scholarly journals Individual Physiological Adaptations Enable Selected Bacterial Taxa To Prevail during Long-Term Incubations

2019 ◽  
Vol 85 (15) ◽  
Author(s):  
D. P. R. Herlemann ◽  
S. Markert ◽  
C. Meeske ◽  
A. F. Andersson ◽  
I. de Bruijn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Storage ◽  
Bacterial Communities ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Microbial Community Composition ◽  
Environmental Research ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Cell Counts ◽  
Enclosure Experiments ◽  
The Impact

ABSTRACTEnclosure experiments are frequently used to investigate the impact of changing environmental conditions on microbial assemblages. Yet, how the incubation itself challenges complex bacterial communities is thus far unknown. In this study, metaproteomic profiling, 16S rRNA gene analyses, and cell counts were combined to evaluate bacterial communities derived from marine, mesohaline, and oligohaline conditions after long-term batch incubations. Early in the experiment, the three bacterial communities were highly diverse and differed significantly in their compositions. Manipulation of the enclosures with terrigenous dissolved organic carbon resulted in notable differences compared to the control enclosures at this early phase of the experiment. However, after 55 days, bacterial communities in the manipulated and the control enclosures under marine and mesohaline conditions were all dominated by gammaproteobacteriumSpongiibacter. In the oligohaline enclosures, actinobacterial cluster I of the hgc group (hgc-I) remained abundant in the late phase of the incubation. Metaproteome analyses suggested that the ability to use outer membrane-based internal energy stores, in addition to the previously described grazing resistance, may enable the gammaproteobacteriumSpongiibacterto prevail in long-time incubations. Under oligohaline conditions, the utilization of external recalcitrant carbon appeared to be more important (hgc-I). Enclosure experiments with complex natural microbial communities are important tools to investigate the effects of manipulations. However, species-specific properties, such as individual carbon storage strategies, can cause manipulation-independent effects and need to be considered when interpreting results from enclosures.IMPORTANCEIn microbial ecology, enclosure studies are often used to investigate the effect of single environmental factors on complex bacterial communities. However, in addition to the manipulation, unintended effects (“bottle effect”) may occur due to the enclosure itself. In this study, we analyzed the bacterial communities that originated from three different salinities of the Baltic Sea, comparing their compositions and physiological activities both at the early stage and after 55 days of incubation. Our results suggested that internal carbon storage strategies impact the success of certain bacterial species, independent of the experimental manipulation. Thus, while enclosure experiments remain valid tools in environmental research, microbial community composition shifts must be critically followed. This investigation of the metaproteome during long-term batch enclosures expanded our current understanding of the so-called “bottle effect,” which is well known to occur during enclosure experiments.

scholarly journals Dichotomy between regulation of coral bacterial communities and calcification physiology under ocean acidification conditions

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Shore ◽  
R. D. Day ◽  
J. A. Stewart ◽  
C.A. Burge
Keyword(s):  
Ocean Acidification ◽  
Bacterial Communities ◽  
16S Rrna Gene Sequencing ◽  
Ph Gradient ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Seawater Ph ◽  
Coral Health ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Impact

