scholarly journals Lack of Absorption of Didanosine after Rectal Administration in Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Patients

1999 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 699-701 ◽  
Author(s):  
Uwe Wintergerst ◽  
B. Rolinski ◽  
B. Sölder ◽  
J. R. Bogner ◽  
E. Wolf ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Oral Administration ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Body Surface Area ◽  
Body Surface ◽  
Oral Intake ◽  
Rectal Administration ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
The Mean

ABSTRACT The feasibility of rectal administration of didanosine (DDI) was studied in six human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients. After oral intake of a DDI solution (100 mg/m2 of body surface area) combined with an antacid (Maalox), pharmacokinetic parametric values were in accordance with previously published data; the mean ± standard deviation for terminal half-life was 59.5 ± 15.0 min, that for peak concentration was 5.2 ± 3.9 μmol/liter, and that for the area under the time-concentration curve (AUC) was 494 ± 412 min · μmol/liter. After rectal administration of a similarly prepared DDI solution (100 mg/m2 of body surface area), plasma DDI levels were below the detection limit (0.1 μmol/liter) at all time points in five of the six patients, and in the remaining patient the AUC after rectal application was only 5% of that after oral administration. We conclude that oral administration of DDI cannot be easily replaced by rectal application.

scholarly journals Pharmacokinetics of zidovudine after rectal administration in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients.

1997 ◽  
Vol 41 (5) ◽  
pp. 1143-1145 ◽  
Author(s):  
U Wintergerst ◽  
B Rolinski ◽  
J R Bogner ◽  
G Notheis ◽  
F D Goebel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Oral Intake ◽  
Pharmacokinetic Profile ◽  
Rectal Administration ◽  
Beta Phase ◽  
Time Curve ◽  
Concentration Time ◽  
Release Device ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
The Mean

We evaluated the pharmacokinetics of rectally administered zidovudine (ZDV) in 10 human immunodeficiency virus-infected adults. After rectal administration of an aqueous ZDV solution (250 mg of ZDV), mean peak ZDV levels were 1.3 +/- 0.7 micromol/liter (mean +/- standard deviation) versus 5.0 +/- 2.2 micromol/liter (P < 0.0001) after oral intake of a 250-mg ZDV capsule. The half-life at beta phase was 87.8 +/- 39.6 min for rectally administered ZDV versus 55.8 +/- 20.1 min (P = 0.035) for orally administered ZDV. The mean area under the concentration-time curve from 0 min to infinity was 232 +/- 181 micromol/liter x min after rectal administration versus 362 +/- 110 micromol/liter x min after oral intake. Although the two routes were not bioequivalent, ZDV was absorbed considerably after rectal administration, with a pharmacokinetic profile resembling that of a sustained-release device.

URINARY CATECHOLAMINE EXCRETION BY HEALTHY CHILDREN

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1967 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 252-257
Author(s):  
Mary L. Voorhess
Keyword(s):  
Urinary Excretion ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Body Surface Area ◽  
Body Surface ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Healthy Children ◽  
Urinary Catecholamine ◽  
Catecholamine Excretion ◽  
Daily Output ◽  
The Mean

There is increase in the daily urinary excretion of dopamine (DA), norepinephrine (NE), epinephrine (E), and 3-methoxy-4-hydroxymandelic acid (VMA) with age. The mean output in micrograms per 24 hours for various age groups is as follows: birth to 1 year-DA 60.9 (± 24.3), NE 10.6 (± 3.4), E 1.3 (± 1.2), VMA 569 (± 309); 1 through 5 years—DA 124.1 (± 40.7), NE (18.8 ± 7.0), E 3.2 (± 2.7), VMA 1348 (± 433); 6 through 15 years—DA 169.3 (± 72.6), NE 37.4 (± 16.6), E 4.8 (± 2.4), VMA 2373 (± 698); over 15 years—DA 249.1 (± 74.9), NE 50.7 (± 15.7), E 7.1 (± 3.3), VMA 3192 (± 699). The studies suggest that the daily output of these compounds in the various age groups is similar when related to body surface area after infancy.

