scholarly journals The Case of Botulinum Toxin in Milk: Experimental Data

2010 ◽  
Vol 76 (10) ◽  
pp. 3293-3300 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oliver G. Weingart ◽  
Tanja Schreiber ◽  
Conny Mascher ◽  
Diana Pauly ◽  
Martin B. Dorner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Structural Integrity ◽  
Toxic Substance ◽  
Industrial Process ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Product Distribution ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Mouse Bioassay ◽  
Milk Supply ◽  
Threat Level

ABSTRACT Botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) is the most toxic substance known to man and the causative agent of botulism. Due to its high toxicity and the availability of the producing organism Clostridium botulinum, BoNT is regarded as a potential biological warfare agent. Because of the mild pasteurization process, as well as rapid product distribution and consumption, the milk supply chain has long been considered a potential target of a bioterrorist attack. Since, to our knowledge, no empirical data on the inactivation of BoNT in milk during pasteurization are available at this time, we investigated the activities of BoNT type A (BoNT/A) and BoNT/B, as well as their respective complexes, during a laboratory-scale pasteurization process. When we monitored milk alkaline phosphatase activity, which is an industry-accepted parameter of successfully completed pasteurization, our method proved comparable to the industrial process. After heating raw milk spiked with a set amount of BoNT/A or BoNT/B or one of their respective complexes, the structural integrity of the toxin was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and its functional activity by mouse bioassay. We demonstrated that standard pasteurization at 72°C for 15 s inactivates at least 99.99% of BoNT/A and BoNT/B and at least 99.5% of their respective complexes. Our results suggest that if BoNTs or their complexes were deliberately released into the milk supply chain, standard pasteurization conditions would reduce their activity much more dramatically than originally anticipated and thus lower the threat level of the widely discussed “BoNT in milk” scenario.

scholarly journals Microbiological Quality Assessment and Identification of Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria at Different Stages of the Milk Supply Chain in Dhaka City of Bangladesh

2021 ◽  
pp. 67-76
Author(s):  
Abira Nowar ◽  
Ila Ismail ◽  
Raisa Binte Iqbal ◽  
Sharmin Rumi Alim
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Microbiological Quality ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Microbiological Analysis ◽  
Milk Supply ◽  
Pasteurized Milk ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Processing Plants ◽  
Virulent Gene

Aims: Milk works as an excellent medium for bacterial growth and can turn into a fatal source of food borne diseases when consumed without pasteurization. This study was carried out to examine the microbiological quality of milk from three different points of milk supply chain to investigate whether the dairy stakeholders are maintaining the consumer safety or not. Study Design: A cross sectional study Place and Duration: The study took place at the Food Microbiology lab of Institute of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Dhaka from November 2019 to February 2020. Methodology: A total of 60 samples were studied including raw milk from collection centers, unpackaged pasteurized milk from processing plants and packaged pasteurized milks from retail shops. After carrying out the microbiological analysis the samples were examined for determining the total bacterial count (TBC) and total coliform count (TCC). Antibiotic susceptibility test was done using disk diffusion assay and detection of virulent gene in Salmonella spp. was done by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) using specific invA primer. Results: The results revealed that all raw milk samples were substandard in terms of TBC and TCC and pasteurized milks from processing plants maintained the standard quality. Importantly, packaged pasteurized milk samples from retail shops had high TBC (>4.0× 104 CFU/mL) and TCC (1.2×103 CFU/mL) containing Pseudomonas, Micrococcus, Streptococcus, Salmonella, Proteus, Staphylococcus, Bacillus and E. coli. Bacteria like Salmonella (75%), Proteus (62.5%) and Vibrio (62.5%) possessed high Multiple Antibiotic Resistance (MAR) index and showed resistance towards antibiotics namely Ampicillin, Amoxicillin, Erythromycin and Colistin. Through further molecular analysis we detected invA virulent gene one of the Salmonella isolates which was collected from the pasteurized milk samples of the retail shops. Conclusion: High bacterial load in raw milk and packaged pasteurized milk indicate that the milk we consume is substandard in microbiological quality. Precautionary measurements and careful processing of milk may reduce the prevalence of microbiological contamination in the milk supply chain.