Ocean acidification (OA) threatens the growth and function of coral reef ecosystems. A key component to coral health is the microbiome, but little is known about the impact of OA on coral microbiomes. A submarine CO2 vent at Maug Island in the Northern Marianas Islands provides a natural pH gradient to investigate coral responses to long-term OA conditions. Three coral species (Pocillopora eydouxi, Porites lobata, and Porites rus) were sampled from three sites where mean seawater pH is 8.04, 7.98, and 7.94. We characterized coral bacterial communities (using 16S rRNA gene sequencing) and determined pH of the extracellular calcifying fluid (ECF) (using skeletal boron isotopes) across the seawater pH gradient. Bacterial communities of both Porites species stabilized (decreases in community dispersion) with decreased seawater pH, coupled with large increases in the abundance of Endozoicomonas, an endosymbiont. P. lobata experienced a significant decrease in ECF pH near the vent, whereas P. rus experienced a trending decrease in ECF pH near the vent. By contrast, Pocillopora exhibited bacterial community destabilization (increases in community dispersion), with significant decreases in Endozoicomonas abundance, while its ECF pH remained unchanged across the pH gradient. Our study shows that OA has multiple consequences on Endozoicomonas abundance and suggests that Endozoicomonas abundance may be an indicator of coral response to OA. We reveal an interesting dichotomy between two facets of coral physiology (regulation of bacterial communities and regulation of calcification), highlighting the importance of multidisciplinary approaches to understanding coral health and function in a changing ocean. IMPORTANCE Ocean acidification (OA) is a consequence of anthropogenic CO2 emissions that is negatively impacting marine ecosystems such as coral reefs. OA affects many aspects of coral physiology, including growth (i.e. calcification) and disrupting associated bacterial communities. Coral-associated bacteria are important for host health, but it remains unclear how coral-associated bacterial communities will respond to future OA conditions. We document changes in coral-associated bacterial communities and changes to calcification physiology with long-term exposure to decreases in seawater pH that are environmentally relevant under mid-range IPCC emission scenarios (0.1 pH units). We also find species-specific responses that may reflect different responses to long-term OA. In Pocillopora, calcification physiology was highly regulated despite changing seawater conditions. In Porites spp., changes in bacterial communities do not reflect a breakdown of coral-bacterial symbiosis. Insights into calcification and host-microbe interactions are critical to predicting the health and function of different coral taxa to future OA conditions.

scholarly journals Impact of Diagnosed and Undiagnosed Respiratory Pseudomonas on VAP and VAE During Long-Term Acute Care

2020 ◽  
Vol 41 (S1) ◽  
pp. s258-s259
Author(s):  
James Harrigan ◽  
Ebbing Lautenbach ◽  
Emily Reesey ◽  
Magda Wernovsky ◽  
Pam Tolomeo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Community ◽  
Acute Care ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Care Hospital ◽  
16S Sequencing ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Impact

Background: Clinically diagnosed ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is common in the long-term acute-care hospital (LTACH) setting and may contribute to adverse ventilator-associated events (VAEs). Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a common causative organism of VAP. We evaluated the impact of respiratory P. aeruginosa colonization and bacterial community dominance, both diagnosed and undiagnosed, on subsequent P. aeruginosa VAP and VAE events during long-term acute care. Methods: We enrolled 83 patients on LTACH admission for ventilator weaning, performed longitudinal sampling of endotracheal aspirates followed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing (Illumina HiSeq), and bacterial community profiling (QIIME2). Statistical analysis was performed with R and Stan; mixed-effects models were fit to relate the abundance of respiratory Psa on admission to clinically diagnosed VAP and VAE events. Results: Of the 83 patients included, 12 were diagnosed with P. aeruginosa pneumonia during the 14 days prior to LTACH admission (known P. aeruginosa), and 22 additional patients received anti–P. aeruginosa antibiotics within 48 hours of admission (suspected P. aeruginosa); 49 patients had no known or suspected P. aeruginosa (unknown P. aeruginosa). Among the known P. aeruginosa group, all 12 patients had P. aeruginosa detectable by 16S sequencing, with elevated admission P. aeruginosa proportional abundance (median, 0.97; IQR, 0.33–1). Among the suspected P. aeruginosa group, all 22 patients had P. aeruginosa detectable by 16S sequencing, with a wide range of admission P. aeruginosa proportional abundance (median, 0.0088; IQR, 0.00012–0.31). Of the 49 patients in the unknown group, 47 also had detectable respiratory Psa, and many had high P. aeruginosa proportional abundance at admission (median, 0.014; IQR, 0.00025–0.52). Incident P. aeruginosa VAP was observed within 30 days in 4 of the known P. aeruginosa patients (33.3%), 5 of the suspected P. aeruginosa patients (22.7%), and 8 of the unknown P. aeruginosa patients (16.3%). VAE was observed within 30 days in 1 of the known P. aeruginosa patients (8.3%), 2 of the suspected P. aeruginosa patients (9.1%), and 1 of the unknown P. aeruginosa patients (2%). Admission P. aeruginosa abundance was positively associated with VAP and VAE risk in all groups, but the association only achieved statistical significance in the unknown group (type S error <0.002 for 30-day VAP and <0.011 for 30-day VAE). Conclusions: We identified a high prevalence of unrecognized respiratory P. aeruginosa colonization among patients admitted to LTACH for weaning from mechanical ventilation. The admission P. aeruginosa proportional abundance was strongly associated with increased risk of incident P. aeruginosa VAP among these patients.Funding: NoneDisclosures: None