The Effect of Dialysate Dwell on Gastric Emptying Time in Patients on Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis

1999 ◽  
Vol 19 (2_suppl) ◽  
pp. 176-178 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dae Joong Kim ◽  
Woo-Heon Kang ◽  
Hae Young Kim ◽  
Bang Hoon Lee ◽  
Bum Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Peritoneal Dialysis ◽  
Gastric Emptying ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Body Surface Area ◽  
Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis ◽  
Body Surface ◽  
Gastric Emptying Rate ◽  
Gastric Emptying Time ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Emptying Time

Methods and Patients We evaluated gastric emptying time (GET) with a technetium (Tc) 99m-sulfur colloid gastric emptying scan in 11 patients on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPO) (6 males, 5 females) and in 14 controls. We investigated the effect of dialysate dwell on GET by studying the subjects twice: once without dialysate in the abdomen (drained) and once with 2 L of dialysate in the abdomen (full). We also investigated the relationship between body surface area (BSA) and delayed gastric emptying. Results (1) The mean gastric emptying rate in 120 minutes in patients on CAPO when drained (67.8% ± 13.4%) was not different from that in controls (65.4% ± 8.6%). (2) The mean gastric emptying rate in 120 minutes in patients on CAPO when full was significantly slower than that when drained (55.6% ± 14.6% versus 67.8% ± 13.4%, p < 0.05). In four of the 11 patients (36.4%), gastric emptying was extremely delayed from normal to abnormal range when full. (3) The BSA of patients who had extremely delayed GET from normal to abnormal range was smaller than that of patients who had minimal delayed or unchanged GET when full (1.5 ± 0.11 m2 versus 1.74 ± 0.22 m2). Conclusion This study showed that patients on CAPO had normal gastric emptying when drained, and that gastric emptying was delayed by dialysate dwell, especially in patients who has less than 1.5 m2 of body surface area. Therefore, we suggest that, based on adequacy, intermittent nocturnal peritoneal dialysis or a small volume of dialysate be considered for patients with small body surface area.

Evaluation of reported bone pain in patients (pts) receiving chemotherapy in pegfilgrastim clinical trials

2009 ◽  
Vol 27 (15_suppl) ◽  
pp. 9621-9621 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Sierra ◽  
R. Harms ◽  
M. Mo ◽  
C. L. Vogel
Keyword(s):  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Adverse Event ◽  
Growth Factors ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Body Surface Area ◽  
Body Surface ◽  
Bone Pain ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Grade 3

9621 Background: Bone pain is the most commonly reported treatment-related adverse event (AE) associated with colony-stimulating growth factors. Some authors have suggested that pegfilgrastim-induced bone pain is unpredictable and refractory to analgesics (Kirshner 2007), though that impression may not be uniformly accepted. To better characterize this adverse event we evaluated bone pain across pegfilgrastim clinical trials. Methods: Completed Amgen-sponsored trials that both incorporated pegfilgrastim 6mg administered 24 hours after chemotherapy and utilized MedDRA library coding of AEs were examined. Included were 2 studies comparing pegfilgrastim with placebo (Vogel 2005, Hecht 2007) and 2 studies comparing pegfilgrastim with filgrastim (Sierra 2008, Lopez 2004). The incidence of bone pain was determined by treatment (pegfilgrastim, filgrastim, or placebo), chemotherapy (taxane-containing or not), cycle, severity, age, and body surface area (BSA). Analysis and recoding of studies with preferred AEs coded to nonMedDRA dictionaries is ongoing. Results: 1310 pts (filgrastim=67, pegfilgrastim=665, placebo=578) were analyzed. In studies comparing pegfilgrastim (n=74) and filgrastim (n==7) in pts with AML and NHL, 52% were female, and the mean (SD) age was 50 (15.1) years. Similar proportions (CI) of pts reported bone pain (24.3% [16.1, 35.7] vs 25.4% [15.5, 37.5], respectively), and grade 3/4 bone pain was reported in 3% [0.3, 9] versus 0% [-, -] of pts, respectively. Studies comparing pegfilgrastim (n=591) and placebo (n=578) pts in breast and colorectal cancer are below ( Table ). Conclusions: Bone pain of any grade was commonly reported in all 3 groups (pegfilgrastim, filgrastim, and placebo) and was marginally higher in pts receiving pegfilgrastim compared with placebo. Bone pain was most common in cycle 1. Severe bone pain was infrequently reported. Bone pain was similar in pts receiving pegfilgrastim and filgrastim. Chemotherapy (eg, taxanes) may also contribute to bone pain. [Table: see text] [Table: see text]