How can mixed integer linear programming assist dairy manufacturers by integrating supply decisions and production planning?

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 178-193
Author(s):  
Juliana Emidio ◽  
Rafael Lima ◽  
Camila Leal ◽  
Grasiele Madrona
Keyword(s):  
Linear Programming ◽  
Supply Chain ◽  
Integer Linear Programming ◽  
Mixed Integer Linear Programming ◽  
Dairy Products ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Mixed Integer ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
By Products

PurposeThe dairy industry needs to make important decisions regarding its supply chain. In a context with many available suppliers, deciding which of them will be part of the supply chain and deciding when to buy raw milk is key to the supply chain performance. This study aims to propose a mathematical model to support milk supply decisions. In addition to determining which producers should be chosen as suppliers, the model decides on a milk pickup schedule over a planning horizon. The model addresses production decisions, inventory, setup and the use of by-products generated in the raw milk processing.Design/methodology/approachThe model was formulated using mixed integer linear programming, tested with randomly generated instances of various sizes and solved using the Gurobi Solver. Instances were generated using parameters obtained from a company that manufactures dairy products to test the model in a more realistic scenario.FindingsThe results show that the proposed model can be solved with real-world sized instances in short computational times and yielding high quality results. Hence, companies can adopt this model to reduce transportation, production and inventory costs by supporting decision making throughout their supply chains.Originality/valueThe novelty of the proposed model stems from the ability to integrate milk pickup and production planning of dairy products, thus being more comprehensive than the models currently available in the literature. Additionally, the model also considers by-products, which can be used as inputs for other products.

scholarly journals Statistically Guided Synthesis of MoV-Based Mixed-Oxide Catalysts for Ethane Partial Oxidation

Catalysts ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (9) ◽  
pp. 370
Author(s):  
Juan Jimenez ◽  
Kathleen Mingle ◽  
Teeraya Bureerug ◽  
Cun Wen ◽  
Jochen Lauterbach
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Partial Oxidation ◽  
Mixed Oxide ◽  
Structural Integrity ◽  
Product Distribution ◽  
Catalytic Performance ◽  
Oxide Catalysts ◽  
Acid Yield ◽  
Mixed Oxide Catalysts ◽  
Catalyst Composition

The catalytic performance of Mo8V2Nb1-based mixed-oxide catalysts for ethane partial oxidation is highly sensitive to the doping of elements with redox and acid functionality. Specifically, control over product distributions to ethylene and acetic acid can be afforded via the specific pairing of redox elements (Pd, Ni, Ti) and acid elements (K, Cs, Te) and the levels at which these elements are doped. The redox element, acid element, redox/acid ratio, and dopant/host ratio were investigated using a three-level, four-factor factorial screening design to establish relationships between catalyst composition, structure, and product distribution for ethane partial oxidation. Results show that the balance between redox and acid functionality and overall dopant level is important for maximizing the formation of each product while maintaining the structural integrity of the host metal oxide. Overall, ethylene yield was maximized for a Mo8V2Nb1Ni0.0025Te0.5 composition, while acetic acid yield was maximized for a Mo8V2Nb1Ti0.005Te1 catalyst.

scholarly journals Analisis Bullwhip Effect pada Rantai Supply dengan Model Q Menggunakan Pendekatan Hadley-Within di PT. XYZ Medan

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Martha Purnama Sari Panggabean ◽  
Dimas Akmarul Putera ◽  
Nursafwah
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Inventory Control ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Control Policy ◽  
Bullwhip Effect ◽  
Product Distribution ◽  
Soft Drinks ◽  
Inventory Cost ◽  
Inventory Control Policy ◽  
Q Model

