, to which little has been added since, and offers a theoretical and historical approach to the topic of library in the context of Henry James’s biography and literary heritage. The article gives theoretical ramifications to the findings of Edel and Tintner by distinguishing between the three meanings of “library:” a physical space, a cataloged collection, and a literary trope. It also juxtaposes Edel’s biographical-historical essay and Tintner’s literary analysis with the autobiography of Henry James, in which the library emerges as a place partaking of several traditions: patriarchy, the process of initiation and maturation along with social and national self-fashioning.

scholarly journals LENGTHY REFLECTIONS ON THE HISTORICAL FATE OF THE RUSSIAN INTELLIGENTSIA. REVIEW ON THE BOOK: PASCHENYA V. N. INTELLIGENTSIA, ITS ROLE IN THE HISTORY OF RUSSIA AND CRIMEA

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (73) (3) ◽  
pp. 3-13
Author(s):  
V. V. Akimchenkov
Keyword(s):  
Intellectual History ◽  
Russian History ◽  
Historical Essay ◽  
Scientific Approach ◽  
The Crimea ◽  
History Of ◽  
Russian Intelligentsia

V. N. Paschenyi’s attempt to present a historical essay on the fate of the Russian intelligentsia in 1783-1991 is analyzed. The author’s concept is considered. The conclusion is made about the discrepancy between the title and the content of the book, about his primitivization of the scientific approach to the history of Crimean studies. Numerous factual and conceptual errors of V. N. Paschenyi are named. It is proved that the book is a pile of facts from Russian history, sometimes unrelated to each other. The lack of reliance on sources on the history of Crimean studies, the author’s ignorance of the historiography of the issue led him to create an untenable version of the monograph on the intellectual history of the Crimea.

scholarly journals An Evolving View of Phylogenetic Support

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chris Simon
Keyword(s):  
Information Content ◽  
Phylogenetic Trees ◽  
Bayes Factors ◽  
Equal Proportion ◽  
Posterior Probabilities ◽  
Historical Essay ◽  
Significant Events ◽  
Branch Support ◽  
History Of ◽  
Tree Building

Abstract If all nucleotide sites evolved at the same rate within molecules and throughout the history of lineages, if all nucleotides were in equal proportion, if any nucleotide or amino acid evolved to any other with equal probability, if all taxa could be sampled, if diversification happened at well-spaced intervals, and if all gene segments had the same history, then tree building would be easy. But of course, none of those conditions are true. Hence, the need for evaluating the information content and accuracy of phylogenetic trees. The symposium for which this historical essay and presentation were developed focused on the importance of phylogenetic support, specifically branch support for individual clades. Here, I present a timeline and review significant events in the history of systematics that set the stage for the development of the sophisticated measures of branch support and examinations of the information content of data highlighted in this symposium. [Bayes factors; bootstrap; branch support; concordance factors; internode certainty; posterior probabilities; spectral analysis; transfer bootstrap expectation.]

Russian Booker – 25: Materials on the history of the prize

2019 ◽  
pp. 286-291
Author(s):  
L. V. Egorova
Keyword(s):  
Advisory Committee ◽  
State Policy ◽  
British Literature ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Two Cultures ◽  
Historical Essay ◽  
The Two Cultures ◽  
History Of ◽  
Development Processes ◽  
The Uk

The book assists in profound understanding of the development processes of the novel as a genre, and offers a nuanced overview of the annual events around the Booker Prize awarded for the best novel in Russia and the UK. Introducing the book is an article by Sir Michael Caine (1927—1999), who initiated the Russian Booker Prize and chaired its advisory committee. The publication is an extract from the historical essay ‘The Booker Story’. The first section, ‘Twenty five years in the Booker mirror’, opens with a story about the origins and history of the Russian Booker. In ‘Between the two cultures. A story told by documents and reminiscences of the participants (1992—1996)’, Russian Booker’s committee secretary Igor Shaytanov describes it as the first independent literary prize in the new Russia, free of any ties to the state policy. The second section is devoted to the UK’s Man Booker Prize. In his article ‘The British Booker: a portrait of an era’ Alastair Niven describes the events that culminate in creation of a portrait of the British literature spanning fifty years. The book’s third section is titled ‘The chronicle of the Booker events 1992—2016’.