scholarly journals Aortoiliac Diameter and Length in a Healthy Cohort

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hyangkyoung Kim ◽  
Tae-Won Kwon ◽  
Eol Choi ◽  
Seonjeong Jeong ◽  
Hong-Kyu Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lower Extremity ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Body Surface Area ◽  
Abdominal Aorta ◽  
Body Surface ◽  
Iliac Artery ◽  
Common Iliac Artery ◽  
Mean Diameter ◽  
Healthy Cohort ◽  
The Mean

Abstract Objective: Diameter is currently the only screening and diagnostic criterion for asymptomatic aneurysms. Therefore, aortic and lower-extremity arterial diameter has diagnostic, therapeutic, and prognostic importance. We aimed to determine aortic and lower-extremity arterial reference diameters in a general population and compare them according to age, sex, and other characteristics.Methods: We evaluated consecutive 3,692 patients who underwent computed tomography as part of a general health checkup from 2015–2019 in a single tertiary center. Aortic and lower-extremity arterial diameters and the most important factor related to arterial diameters were evaluated.Results: The mean diameter of the abdominal aorta was 17.490 ± 2.110 mm, while that of the common iliac artery was 10.851 ± 1.689 mm. The mean diameter of the abdominal aorta was 18.377 ± 1.766 mm in men and 15.884 ± 1.694 mm in women. Significant intersex differences were observed for all mean diameters and lengths. Multilinear regression analysis showed that age, sex, and body surface area impacted mean diameters of all measured sites except aorta and common iliac artery length. Between male and female patients matched for body surface area, there were significant intersex differences for all measured sites, except for common iliac artery length.Conclusions: The mean diameter of the abdominal aorta in this healthy cohort was 17.490 ± 2.110 mm overall, 18.377 ± 1.766 mm in men, and 15.884 ± 1.694 mm in women. Arterial diameter increased with male sex, older age, and increased body surface area, and aortic diameters were larger in men than in women with the same body surface area.

scholarly journals Sonographic evaluation of spleen size in apparently healthy children in north-west Ethiopia, 2020: time to define splenomegaly

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Binalfew Tsehay ◽  
Dessalegn Shitie ◽  
Abebe Afenigus ◽  
Mustofa Essa
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Body Surface Area ◽  
Body Surface ◽  
Clinical Skills ◽  
Reference Intervals ◽  
Healthy Children ◽  
Spleen Size ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Longitudinal Length ◽  
The Mean

Abstract Background Assessment of spleen size is an important part of the clinical skills of medical students and physicians. Many diseases can affect the size of the aforementioned organ, ranging from infective processes to malignant disorders. However, to detect changes, prior knowledge of the actual normal size of these viscera is required in the population being studied. Establishing a customized chart and curve for a specific population of the same sociodemographic characteristics enables a better interpretation of sonographic assessments. Methods A hospital-based cross-sectional study design was conducted among 403 children in primary and referral hospitals of the east and west Gojjam zone. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire, physical examination, and ultrasound. The collected data were entered into Epi Data version 3.1 and exports to SPSS version 24 for analysis. Descriptive data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. A Pearson product-moment correlation was run to determine the relationship between age, anthropometric measurements of children, and ultrasound measurements of the spleen. Reference intervals were established using non-parametric reference limits (2.5th -97.5th ) and (5th – 97th ) percentiles by MedCalc software version 20.0.3. Results Four hundred three children aged from 7 to 15 years were included in this study. The mean sonographic longitudinal (length), anteroposterior(depth) and transverse (width) dimension of the spleen was, (8.24 ± 1.26 cm), (3.98 ± 0.57 cm), and (4.26 ± 0.59 cm) respectively. The mean volume of the spleen was 75.04 ± 23.92 cm3. The height and body surface area of children were best correlated with sonographic dimensions of the spleen. Reference intervals were established using height, age, and body surface area specific for clinically practical dimensions of the spleen. Conclusions According to this study, the children are considered as having enlarged longitudinal dimension of the spleen(splenomegaly) if he or she has a size above 97.5th percentile based on their respective height.