scholarly journals A Long-Term Fine-Resolution Record of AVHRR Surface Temperatures for the Laurentian Great Lakes

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 1210
Author(s):  
Charles White ◽  
Andrew Heidinger ◽  
Steven Ackerman ◽  
Peter McIntyre
Keyword(s):  
Great Lakes ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Laurentian Great Lakes ◽  
Environmental Research ◽  
Weighted Interpolation ◽  
Large Lakes ◽  
Fine Resolution ◽  
Observation Times ◽  
The Impact

Inland waters are warming at highly variable rates that often differ from regional air temperature trends. This variable warming is partially attributable to an individual lake’s geographical and morphological characteristics. In very large lakes, significant intralake variability in long-term warming trends has also been observed. In light of this intralake and interlake heterogeneity of lake surface water temperature (LSWT) and LSWT trends, we revisit the 1.1 km Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) record for the Laurentian Great Lakes. In this work, we have assembled a long-term (1986–2016) and high-spatial-resolution (0.018°) daily LSWT dataset using AVHRR record. Subtracting an empirically-determined mean diurnal cycle mitigates the effects of varying observation times. Adjustments in the georegistration of the images are made to reduce the impact of AVHRR navigational errors on the earlier platforms. Both the original daily composites, and a gap-filled product using locally weighted interpolation methods will be made available to support fine-scale physical and environmental research in the region.

scholarly journals Comparative Analysis of the Gut Microbiota of Adult Mosquitoes From Eight Locations in Hainan, China

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xun Kang ◽  
Yanhong Wang ◽  
Siping Li ◽  
Xiaomei Sun ◽  
Xiangyang Lu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Disease Control ◽  
Bacterial Communities ◽  
Mosquito Species ◽  
Microbial Community Composition ◽  
Variable Region ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Microbial Composition ◽  
Quality Filtering ◽  
And Function

The midgut microbial community composition, structure, and function of field-collected mosquitoes may provide a way to exploit microbial function for mosquito-borne disease control. However, it is unclear how adult mosquitoes acquire their microbiome, how the microbiome affects life history traits and how the microbiome influences community structure. We analyzed the composition of 501 midgut bacterial communities from field-collected adult female mosquitoes, including Aedes albopictus, Aedes galloisi, Culex pallidothorax, Culex pipiens, Culex gelidus, and Armigeres subalbatus, across eight habitats using the HiSeq 4000 system and the V3−V4 hyper-variable region of 16S rRNA gene. After quality filtering and rarefaction, a total of 1421 operational taxonomic units, belonging to 29 phyla, 44 families, and 43 genera were identified. Proteobacteria (75.67%) were the most common phylum, followed by Firmicutes (10.38%), Bacteroidetes (6.87%), Thermi (4.60%), and Actinobacteria (1.58%). The genera Rickettsiaceae (33.00%), Enterobacteriaceae (20.27%), Enterococcaceae (7.49%), Aeromonadaceae (7.00%), Thermaceae (4.52%), and Moraxellaceae (4.31%) were dominant in the samples analyzed and accounted for 76.59% of the total genera. We characterized the midgut bacterial communities of six mosquito species in Hainan province, China. The gut bacterial communities were different in composition and abundance, among locations, for all mosquito species. There were significant differences in the gut microbial composition between some species and substantial variation in the gut microbiota between individuals of the same mosquito species. There was a marked variation in different mosquito gut microbiota within the same location. These results might be useful in the identification of microbial communities that could be exploited for disease control.

