scholarly journals Concentration of Norovirus during Wastewater Treatment and Its Impact on Oyster Contamination

2012 ◽  
Vol 78 (9) ◽  
pp. 3400-3406 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Flannery ◽  
Sinéad Keaveney ◽  
Paulina Rajko-Nenow ◽  
Vincent O'Flaherty ◽  
William Doré
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Virus Genome ◽  
Seasonal Trend ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Winter Period ◽  
Content Type ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Mean

ABSTRACTThe concentrations ofEscherichia coli, F-specific RNA bacteriophage (FRNA bacteriophage), and norovirus genogroup I (NoV GI) and norovirus genogroup II (NoV GII) in wastewater were monitored weekly over a 1-year period at a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) providing secondary wastewater treatment. A total of 49 samples of influent wastewater and wastewater that had been treated by primary and secondary wastewater treatment processes (primary and secondary treated wastewater) were analyzed. Using a real-time reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR), the mean NoV GI and NoV GII concentrations detected in effluent wastewater were 2.53 and 2.63 log10virus genome copies 100 ml−1, respectively. The mean NoV concentrations in wastewater during the winter period (January to March) (n= 12) were 0.82 (NoV GI) and 1.41 (NoV GII) log units greater than the mean concentrations for the rest of the year (n= 37). The mean reductions of NoV GI and GII during treatment were 0.80 and 0.92 log units, respectively, with no significant difference detected in the extent of NoV reductions due to season. No seasonal trend was detected in the concentrations ofE. colior FRNA bacteriophage in wastewater influent and showed mean reductions of 1.49 and 2.13 log units, respectively. Mean concentrations of 3.56 and 3.72 log10virus genome copies 100 ml−1for NoV GI and GII, respectively, were detected in oysters sampled adjacent to the WWTP discharge. A strong seasonal trend was observed, and the concentrations of NoV GI and GII detected in oysters were correlated with concentrations detected in the wastewater effluent. No seasonal difference was detected in concentrations ofE. colior FRNA bacteriophage detected in oysters.

Hydraulic behaviour and removal efficiencies of two H-SSF constructed wetlands for wastewater reuse with different operational life

2011 ◽  
Vol 64 (5) ◽  
pp. 1032-1039 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Barbagallo ◽  
G. L. Cirelli ◽  
A. Marzo ◽  
M. Milani ◽  
A. Toscano
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Constructed Wetlands ◽  
High Reliability ◽  
Wastewater Reuse ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Breakthrough Curves ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Hydraulic Behaviour ◽  
Operational Life ◽  
The Mean

This work focuses on the performance evaluation of two full-scale horizontal suburface flow constructed wetlands (H-SSF CWs) working in parallel, which have an almost equal surface area (about 2,000 m2) but with different operational lives: 8 and 3 years. Both H-SSF CWs, located in Southern Italy (Sicily), are used for tertiary treatment of the effluent of a conventional wastewater treatment plant. This study evaluates and compares H-SSF CW efficiency both in terms of water quality improvement (removal percentage) and achievement of Italian wastewater discharge and irrigation reuse limits. The mean removal percentage, for the overall operational life, of TSS, COD and BOD (80%, 63%, 58% obtained for H-SSF1 and 67%, 38%, 41% for H-SSF2), confirm the high reliability of CWs for wastewater treatment. However, despite the satisfactory removal of microbial indicators (the mean E. coli removal was up to 2.5 log unit for both beds), CWs didn't achieve the Italian limits for wastewater reuse. Information on hydraulic properties of the CWs were extracted from breakthrough curves of a non-reactive tracer (NaCl). By comparing the nominal (τn) and actual residence time (τ), hydraulic behaviour was revealed.

scholarly journals Toxigenic Clostridium difficile PCR Ribotypes from Wastewater Treatment Plants in Southern Switzerland

2012 ◽  
Vol 78 (18) ◽  
pp. 6643-6646 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vincenza Romano ◽  
Vincenzo Pasquale ◽  
Karel Krovacek ◽  
Federica Mauri ◽  
Antonella Demarta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Clostridium Difficile ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Binary Toxin ◽  
Toxin B ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Human Infections ◽  
Reuse Of Treated Wastewater

