scholarly journals Patterns of Antimicrobial Resistance Observed in Escherichia coli Isolates Obtained from Domestic- and Wild-Animal Fecal Samples, Human Septage, and Surface Water

2005 ◽  
Vol 71 (3) ◽  
pp. 1394-1404 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raida S. Sayah ◽  
John B. Kaneene ◽  
Yvette Johnson ◽  
RoseAnn Miller
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Agent ◽  
Companion Animals ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Isolation And Identification ◽  
Fecal Samples ◽  
E Coli

ABSTRACT A repeated cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the patterns of antimicrobial resistance in 1,286 Escherichia coli strains isolated from human septage, wildlife, domestic animals, farm environments, and surface water in the Red Cedar watershed in Michigan. Isolation and identification of E. coli were done by using enrichment media, selective media, and biochemical tests. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing by the disk diffusion method was conducted for neomycin, gentamicin, streptomycin, chloramphenicol, ofloxacin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, tetracycline, ampicillin, nalidixic acid, nitrofurantoin, cephalothin, and sulfisoxazole. Resistance to at least one antimicrobial agent was demonstrated in isolates from livestock, companion animals, human septage, wildlife, and surface water. In general, E. coli isolates from domestic species showed resistance to the largest number of antimicrobial agents compared to isolates from human septage, wildlife, and surface water. The agents to which resistance was demonstrated most frequently were tetracycline, cephalothin, sulfisoxazole, and streptomycin. There were similarities in the patterns of resistance in fecal samples and farm environment samples by animal, and the levels of cephalothin-resistant isolates were higher in farm environment samples than in fecal samples. Multidrug resistance was seen in a variety of sources, and the highest levels of multidrug-resistant E. coli were observed for swine fecal samples. The fact that water sample isolates were resistant only to cephalothin may suggest that the resistance patterns for farm environment samples may be more representative of the risk of contamination of surface waters with antimicrobial agent-resistant bacteria.

scholarly journals Phenotypic Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Escherichia coli from Raw Meats, Ready-to-Eat Meats, and Their Related Samples in One Health Context

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 326
Author(s):  
Frederick Adzitey ◽  
Nurul Huda ◽  
Amir Husni Mohd Shariff
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽  
Resistance Index ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
E Coli ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Raw Meats

Meat is an important food source that can provide a significant amount of protein for human development. The occurrence of bacteria that are resistant to antimicrobials in meat poses a public health risk. This study evaluated the occurrence and antimicrobial resistance of E. coli (Escherichia coli) isolated from raw meats, ready-to-eat (RTE) meats and their related samples in Ghana. E. coli was isolated using the USA-FDA Bacteriological Analytical Manual and phenotypic antimicrobial susceptibility test was performed by the disk diffusion method. Of the 200 examined meats and their related samples, 38% were positive for E. coli. Notably, E. coli was highest in raw beef (80%) and lowest in RTE pork (0%). The 45 E. coli isolates were resistant ≥ 50% to amoxicillin, trimethoprim and tetracycline. They were susceptible to azithromycin (87.1%), chloramphenicol (81.3%), imipenem (74.8%), gentamicin (72.0%) and ciprofloxacin (69.5%). A relatively high intermediate resistance of 33.0% was observed for ceftriaxone. E. coli from raw meats, RTE meats, hands of meat sellers and working tools showed some differences and similarities in their phenotypic antimicrobial resistance patterns. Half (51.1%) of the E. coli isolates exhibited multidrug resistance. The E. coli isolates showed twenty-two different resistant patterns, with a multiple antibiotic resistance index of 0.0 to 0.7. The resistant pattern amoxicillin (A, n = 6 isolates) and amoxicillin-trimethoprim (A-TM, n = 6 isolates) were the most common. This study documents that raw meats, RTE meats and their related samples in Ghana are potential sources of antimicrobial-resistant E. coli and pose a risk for the transfer of resistant bacteria to the food chain, environment and humans.

scholarly journals Antimicrobial Resistance Pattern of Escherichia coli Isolated from Frozen Chicken Meat in Bangladesh