Comparison of Childhood Burns Associated With Use of Microwave Ovens and Conventional Stoves

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 91 (2) ◽  
pp. 344-349 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth C. Powell ◽  
Robert R. Tanz
Keyword(s):  
Hospital Admission ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Body Surface Area ◽  
Body Surface ◽  
Microwave Oven ◽  
Consumer Product Safety Commission ◽  
Burn Prevention ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Base Data

To identify the incidence, type, and severity of burns associated with microwave oven (MW) use and to compare MW-associated burns with those associated with use of conventional stoves, we conducted a review of a national data base. Data were obtained from the US Consumer Product Safety Commission Injury Information Clearinghouse for 1986 through 1990 concerning burn injuries to children (0 to 19 years). There were an estimated 5160 burns associated with MW use. The mean age was 7.6 years (median, 6 years); 25% of burns were to children younger than 36 months old. Fifty-eight percent involved females. Most MW burns were scalds (95%); 16% of these scalds were from exploding eggs or other food. No MW burn involved a body surface area greater than 25% and no patient required hospital admission. Microwave oven burns were compared with stove burns. There were an estimated 41198 stove-associated burns to children. The mean age was 5.8 years; the median was 3 years. Forty-five percent of burns were to children younger than 36 months old; 55% were to males. Most stove burns (74%) were thermal; 7% involved a body surface area greater than 25%. Five percent of children with stove burns required hospital admission. We conclude that (1) burns to children associated with MW use are less frequent and less severe than stove burns; (2) MW burns predominantly affect females; and (3) burn prevention efforts should emphasize the hazards of stoves, which vastly exceed those of MWs.

A Cross-Sectional Study Comparing Variation in Body Surface Area and Chemotherapy Dosing in Pediatric Oncology Using Two Different Methods

Blood ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 112 (11) ◽  
pp. 3969-3969
Author(s):  
Wasil Jastaniah ◽  
Mohammed Aseeri
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Body Surface Area ◽  
Pediatric Oncology ◽  
Body Surface ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Oncology Patients ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The Mean

Abstract Abstract: Standardizing Body Surface Area (BSA) determination is essential for avoiding variation in chemotherapy dosage calculations. In this study we compared variation in BSA calculation using weight and height by the Mosteller formula with weight alone using recently adapted table at the Princess Norah Oncology Center (PNOC). Methods: Cross-sectional study of pediatric oncology patients presenting to the pediatric oncology clinic at PNOC over a week period of time. Results: One hundred consecutive pediatric oncology patients presented to the clinic. The mean BSA calculated by the Mosteller formula was 0.83m2 (Standard Deviation = 0.24) and the mean BSA determined by the table (based on weight alone) was 0.82m2 (Standard Deviation = 0.25). The mean variation in dosing between the two methods was 1.64% (Standard Deviation = 3.4). Only 13 out of 100 patients (13%) had equal dosing using both methods and 21 out of 100 patients (21%) had dosing variation greater than 5%. When comparing both methods, using paired t-test, the difference was statistically significant (t(99) = 3.99 and P &lt; 0.001). Conclusion: Significant differences in BSA-based chemotherapy dosing exist in our center. The Mosteller method should remain the standard until prospective studies are performed to determine the significance of this dosing variability on toxicity and survival outcome.

scholarly journals The Estimation of Survival and Associated Factors in Self-Immolation Attempters in Ilam Province of Iran (2011-2015)