PT. XYZ adalah perusahaan yang bergerak didalam pembuatan kemasan botol minum. Pendistribusian produk dilakukan PT XYZ menggunakan data historis berdasarkan jumlah permintaan pada tahun 2013 dan 2014. Data tersebut menunjukkan bahwa terjadinya perbedaan hasil. Tahun 2013 memiliki jumlah permintaan yang lebih rendah dari tahun 2014. Informasi terdapat bahwa perlu dilakukan pengevaluasian karena didalam rantai produksi terdapat bullwhip effect. Terdapat nilai bullwhip Effect menujukan bahwa nilai bullwhip effect untuk distributor Indomaret, Carrefour, dan rantai manufakturnya masing-masing sebesar 0,5303; 0,2967, dan 0,5114. Usulan perbaikan dapat diatasi yaitu dengan model Q yang berfungsi menggendalikan persediaan pada rantai pasok dengan metodeHadley-Within. Perhitungan pengendalian persediaan untuk distributor Indomaret, Carrefour, dan rantai manufakturnya masing-masing sebesar 1,0721; 1,100; dan 1,0714. Hasil dari perhitungan menujukan bahwa terjadi keseimbangan antara penjual dan pembeli sehingga biaya pun dapat dihematkan pada PT XYZ.   PT. XYZ Medan is manufacturing company that produce soft drinks of beverages in containers. In the product distribution system at PT. XYZ Medan, found that the number of orders based on the result of forecasting in 2013 lower than actual orders at distrbutor and manufacturer in 2014. Distorsion of information on this order can evaluate the indication of bullwhip effect in supply chain. Based on the result calculation of bullwhip effect, found that the value of bullwhip effect for Indomaret distributor, Carrefour, and supply chain of manufacturer each of 0,5303; 0,2967, and 0,5114. Proposed improvements to predominate bullwhip effect that is by doing inventory control policy with Q model using Hadley-Within approach. The value of bullwhip effect aftre doing inventory control policy for Indomaret distributor, Carrefour, and supply chain of manufacturer each of 1,0721; 1,100; dan 1,0714. The value of bullwhip effect which is close to one shows that the variance between the number of the order and the number of the demand nearly balanced so as to save the inventory cost at PT. XYZ Medan.

scholarly journals Does the Price Support Policy Drive a Balanced Distribution of Profits in the Chinese Dairy Supply Chain? Implications for Supplier and Consumer Psychology

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Feng Hu ◽  
Xun Xi ◽  
Rongjian Yu ◽  
Rong Xiang ◽  
Yueyue Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Supply Chain ◽  
Consumer Psychology ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Price Increase ◽  
Price Support ◽  
The Sustainable Development ◽  
Balanced Distribution ◽  
Support Policy ◽  
The Impact

Evaluating the price policy of raw milk is of great significance to the sustainable development of an industry supply chain. In this context, our study used the multi-period difference-in-difference method to systematically examine the impact of the policy implementation on product price and profit distribution in the supply chain. The results showed the following: (1) the price of raw milk in the implementation area of the price support policy is 13.54% higher than that of the unimplemented area; (2) the effect of price increase in the western region (15.5%) is higher than that in the eastern region (13%), and the central region (10.73%); (3) furthermore, the purchase price guidance policy of raw milk drives price increase or price suppression in the links of the supply chain to promote a balanced distribution of profits among the participants in the chain. These conclusions all have good stability and have reference significance for further improving and adjusting the price support policy of raw milk to realize the sustainable development of the Chinese dairy industry. This will enhance the production confidence of Chinese raw milk producers and improve Chinese consumers’ expectations and consumer psychology regarding domestic dairy products.

Adoption of Blockchain Technology to Improve Integrity of Halal Supply Chain Management

2021 ◽  
pp. 2488-2496
Author(s):  
Yudi Fernando ◽  
Mohd Ridzuan Darun ◽  
Ahmed Zainul Abideen ◽  
Daing Nasir Ibrahim ◽  
Marco Tieman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Supply Chain Management ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Product Distribution ◽  
Research Gaps ◽  
Chain Management ◽  
Supply Chain Networks ◽  
Fast Growing ◽  
Blockchain Technology