Works on diagnostics, private pathology and therapy of diseases of the circulatory system for 1901

1903 ◽  
Vol 3 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 157-206
Author(s):  
N. I. Kotovshchikova
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Pernicious Anemia ◽  
Circulatory System ◽  
Typical Case ◽  
Arterial System ◽  
Main Attention ◽  
Detailed History ◽  
Historical Essay ◽  
History Of

I. Burke (425) writes about the innate narrowness of the arterial system. After a brief historical essay, the author examines the meaning of this anomaly for chlorosis, pernicious anemia, hemophilia and hemorrhagic purpura, for the course of chronic and acute infectious diseases, especially endocarditis (for an example) his own is given. The main attention in the work was given to the disorders of the heart, based on the innate narrowness of the arterial system. The literature cites 20 cases and a detailed history of the disease of a typical case from the Neisser clinic.

scholarly journals CHRONICLE OF THE ALIMCHULAL TUKHUM (PATRONYMY) – A SOURCE ON GENEALOGY AND THE HISTORY OF DAGHESTAN INTELLECTUAL ELITE

2019 ◽  
pp. 26-39
Author(s):  
Shakhban Magomedovich Khapizov
Keyword(s):  
Russian Translation ◽  
Intellectual Life ◽  
Christian Church ◽  
Historical Essay ◽  
Intellectual Elite ◽  
History Of ◽  
Historical Basis ◽  
Family Chronicle ◽  
Xix Century ◽  
Written Sources

The article, based on data from written sources, examines the genealogy of the Alimchulal patronymy (tukhum). Since the XIII and to the end of the XIX century, this dynasty of Muslim ulama-scientists played a significant role in the spir-itual and intellectual life of Khunzakh, the capital of the Sarir kingdom, and later the Avar Nutsaldom. The main source is a short of the Avar-language historical essay. This family chronicle was written in 1966 by a representative of Al-imchulal tukhum. The data of the chronicle are verified by the information from the colophons of a number of manu-scripts, copied in the XVI–XIX centuries by representatives of this tukhum. It certainly has some errors and inconsist-encies. However the genealogy presented in this work has a real historical basis. Here presented are the translitera-tion and the Russian translation of the work. It also contains the genealogy of the Avar Nutsals. The data devoted to details of the spread of Islam in Khunzakh have considerable interest. The article also contains information from the manuscripts of the XVI–XIX centuries, which are stored in the Alimchulal collection and other manuscript sources. Obviously, the ancestor of the Alimchulal tukhum was a Christian “alim” (head of the Christian church of Sarir?) in the XIII century. Subsequently, he converted to Islam and contributed to the spread of Islam in the Khunzakh region. His descendants became famous alims, for several centuries being the qadis of Khunzakh and the Avar Nutsaldom.

The Important Page in the History of the Leningrad-Petersburg Library School

2010 ◽  
pp. 122-124
Author(s):  
Anna A. Fomina
Keyword(s):  
Library Science ◽  
Saint Petersburg ◽  
Historical Essay ◽  
Comprehensive Account ◽  
History Of ◽  
Library School ◽  
Made In

Historical essay written by Anatoly Vaneev, the head of subdepartment of library science of the Saint-Petersburg University of Culture and Arts since 1974 to 1995, opens celebrations in honour of future centenary of the Saint-Petersburg University of Culture and Arts. Exactly thanks to the works of A. Vaneev the Russian library science was enriched by contribution of leningrad-saintpetersburg school. The author made in-depth and comprehensive account of his colleagues’ publications: M. Arkhipova, I. Barenbaum, E. Gorsh, V. Kreidenko, V. Sakharov, N. Skrypnev, G. Firsov, N. Chagina and many others whose works are in the list of the most important sources of the historical essay.