ABSTRACTThe occurrence ofClostridium difficilein nine wastewater treatment plants in the Ticino Canton (southern Switzerland) was investigated. The samples were collected from raw sewage influents and from treated effluents. Forty-seven out of 55 characterizedC. difficilestrains belonged to 13 different reference PCR ribotypes (009, 010, 014, 015, 039, 052, 053, 066, 070, 078, 101, 106, and 117), whereas 8 strains did not match any of those available in our libraries. The most frequently isolated ribotype (40%) was 078, isolated from six wastewater treatment plants, whereas ribotype 066, a toxigenic emerging ribotype isolated from patients admitted to hospitals in Europe and Switzerland, was isolated from the outgoing effluent of one plant. The majority of the isolates (85%) were toxigenic. Forty-nine percent of them produced toxin A, toxin B, and the binary toxin (toxigenic profile A+B+CDT+), whereas 51% showed the profile A+B+CDT−. Interestingly, eight ribotypes (010, 014, 015, 039, 066, 078, 101, and 106) were among the riboprofiles isolated from symptomatic patients admitted to the hospitals of the Ticino Canton in 2010. Despite the limitation of sampling, this study highlights that toxigenic ribotypes ofC. difficileinvolved in human infections may occur in both incoming and outgoing biological wastewater treatment plants. Such a finding raises concern about the possible contamination of water bodies that receive wastewater treatment plant effluents and about the safe reuse of treated wastewater.

scholarly journals Evidence of Naturalized Stress-Tolerant Strains of Escherichia coli in Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plants

2016 ◽  
Vol 82 (18) ◽  
pp. 5505-5518 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shuai Zhi ◽  
Graham Banting ◽  
Qiaozhi Li ◽  
Thomas A. Edge ◽  
Edward Topp ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Intergenic Region ◽  
Municipal Wastewater ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Content Type ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Biomarker Pattern ◽  
Biomarker Analysis ◽  
Pcr Targeting

ABSTRACTEscherichia colihas been proposed to have two habitats—the intestines of mammals/birds and the nonhost environment. Our goal was to assess whether certain strains ofE. colihave evolved toward adaptation and survival in wastewater. Raw sewage samples from different treatment plants were subjected to chlorine stress, and ∼59% of the survivingE. colistrains were found to contain a genetic insertion element (IS30) located within theuspC-flhDCintergenic region. The positional location of the IS30element was not observed across a library of 845E. coliisolates collected from various animal hosts or within GenBank or whole-genome reference databases for human and animalE. coliisolates (n= 1,177). Phylogenetics clustered the IS30element-containing wastewaterE. coliisolates into a distinct clade, and biomarker analysis revealed that these wastewater isolates contained a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) biomarker pattern that was specific for wastewater. These isolates belonged to phylogroup A, possessed generalized stress response (RpoS) activity, and carried the locus of heat resistance, features likely relevant to nonhost environmental survival. Isolates were screened for 28 virulence genes but carried only thefimHmarker. Our data suggest that wastewater contains a naturalized resident population ofE. coli. We developed an endpoint PCR targeting the IS30element within theuspC-flhDCintergenic region, and all raw sewage samples (n= 21) were positive for this marker. Conversely, the prevalence of this marker inE. coli-positive surface and groundwater samples was low (≤5%). This simple PCR assay may represent a convenient microbial source-tracking tool for identification of water samples affected by municipal wastewater.IMPORTANCEThe results of this study demonstrate that some strains ofE. coliappear to have evolved to become naturalized populations in the wastewater environment and possess a number of stress-related genetic elements likely important for survival in this nonhost environment. The presence of non-host-adapted strains in wastewater challenges our understanding of usingE. colias a microbial indicator of wastewater treatment performance, suggesting that theE. colistrains present in human and animal feces may be very different from those found in treated wastewater.

scholarly journals Reuse of Treated Wastewater in the Manufacture of Concrete: Major Challenge of Environmental Preservation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fatima Zahra Bouaich ◽  
Walid Maherzi ◽  
Fadoua Elhajjaji ◽  
Nor-Edine Abriak ◽  
Mahfoud Ben Zarzour ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Setting Time ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Mechanical Resistance ◽  
Significance Level ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Reuse Of Treated Wastewater ◽  
Mixing Water