Pathogens ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 420 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mst. Sonia Parvin ◽  
Sudipta Talukder ◽  
Md. Yamin Ali ◽  
Emdadul Haque Chowdhury ◽  
Md. Tanvir Rahman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Foodborne Pathogens ◽  
Biochemical Properties ◽  
Chicken Meat ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Resistance Pattern ◽  
Isolation And Identification ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Encoding Genes

Escherichia coli is known as one of the most important foodborne pathogens in humans, and contaminated chicken meat is an important source of foodborne infection with this bacterium. The occurrence of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing E. coli (ESBL-Ec), in particular, in chicken meat is considered a global health problem. This study aimed to determine the magnitude of E. coli, with special emphasis on ESBL-Ec, along with their phenotypic antimicrobial resistance pattern in frozen chicken meat. The study also focused on the determination of ESBL-encoding genes in E. coli. A total of 113 frozen chicken meat samples were purchased from 40 outlets of nine branded supershops in five megacities in Bangladesh. Isolation and identification of E. coli were done based on cultural and biochemical properties, as well as PCR assay. The resistance pattern was determined by the disc diffusion method. ESBL-encoding genes were determined by multiplex PCR. The results showed that 76.1% of samples were positive for E. coli, of which 86% were ESBL producers. All the isolates were multidrug-resistant (MDR). Resistance to 9–11 and 12–13 antimicrobial classes was observed in 38.4% and 17.4% isolates, respectively, while only 11.6% were resistant to 3–5 classes. Possible extensive drug resistance (pXDR) was found in 2.3% of isolates. High single resistance was observed for oxytetracycline (93%) and amoxicillin (91.9%), followed by ampicillin (89.5%), trimethoprim–sulfamethoxazole, and pefloxacin (88.4%), and tetracycline (84.9%). Most importantly, 89.6% of isolates were resistant to carbapenems. All the isolates were positive for the blaTEM gene. However, the blaSHV and blaCTX-M-2 genes were identified in two ESBL-non producer isolates. None of the isolates carried the blaCTX-M-1 gene. This study provided evidence of the existence of MDR and pXDR ESBL-Ec in frozen chicken meat in Bangladesh, which may pose a risk to human health if the meat is not properly cooked or pickled raw only. This emphasizes the importance of the implementation of good slaughtering and processing practices by the processors.

scholarly journals Prevalence and Mechanism of Fluoroquinolone Resistance in Escherichia coli Isolated from Swine Feces in Korea

2017 ◽  
Vol 80 (7) ◽  
pp. 1145-1151 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoon Sung Hu ◽  
Sook Shin ◽  
Yong Ho Park ◽  
Kun Taek Park
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Resistance Genes ◽  
Resistance Mechanisms ◽  
Quinolone Resistance ◽  
Feed Additive ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Double Mutation ◽  
Fecal Samples ◽  
E Coli

ABSTRACT In this study, we investigated the prevalence and fluoroquinolone (FQ) resistance mechanisms in Escherichia coli isolated from swine fecal samples. E. coli isolates were collected from 171 (72.2%) of 237 swine fecal samples. Of these, 59 isolates (34.5%) were confirmed as FQ-resistant E. coli by the disk diffusion method. Of the FQ-resistant isolates, three major FQ resistance mechanisms were investigated. Of the 59 isolates, plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance genes were detected in 9 isolates (15.3%). Efflux pump activity was found in 56 isolates (94.9%); however, this was not correlated with the increased FQ resistance measured by determining the MIC. Point mutations in quinolone resistance–determining regions were the main cause of FQ resistance. All 59 ciprofloxacin-resistant isolates had mutations in quinolone resistance–determining regions; of these 59 isolates, all (100%) had mutations in gyrA, 58 (98.3%) had mutations in parC, 22 (37.3%) had mutations in parE, and none had mutations in gyrB. The predominant mutation type was double mutation in gyrA (Ser83Leu plus mutation in aspartic acid 87), and all FQ-resistant isolates (except one) that had mutations in parC or parE also had double mutations in gyrA. Importantly, the frequencies of multidrug-resistant and extended-spectrum β-lactamase–producing E. coli were significantly higher in the high ciprofloxacin MIC group in this study. Compared with previous studies in Korea, the prevalence of FQ resistance and plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance genes had increased considerably in swine. Although the use of FQ as a feed additive is prohibited in Korea, use for self-treatment and therapeutic purposes has been increasing, which may be responsible for the higher FQ resistance rate observed in this study. Therefore, prudent use of FQ on animal farms is warranted to reduce the evolution of FQ-resistant bacteria in the animal industry.