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (11) ◽  
pp. 2057-2061
Author(s):  
Jafar Bazyar ◽  
Katayoun Jahangiri ◽  
Hamid Safarpour ◽  
Meysam Safi Keykaleh ◽  
Saeideh Varasteh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Survival Rate ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Body Surface Area ◽  
Body Surface ◽  
Associated Factors ◽  
Total Body Surface Area ◽  
Lower Limbs ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Self Immolation

BACKGROUND: Self-immolation is the most common method of suicide in Ilam province. AIM: This study aimed to estimate the survival rate in self-immolation attempters in Ilam and identify the associated factors. METHODS: A descriptive-analytic study was conducted based on data collected at Taleghani Hospital in Ilam, Iran. All persons passed away due to self-immolation or those hospitalised in the centre of the self-burned patients located in Ilam during 2011 to 2015 were assessed. Survival rate was calculated based on Kaplan-Meier. To compare the survival rate between groups, Univariate Log Rank and for multivariate analysis, the Cox test of STATA12 software was used. RESULTS: During 2011 to 2015, 236 persons including 168 females and 69 males committed self-immolation. The mean and median of survival time in attempters were 32.2 ± 4.7 and 3 ± 0.33 days, respectively. In Univariate Log-Rank test, the following variables including age, sex, burn degree, Total Body Surface Area (TBSA), and burns in neck and head and lower limbs had a significantly meaningful relation with survival, while in multivariate Cox Regression test only two variables including Total Body Surface Area and age remained in the model. CONCLUSION: The mean and median survival rate in self-attempters are very low. Quickly hospitalisation without waste of time should be considered. Providing prompt treatments and compensating dehydration in early hours especially within the first 24 hours of self-immolation are very vital. Younger persons and those with lower burn surface have more chance for longer survival and recuperation.

scholarly journals Peritoneal membrane transport function in children receiving long-term dialysis.

1996 ◽  
Vol 7 (11) ◽  
pp. 2385-2391
Author(s):  
B A Warady ◽  
S R Alexander ◽  
S Hossli ◽  
E Vonesh ◽  
D Geary ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Body Surface Area ◽  
Body Surface ◽  
Standardized Test ◽  
Membrane Surface ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Peritoneal Membrane ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Peritoneal Equilibration Test ◽  
The Mean

Accurate characterization of peritoneal solute transport capacity in children has been hampered by a lack of standardized test mechanics and small patient numbers. A standardized peritoneal equilibration test was used to study 95 pediatric patients (mean age, 9.9 +/- 5.6 yr) receiving chronic peritoneal dialysis at 14 centers. Patients were divided into four age groups (< 1, 1 to 3, 4 to 11, 12 to 19 yr) for analysis. Each patient received a 4-h peritoneal equilibration test with an exchange volume of 1100 mL/m2 per body surface area. Dialysate to plasma (D/P) ratios for creatinine (C) and urea (U) and the ratio of dialysate glucose (G) to initial dialysate glucose concentration (D/D0) were determined. Mass transfer area coefficients (MTAC) were calculated for the three solutes and potassium (P). The mean (+/- SD) 4-h D/P ratios for C and U were 0.64 +/- 0.13 and 0.82 +/- 0.09, respectively. The mean 4-h D/D0 for G was 0.33 +/- 0.10. D/P and D/D0 ratio results were similar across age groups. Normalized (for body surface area) mean MTAC (+/- SD) values were as follows: C, 10.66 +/- 3.74; G, 12.93 +/- 5.02; U, 18.43 +/- 4.02; and P, 14.02 +/- 3.94. Whereas a comparison of the normalized MTAC values across age groups with an analysis of variance showed significant age group differences only for glucose (P = 0.001) and potassium (P = 0.036), analysis by quadratic regression demonstrated a nonlinear decrease with age for C (P = 0.016), G (P < 0.001), and P (P = 0.034). In summary, evaluation of D/P and D/D0 ratios obtained from a large group of children in a standardized manner reveals values that are similar across the pediatric age range and not unlike the results obtained in adults. In contrast, normalized MTAC values of young children are greater than the values of older children, possibly as a result of maturational changes in the peritoneal membrane or differences in the effective peritoneal membrane surface area.

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