Abstract This work concerns the reuse of treated wastewater from Er-Rachidia wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) in the mixing of ordinary B25 concrete, in order to reduce the overexploitation of groundwater, avoid its discharge into watercourses and reduce the risk of environmental pollution due to its mineral and organic matter load. In this respect, Tree types of mixing water were used in this study: Drinking Water (DW), Groundwater (GW) and Treated Wastewater (TW). The results recorded for each type of mixing water, in the fresh and hardened state of concretes, are then compared with the requirements of the standards. The obtained results show that the treated wastewater does not have any adverse effect upon the quality of the concrete; it has shown an improvement of the mechanical resistance from the first stage, a similar density, setting time and porosity and a slight decrease of the workability compared with the control concrete. A One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) at the 5% significance level indicated no significant difference between concrete samples produced and cured with treated wastewater and control samples at ages 7, 14, 28 and 90 days. Throughout this study the substitution of drinking water by treated wastewater will help to minimize the need for its use. Additionally, it saves drinking water for consumption and makes wastewater treatment plants more economically attractive, together with other similar goals for sustainable development.

scholarly journals Comparison of Biological and Nanofiltration methods to reduce the BOD5 of industrial wastewater for the reuse and access to sustainable water resources in urban areas, A case study of Najaf Abad in Iran

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 30-37
Author(s):  
Mohammad Mahdi Kohansal ◽  
Sara Saadati ◽  
Saeid Eslamian
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Industrial Wastewater ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Sustainable Urban Development ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Biological Method ◽  
Industrial Growth ◽  
The Mean

The rapid increase of human population accompanied by industrial growth and rising standards of living has resulted in heavy demand for water across all sectors. So, treated wastewater could be an unlimited and stable alternative for water supply to use in irrigation and industry and plays an important role to achieve sustainable urban development. Nowadays, finding an appropriate wastewater treatment & reuse method is one of the important issues which many research has been conducted in this field. The aim of this study was to compare the treated wastewater (industrial) by biological method compared to the nanofiltration method and determine more suitable method for industrial wastewater treatment. Thus, BOD5 of industrial wastewater was used for this purpose and the appropriate method was chosen by calculating the percentage and percentage of this parameter as well as analyzing the significance of the difference between the results of the two methods used by SPSS software. The nanofilter used in the study was made from carbon-neon and the pressure of its desired performance has been 10 times and the diameter of the stomata is 50-80 nm. Also, all experiments were performed weekly for a period of 11 weeks in Najaf Abad wastewater treatment plant. The results showed that the mean BOD5 = 6.87 mg / L measured by nanofiltration method while the mean BOD5 is 9.91 mg / L by biological method. According to the results, the nanofiltration method is more effective than the biological method. Nanofiltration method is suggested to prove the superiority and other water quality parameters are also tested.

scholarly journals BIOLOGICAL NITROGEN REMOVAL FROM WASTEWATER IN COLD PERIOD / BIOLOGINIS AZOTO JUNGINIŲ ŠALINIMAS IŠ NUOTEKŲ ŠALTUOJU LAIKOTARPIU

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 468-474
Author(s):  
Skaistė Paulionytė ◽  
Aušra Mažeikienė
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Natural Environment ◽  
Nitrate Nitrogen ◽  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Winter Period ◽  
Entire Study ◽  
Nitrite Nitrogen ◽  
Nitrogen Concentrations