scholarly journals Shaping of the Present-Day Deep Biosphere at Chicxulub by the Impact Catastrophe That Ended the Cretaceous

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles S. Cockell ◽  
Bettina Schaefer ◽  
Cornelia Wuchter ◽  
Marco J. L. Coolen ◽  
Kliti Grice ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Communities ◽  
Amplicon Sequencing ◽  
Granitic Rocks ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Deep Biosphere ◽  
Deep Subsurface ◽  
Cell Biomass ◽  
Colonization Potential ◽  
The Impact

We report on the effect of the end-Cretaceous impact event on the present-day deep microbial biosphere at the impact site. IODP-ICDP Expedition 364 drilled into the peak ring of the Chicxulub crater, México, allowing us to investigate the microbial communities within this structure. Increased cell biomass was found in the impact suevite, which was deposited within the first few hours of the Cenozoic, demonstrating that the impact produced a new lithological horizon that caused a long-term improvement in deep subsurface colonization potential. In the biologically impoverished granitic rocks, we observed increased cell abundances at impact-induced geological interfaces, that can be attributed to the nutritionally diverse substrates and/or elevated fluid flow. 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing revealed taxonomically distinct microbial communities in each crater lithology. These observations show that the impact caused geological deformation that continues to shape the deep subsurface biosphere at Chicxulub in the present day.

scholarly journals Long-Term Exposure of Agricultural Soil to Veterinary Antibiotics Changes the Population Structure of Symbiotic Nitrogen-Fixing Rhizobacteria Occupying Nodules of Soybeans (Glycine max)

2018 ◽  
Vol 84 (9) ◽  
Author(s):  
Cécile Revellin ◽  
Alain Hartmann ◽  
Sébastien Solanas ◽  
Edward Topp
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Soil ◽  
23S Rrna ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Nodule Occupancy ◽  
Nitrogen Fixing ◽  
Swine Production ◽  
Soybean Roots ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Field Plots

ABSTRACTAntibiotics are entrained in agricultural soil through the application of manures from medicated animals. In the present study, a series of small field plots was established in 1999 that receive annual spring applications of a mixture of tylosin, sulfamethazine, and chlortetracycline at concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 10 mg · kg−1soil. These antibiotics are commonly used in commercial swine production. The field plots were cropped continuously for soybeans, and in 2012, after 14 annual antibiotic applications, the nodules from soybean roots were sampled and the occupying bradyrhizobia were characterized. Nodules and isolates were serotyped, and isolates were distinguished using 16S rRNA gene and 16S to 23S rRNA gene intergenic spacer region sequencing, multilocus sequence typing, and RSα fingerprinting. Treatment with the antibiotic mixture skewed the population of bradyrhizobia dominating the nodule occupancy, with a significantly larger proportion ofBradyrhizobium liaoningenseorganisms even at the lowest dose of 0.1 mg · kg−1soil. Likewise, all doses of antibiotics altered the distribution of RSα fingerprint types. Bradyrhizobia were phenotypically evaluated for their sensitivity to the antibiotics, and there was no association betweenin situtreatment and a decreased sensitivity to the drugs. Overall, long-term exposure to the antibiotic mixture altered the composition of bradyrhizobial populations occupying nitrogen-fixing nodules, apparently through an indirect effect not associated with the sensitivity to the drugs. Further work evaluating agronomic impacts is warranted.IMPORTANCEAntibiotics are entrained in agricultural soil through the application of animal or human waste or by irrigation with reused wastewater. Soybeans obtain nitrogen through symbiotic nitrogen fixation. Here, we evaluated the impact of 14 annual exposures to antibiotics commonly used in swine production on the distribution of bradyrhizobia occupying nitrogen-fixing nodules on soybean roots in a long-term field experiment. By means of various sequencing and genomic fingerprinting techniques, the repeated exposure to a mixture of tylosin, sulfamethazine, and chlortetracycline each at a nominal soil concentration of 0.1 mg · kg−1soil was found to modify the diversity and identity of bradyrhizobia occupying the nodules. Nodule occupancy was not associated with the level of sensitivity to the antibiotics, indicating that the observed effects were not due to the direct toxicity of the antibiotics on bradyrhizobia. Altogether, these results indicate the potential for long-term impacts of antibiotics on this agronomically important symbiosis.