scholarly journals THE GENRE NATURE OF “THREE CHAPTERS FROM THE POLITICAL AND MILITARY HISTORY OF 1853, 1854, AND 1855” BY E. P. KOVALEVSKY

2021 ◽  
pp. 121-130
Author(s):  
Екатерина Валентиновна Александрова
Keyword(s):  
Military History ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Political ◽  
Crimean War ◽  
Historical Essay ◽  
Artistic Interpretation ◽  
Literary Process ◽  
History Of ◽  
New Material ◽  
Historical Methods

Введение. Представлен ранее практически не исследованный материал исторических очерков Е. П. Ковалевского, посвященных событиям Дунайской кампании. Цель – изучить жанровое своеобразие очерков Ковалевского с точки зрения их содержания (осмысления событий), формы (проблема повествователя) и определить их роли в литературном процессе 1850-х гг. Материал и методы. В центре исследовательского внимания – «Три главы из политической и военной истории 1853, 1854 и 1855 годов», написанные непосредственным участником событий и одновременно представителем официальных кругов. Материалы, опубликованные в «Отечественных записках» в 1856 г., рассматриваются в сопоставлении с изданным только в 1868 г. (по политическим соображениям) произведением «Война с Турцией и разрыв с западными державами в 1853 и 1854 годах». В работе использованы сравнительно-сопоставительный и культурно-исторический методы. Результаты и обсуждение. Очерки Ковалевского представляют собой важный факт одного из первых осмыслений событий Дунайской кампании на фоне замалчивания официальными кругами политических причин начала Крымской войны. Двойственная позиция автора-повествователя и специфика содержания определили своеобразие жанровой формы – синтез документального изложения с элементами очерка и рассказа. Заложенная в «Трех главах…» этическая проблематика (проблема героя, патриотизма) и их поэтика (описание природы, роль повествователя) расширяют горизонты творческих поисков автора и дают толчок в осмыслении, подаче нового материала (форма и содержание) современникам. Заключение. Выявлены типологические свойства исторического очерка в творчестве Ковалевского и его художественные особенности. Исследование очеркового жанра на примере «военных рассказов» Ковалевского дает возможность выстроить линию творческой преемственности в русской литературе (Толстой и Достоевский). Работа будет полезна ученым историко-филологического профиля: с точки зрения генезиса, синтетической природы очеркового жанра (идея патриотизма неразрывно связана с позицией автора и ролью повествователя) и литературно-фактографического контекста событий Крымской кампании. Introduction. The material of historical essays by E. P. Kovalevsky, devoted to the events of the Danube campaign, which was practically not studied before, is presented in the work. The aim of the work is to study the genre content of Kovalevsky’s essays and determine their role in the literary process of the 1850s. Material and methods. The research focuses on the work “Three chapters from the political and military history of 1853, 1854 and 1855”, written by a direct participant of the events and at the same time a representative of official circles. Published in “Otechestvennye Zapiski” in 1856, it is considered in comparison with the work “The War with Turkey and the severance with the Western powers in 1853 and 1854” which was published for political reasons only in 1866. The research uses comparative and cultural-historical methods. Results and discussion. The research shows that Kovalevsky’s essays are the first artistic interpretation of the Danube campaign events against the background of official circles’ silence on the political reasons for the beginning of the Crimean war. The originality of the author’s creative manner is shown in the synthesis of a documentary narrative with elements of essay and story. The problems of essays (the problem of the hero, patriotism) and their poetics (the description of nature, the role of the narrator) expand the horizons of the author’s creative search and give an impetus to understanding and presenting new material (form and content) to contemporaries. Conclusion. Typological features of the historical essay and its artistic features in the work of Kovalevsky are revealed. The study of the essay genre on the example of Kovalevsky’s “war stories” makes it possible to build a line of creative continuity in Russian literature (Tolstoy and Dostoevsky). This work will be useful for scientists of historical and philological profile: from the point of view of genesis, the synthetic nature of the essay genre and the literary and factual context of the events of the Crimean campaign.

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