Today the number of individual wastewater treatment plants in the country is increasing. Popular are biological treatment, activated sludge-based operating units. There are almost no data on how the wastewater disposed of nitrogen compounds, especially in the cold (winter) period. The article analyzes the small domestic wastewater treatment plant AT-6 available in the main clean-up indicators (pH, T, SS, BOD7, nitrate nitrogen, nitrite nitrogen, ammonia nitrogen concentrations). The investigation period as the AT-6 type device treated wastewater in line with the general requirements of the natural environment, effluents (depending on the temperature, odor, pH, and SS, BOD7 concentrations). Nitrate nitrogen and nitrite nitrogen concentrations in the effluent of the device did not exceed the requirements into the natural environment effluents. Ammonium nitrogen concentration in the treated wastewater the entire study period exceeded requirements (5 m. / l) of the discharge into the natural environment. It should be more research during the cold months to confirm this. Šiandien individualių buitinių nuotekų valymo įrenginių skaičius šalyje vis didėja. Populiarūs biologinio valymo veikliojo dumblo pagrindu veikiantys įrenginiai. Beveik nėra duomenų, kaip iš nuotekų šalinami azoto junginiai, ypač šaltuoju (žiemos) laikotarpiu. Straipsnyje analizuojami mažu buitinių nuotekų biologinio valymo įrenginiu AT-6 pasiekiami pagrindiniai išvalymo rodikliai (pH, temperatūra, SM, BDS7, nitratų azoto, nitritų azoto, amonio azoto koncentracijos). Tyrimų laikotarpiu AT-6 tipo įrenginiu išvalytos nuotekos atitiko bendruosius reikalavimus į gamtinę aplinką išleidžiamoms nuotekoms (pagal temperatūrą, kvapą, pH, SM ir BDS7 koncentracijas). Nitratų azoto ir nitritų azoto koncentracijos įrenginio ištakyje neviršijo reikalavimų į gamtinę aplinką išleidžiamoms nuotekoms. Amonio azoto koncentracija išvalytose nuotekose visą tyrimo laikotarpį viršijo reikalavimus (5 mg/l) išleidžiant nuotekas į gamtinę aplinką. Reikėtų atlikti daugiau tyrimų šaltuoju metų laikotarpiu rezultatams patvirtinti.

scholarly journals Calicivirus Removal in a Membrane Bioreactor Wastewater Treatment Plant

2011 ◽  
Vol 77 (15) ◽  
pp. 5170-5177 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura C. Sima ◽  
Julien Schaeffer ◽  
Jean-Claude Le Saux ◽  
Sylvain Parnaudeau ◽  
Menachem Elimelech ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Membrane Bioreactor ◽  
Limit Of Detection ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Virus Removal ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Reverse Transcription Pcr ◽  
Low Concentrations

ABSTRACTTo evaluate membrane bioreactor wastewater treatment virus removal, a study was conducted in southwest France. Samples collected from plant influent, an aeration basin, membrane effluent, solid sludge, and effluent biweekly from October 2009 to June 2010 were analyzed for calicivirus (norovirus and sapovirus) by real-time reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) using extraction controls to perform quantification. Adenovirus andEscherichia colialso were analyzed to compare removal efficiencies. In the influent, sapovirus was always present, while the norovirus concentration varied temporally, with the highest concentration being detected from February to May. All three human norovirus genogroups (GI, GII, and GIV) were detected in effluent, but GIV was never detected in effluent; GI and GII were detected in 50% of the samples but at low concentrations. In the effluent, sapovirus was identified only once. An adenovirus titer showing temporal variation in influent samples was identified only twice in effluent.E. coliwas always below the limit of detection in the effluent. Overall, the removal of calicivirus varied from 3.3 to greater than 6.8 log units, with no difference between the two main genogroups. Our results also demonstrated that the viruses are blocked by the membrane in the treatment plant and are removed from the plant as solid sludge.

Study of the viral removal efficiency in a urban wastewater treatment plant

2008 ◽  
Vol 58 (4) ◽  
pp. 893-897 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Carducci ◽  
P. Morici ◽  
F. Pizzi ◽  
R. Battistini ◽  
E. Rovini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Plant ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Risk Level ◽  
Somatic Coliphages ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Pathogenic Viruses ◽  
Viral Indicators ◽  
Urban Wastewater Treatment

Municipal and agricultural wastewater contain a variety of microorganisms and in particular enteric viruses. For the reuse of this treated wastewater it is important to ensure the efficiency of purification treatments and disinfection practices, that have often been insufficient to lower the viral load below the risk level. For this reason, for the routine analysis of recycled waters, the research into pathogenic viruses (e.g. HAV) and classical bacterial parameters (E. coli, enterococci and Salmonella) has to be associated with specific viral indicators such as somatic coliphages, adenovirus and TTV. The results of environmental monitoring, carried out in a wastewater treatment plant, showed the presence of adenovirus DNA in 100% of collected samples and TTV DNA in 95% (19/20) of raw sewage and in 85% (17/20) of the exit samples, while HAV was detected only in 2 samples over 40 (5%). The quantitative analysis has revealed an average reduction of 2 log for adenovirus and 1.58 log for TTV. The bacterial indicators were reduced by 1.74 log and 1.99 log respectively for E. coli and enterococci, while for somatic coliphages an average reduction of 2.2 log was observed. No significant correlation was shown between these parameters, confirming their inadequacy for the virological risk assessment. However the results of adenovirus confirm it as the best indicator to evaluate the efficacy of wastewater depuration plant in eliminating viruses.