scholarly journals Dietary Proteins Relevant to Human Consumption Impact the Development of Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes in Association with Major Changes in the Gut Microbiota in a Mouse Model (OR27-03-19)

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Noëmie Daniel ◽  
Béatrice Choi ◽  
Vanessa Houde ◽  
Thibault Varin ◽  
Cecile Vors ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Animal Models ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Insulin Signaling ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Oral Glucose ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Dietary Proteins ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Objectives Animal models fed a high-fat high-sucrose (HFHS) diet are commonly used to study obesity and cardiometabolic diseases. While much attention is paid to the impact of fat and carbohydrates sources, very little consideration is given to the composition of dietary proteins. Indeed, casein is often the only source of protein in rodent's diet. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of a dietary protein mix that is more relevant to typical intakes of proteins in humans and its influences on body weight gain, metabolic health and gut microbiota. Methods Our new diet contained a mix of 10 protein sources based on NHANES data that were incorporated into low-fat low-sucrose (LFLS) and HFHS diets. C57BL/6J mice were fed these diets or control diets containing identical amounts of casein as the only source of protein for 12 weeks. Feces were collected for gut microbiota investigation, an oral glucose tolerance test was performed and tissues were harvested for analysis of insulin signaling and mTOR/S6K1 activation. Results 16S rRNA gene sequencing of fecal samples showed that both LFLS and HFHS mice fed the protein mix had increased gut microbiota diversity, and significant changes in the relative abundance of several bacterial species (higher Adlercreutzia or Tyzzerella, lower Bacteroides or Akkermansia) as compared to mice fed casein only. Importantly, inclusion of the protein mix amplified the effects of the HFHS diet on the development of obesity, glucose intolerance and hyperinsulinemia as compared to casein-fed animals, whereas no difference was observed in the context of LFLS feeding. Evaluation of insulin signaling in the liver also revealed that the protein mix potentiated the effect of HFHS feeding on the mTORC1/S6K1 pathway, increasing inhibitory phosphorylation of IRS-1 on Ser1101 and leading to further impairment of Akt activation by insulin. Conclusions Our results reveal that compared to pure casein, feeding a protein mixture causes major changes in the gut microbiota profile and greater impact on HFHS-induced obesity and associated metabolic impairments. This study illustrates the importance of considering a diverse source of dietary proteins when using laboratory animal models to more reliably reproduce the development of metabolic syndrome in humans, and to enhance the clinical relevance of nutritional and therapeutic interventions. Funding Sources N/A.

scholarly journals High functional diversity stimulates diversification in experimental microbial communities

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (6) ◽  
pp. e1600124 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandre Jousset ◽  
Nico Eisenhauer ◽  
Monika Merker ◽  
Nicolas Mouquet ◽  
Stefan Scheu
Keyword(s):  
Ecosystem Services ◽  
Functional Diversity ◽  
Bacterial Communities ◽  
Evolutionary Dynamics ◽  
Resource Competition ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Focal Species ◽  
Evolutionary Diversification ◽  
The Impact ◽  
High Diversity

There is a growing awareness that biodiversity not only drives ecosystem services but also affects evolutionary dynamics. However, different theories predict contrasting outcomes on when do evolutionary processes occur within a context of competition. We tested whether functional diversity can explain diversification patterns. We tracked the survival and diversification of a focal bacterial species (Pseudomonas fluorescens) growing in bacterial communities of variable diversity and composition. We found that high functional diversity reduced the fitness of the focal species and, at the same time, fostered its diversification. This pattern was linked to resource competition: High diversity increased competition on a portion of the resources while leaving most underexploited. The evolved phenotypes of the focal species showed a better use of underexploited resources, albeit at a cost of lower overall growth rates. As a result, diversification alleviated the impact of competition on the fitness of the focal species. We conclude that biodiversity can stimulate evolutionary diversification, provided that sufficient alternative niches are available.