The fast-growing number of Halal integrity issues has attracted the scholar's debate on improving integrity in practicing the Halal supply chain. To investigate how firms comply with Halal procedures in supply chain may not possibly provide much potential research gaps. The application of technology in improving Halal supply chain management on blockchain technology should be given urgent priority. The aim of this chapter is to explore the possibility to integrate blockchain technology to improve the use of Halal supply chain management. Blockchain technology will help the Halal based oriented firm in the supply chain to trace the source of the raw materials, products, labeling information, and Halal product distribution to strengthen the supply chain networks. Blockchain technology-driven Halal supply chain shall overcome and surpass issues related to Halal integrity and certifications which could also have an impact globally.

scholarly journals Seroprevalence of human Brucellosis and associated risk factors among high-risk occupations in Mbeya Region of Tanzania

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frederick D. Sagamiko ◽  
Ruth L. Mfune ◽  
Bernard M. Hang’ombe ◽  
Esron D. Karimuribo ◽  
Alfred M. Mwanza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Human Brucellosis ◽  
P Value ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Occupationally Exposed ◽  
Associated Risk Factors

Background: Brucellosis is a bacterial zoonotic disease of public health and economic importance. A cross-sectional study was conducted in Mbeya region between November 2015 and January 2016 to investigate the seroprevalence of human brucellosis and identify associated risk factors among individuals in risky occupations. Methods: A total of 425 humans from six occupational categories were serially tested for Brucella antibodies using the Rose Bengal Plate Test (RBPT) and competitive Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (c-ELISA), for screening and confirmation, respectively. A questionnaire survey was also administered to participants to collect epidemiological data. Results: The overall seroprevalence among the occupationally exposed individuals was 1.41% (95% CI: 00.64-3.12). Seroprevalence was higher among butcher men 5.6% (95% CI: 1.68-5.26), herds men 1.35% (95% CI: 0.18-9.02); and abattoir workers 1.1% (95% CI: 0.26-4.22) although there was no statistical significance. (P value = .18). Seroprevalence was also higher among men (1.8%) compared to females (0%) (P value = .19). and also, among those aged < 11 years (2.5%). Individuals who consumed raw milk had a higher seroprevalence (1.56%) compared to those who drunk boiled milk while seropositivity was 0.88% among those who assisted animals during parturition (P value = .49). Butcher men were at higher risk of exposure compared to other occupational categories. Our findings show the presence of brucellosis in occupationally exposed individuals in Mbeya region.Conclusion: There is need to sensitize the concerned professions in order to reduce the risk of acquiring Brucella infections from animals and animal products This also calls for public health awareness about the disease, and implementation of measures to prevent further spread of brucellosis within and outside the study area.

scholarly journals Mobile application for the purpose of marketing, product distribution and location-based logistics for elderly farmers

2020 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sumitra Nuanmeesri
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Mobile Application ◽  
Product Distribution ◽  
Agricultural Product ◽  
A Value ◽  
Service Supply Chain ◽  
Ant Colony Algorithms ◽  
User Comprehension ◽  
One Stop ◽  
The One

This research has developed a one-stop service supply chain mobile application for the purpose of marketing, product distribution and location-based logistics for elderly farmers and consumers in accordance with the Thailand 4.0 economic model. This is an investigation into the agricultural product distribution supply chain which focuses on marketing, distribution and logistics using the Dijkstra’s and Ant Colony Algorithms to respectively explore the major and minor product transport routes. The accuracy rate was determined to be 97%. The application is congruent with the product distribution, supply chain, in a value-based economy. The effectiveness of the mobile application was indicated to be at the highest level of results of learning outcomes, user comprehension and user experience of users. That is, the developed mobile application could be effectively used as a tool to support elderly farmers to distribute their agricultural products in the one-stop service supply chain which emphasizes marketing, distribution and location-based logistics for elderly farmers and consumers with respect to Thailand 4.0.

Differentiated‐product distribution in a dual‐channel supply chain

2019 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 363-373 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xujin Pu ◽  
Shuxing Sun ◽  
Guanghua Han
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Product Distribution ◽  
Dual Channel ◽  
Dual Channel Supply Chain
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