Analysis and balance of phosphorous removal from wastewater at urban wastewater treatment plant

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 142-151
Author(s):  
Peter Lukac ◽  
Lubos Jurik
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Plant ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽  
Sewage Treatment ◽  
Sewage Treatment Plant ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Phosphorus Recovery ◽  
Anaerobic Sludge ◽  
Biological Phosphorus Removal ◽  
The Mean

Abstract:Phosphorus is a major substance that is needed especially for agricultural production or for the industry. At the same time it is an important component of wastewater. At present, the waste management priority is recycling and this requirement is also transferred to wastewater treatment plants. Substances in wastewater can be recovered and utilized. In Europe (in Germany and Austria already legally binding), access to phosphorus-containing sewage treatment is changing. This paper dealt with the issue of phosphorus on the sewage treatment plant in Nitra. There are several industrial areas in Nitra where record major producers in phosphorus production in sewage. The new wastewater treatment plant is built as a mechanicalbiological wastewater treatment plant with simultaneous nitrification and denitrification, sludge regeneration, an anaerobic zone for biological phosphorus removal at the beginning of the process and chemical phosphorus precipitation. The sludge management is anaerobic sludge stabilization with heating and mechanical dewatering of stabilized sludge and gas management. The aim of the work was to document the phosphorus balance in all parts of the wastewater treatment plant - from the inflow of raw water to the outflow of purified water and the production of excess sludge. Balancing quantities in the wastewater treatment plant treatment processes provide information where efficient phosphorus recovery could be possible. The mean daily value of P tot is approximately 122.3 kg/day of these two sources. The mean daily value of P tot is approximately 122.3 kg/day of these two sources. There are also two outflows - drainage of cleaned water to the recipient - the river Nitra - 9.9 kg Ptot/day and Ptot content in sewage sludge - about 120.3 kg Ptot/day - total 130.2 kg Ptot/day.

Gamma knife radiosurgery for intracranial metastatic melanoma: a 6-year experience

2002 ◽  
Vol 97 ◽  
pp. 494-498 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jorge Gonzalez-martinez ◽  
Laura Hernandez ◽  
Lucia Zamorano ◽  
Andrew Sloan ◽  
Kenneth Levin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prognostic Factors ◽  
Brain Metastases ◽  
Metastatic Melanoma ◽  
Gamma Knife Radiosurgery ◽  
Tumor Control ◽  
Karnofsky Performance Scale ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Fine Print

Object. The purpose of this study was to evaluate retrospectively the effectiveness of stereotactic radiosurgery for intracranial metastatic melanoma and to identify prognostic factors related to tumor control and survival that might be helpful in determining appropriate therapy. Methods. Twenty-four patients with intracranial metastases (115 lesions) metastatic from melanoma underwent radiosurgery. In 14 patients (58.3%) whole-brain radiotherapy (WBRT) was performed, and in 12 (50%) chemotherapy was conducted before radiosurgery. The median tumor volume was 4 cm3 (range 1–15 cm3). The mean dose was 16.4 Gy (range 13–20 Gy) prescribed to the 50% isodose at the tumor margin. All cases were categorized according to the Recursive Partitioning Analysis classification for brain metastases. Univariate and multivariate analyses of survival were performed to determine significant prognostic factors affecting survival. The mean survival was 5.5 months after radiosurgery. The analyses revealed no difference in terms of survival between patients who underwent WBRT or chemotherapy and those who did not. A significant difference (p < 0.05) in mean survival was observed between patients receiving immunotherapy or those with a Karnofsky Performance Scale (KPS) score of greater than 90. Conclusions. The treatment with systemic immunotherapy and a KPS score greater than 90 were factors associated with a better prognosis. Radiosurgery for melanoma-related brain metastases appears to be an effective treatment associated with few complications.

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