scholarly journals Effect of Bacillus mesonae H20-5 Treatment on Rhizospheric Bacterial Community of Tomato Plants under Salinity Stress

2021 ◽  
Vol 37 (6) ◽  
pp. 662-672
Author(s):  
Shin Ae Lee ◽  
Hyeon Su Kim ◽  
Mee Kyung Sang ◽  
Jaekyeong Song ◽  
Hang-Yeon Weon
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Community ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Soil Salinity ◽  
Bacterial Communities ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Plant Growth Promoting Bacteria ◽  
Tomato Plants ◽  
Rhizosphere Soils ◽  
Salinity Levels

Plant growth-promoting bacteria improve plant growth under abiotic stress conditions. However, their effects on microbial succession in the rhizosphere are poorly understood. In this study, the inoculants of Bacillus mesonae strain H20-5 were administered to tomato plants grown in soils with different salinity levels (EC of 2, 4, and 6 dS/m). The bacterial communities in the bulk and rhizosphere soils were examined 14 days after H20-5 treatment using Illumina MiSeq sequencing of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene. Although the abundance of H20-5 rapidly decreased in the bulk and rhizosphere soils, a shift in the bacterial community was observed following H20-5 treatment. The variation in bacterial communities due to H20-5 treatment was higher in the rhizosphere than in the bulk soils. Additionally, the bacterial species richness and diversity were greater in the H20-5 treated rhizosphere than in the control. The composition and structure of the bacterial communities varied with soil salinity levels, and those in the H20-5 treated rhizosphere soil were clustered. The members of Actinobacteria genera, including Kineosporia, Virgisporangium, Actinoplanes, Gaiella, Blastococcus, and Solirubrobacter, were enriched in the H20-5 treated rhizosphere soils. The microbial co-occurrence network of the bacterial community in the H20-5 treated rhizosphere soils had more modules and keystone taxa compared to the control. These findings revealed that the strain H20-5 induced systemic tolerance in tomato plants and influenced the diversity, composition, structure, and network of bacterial communities. The bacterial community in the H20-5 treated rhizosphere soils also appeared to be relatively stable to soil salinity changes.

scholarly journals Resilience to childhood adversity

2016 ◽  
Vol 85 (2) ◽  
pp. 22-25
Author(s):  
Catherine Anne Wassenaar
Keyword(s):  
Childhood Adversity ◽  
Later Life ◽  
Environmental Research ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress ◽  
Gene Coding ◽  
Environmental Interactions ◽  
Mitigating Factor ◽  
High Degree ◽  
The Impact

Despite being linked to several negative long-term physical and psychological pathologies in adulthood, childhood adversity elicits variable responses in the sufferer. When searching for explanations for this heterogeneity, the concept of resilience has been postulated as a potential mitigating factor. Gene-environmental interactions are a promising avenue in the study of resilience. The premise of gene-environmental research is that interindividual variability in the response to an environmental stressor is due to an individual’s genetic make-up exacerbating or buffering the impact of that stressor. Herein, gene-environmental findings are illustrated in the context of depression and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Many of the gene loci found to interact with childhood adversity influence both depression and PTSD possibly due to the high degree of shared heritability between these psychopathologies. Variation in the serotonin transporter gene, SLC6A4, and in FKBP5, a gene coding for a glucocorticoid receptor binding protein, interacts with childhood adversity to influence the development and symptomology of depression and of PTSD. Findings in the field of gene-environmental interactions has led to a proposed 3-hit model whereby 3 hits, genetics, early life experiences and later life stressors, interact to determine whether an individual is vulnerable or resilient to the development of psychopathology. As limitations with the current research are addressed and complementary lines of research are integrated, the insight gained on childhood adversity has the potential to better predict children at risk of the long-term sequelae of adversity and to inform potential intervention and prevention strategies.

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