Generation of Bacteriophage-Insensitive Mutants ofStreptococcus thermophilusvia an Antisense RNA CRISPR-Cas Silencing Approach
ABSTRACTPredation of starter lactic acid bacteria such asStreptococcus thermophilusby bacteriophages is a persistent and costly problem in the dairy industry. CRISPR-mediatedbacteriophageinsensitivemutants (BIMs), while straightforward to generate and verify, can quickly be overcome by mutant phages. The aim of this study was to develop a tool allowing the generation of derivatives of commercialS. thermophilusstrains which are resistant to phage attack through a non-CRISPR-mediated mechanism, with the objective of generating BIMs exhibiting stable resistance against a range of isolated lyticS. thermophilusphages. To achieve this, standard BIM generation was complemented by the use of the wild-type (WT) strain which had been transformed with an antisense mRNA-generating plasmid (targeting a crucial CRISPR-associated [cas] gene) in order to facilitate the generation of non-CRISPR-mediated BIMs. Phage sensitivity assays suggest that non-CRISPR-mediated BIMs exhibit some advantages compared to CRISPR-mediated BIMs derived from the same strain.IMPORTANCEThe outlined approach reveals the presence of a powerful host-imposed barrier for phage infection inS. thermophilus. Considering the detrimental economic consequences of phage infection in the dairy processing environment, the developed methodology has widespread applications, particularly where other methods may not be practical or effective in obtaining robust, phage-tolerantS. thermophilusstarter strains.