scholarly journals Antibiotic resistance and prevalence of class 1 and 2 integrons in Escherichia coli isolated from hospital wastewater

2018 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 209 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reza Ranjbar ◽  
Maryam Zeynali ◽  
Nooshin Sohrabi ◽  
Asghar Ali Kamboh
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Hospital Wastewater ◽  
Isolation And Identification ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Class 1 ◽  
Hospital Wastewaters

BACKGROUND <br />Hospital wastewaters may contain antibiotic resistant bacteria such as Escherichia coli. These E. coli harbor integron genes that are responsible for antibiotic resistance. The purpose of the current study was to evaluate the frequency of class 1 and 2 integrons in environmental antibiotic resistant E. coli strains isolated from the hospital wastewaters in Tehran, Iran.<br /><br />METHODS<br />As a descriptive cross-sectional study, this research was performed from April to September 2015 on hospital wastewaters in Tehran. Bacterial isolation and identification was performed by standard biochemical and bacteriological procedures. Susceptibility testing was done by employing the disk diffusion method using different antibiotics. Total DNAs were extracted to evaluate the presence of class 1 and 2 integrons by using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method with specific primers. <br /><br />RESULTS<br />Fifty E. coli strains were isolated and identified from the wastewaters of 25 hospitals in Tehran. The phenotype results showed that 46 isolates (92%) were resistant to at least one antibiotic and 27 isolates (54%) were multidrug resistant. PCR showed that 35 (70%) and 20 (40%) of the isolates had class 1 and 2 integrons respectively and 14 isolates (28%) had both class 1 and class 2 integrons.<br /><br />CONCLUSION<br />This study has shown a considerable presence of class 1 and class 2 integrons in E. coli strains isolated from hospital wastewaters in Tehran. Proper antibiotics prescription and appropriate hospital wastewater treatment can prevent resistance genes in E. coli from circulating in the environment.

scholarly journals Antimicrobial Resistance Pattern of Escherichia coli Isolated from Frozen Chicken Meat in Bangladesh

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mst. Sonia Parvin ◽  
Sudipta Talukder ◽  
Md. Yamin Ali ◽  
Emdadul Haque Chowdhury ◽  
Md. Tanvir Rahman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Foodborne Pathogens ◽  
Biochemical Properties ◽  
Chicken Meat ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Resistance Pattern ◽  
Isolation And Identification ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Encoding Genes

Escherichia coli is known as one of the most important foodborne pathogens in humans, and contaminated chicken meat is an important source of foodborne infection with this bacterium. The occurrence of extended-spectrum &beta;-lactamase (ESBL)-producing E. coli (ESBL-Ec), in particular, in chicken meat is considered a global health problem. This study aimed to determine the magnitude of E. coli, with special emphasis on ESBL-Ec, along with their phenotypic antimicrobial resistance pattern in frozen chicken meat. The study also focused on the determination of ESBL-encoding genes in E. coli. A total of 113 frozen chicken meat samples were purchased from 40 outlets of nine branded supershops in five megacities in Bangladesh. Isolation and identification of E. coli were done based on cultural and biochemical properties, as well as PCR assay. The resistance pattern was determined by the disc diffusion method. ESBL-encoding genes were determined by multiplex PCR. The results showed that 76.1% of samples were positive for E. coli, of which 86% were ESBL producers. All the isolates were multidrug-resistant (MDR). Resistance to 9&ndash;11 and 12&ndash;13 antimicrobial classes was observed in 38.4% and 17.4% isolates, respectively, while only 11.6% were resistant to 3&ndash;5 classes. Possible extensive drug resistance (pXDR) was found in 2.3% of isolates. High single resistance was observed for oxytetracycline (93%) and amoxicillin (91.9%), followed by ampicillin (89.5%), trimethoprim&ndash;sulfamethoxazole, and pefloxacin (88.4%), and tetracycline (84.9%). Most importantly, 89.6% of isolates were resistant to carbapenems. All the isolates were positive for the blaTEM gene. However, the blaSHV and blaCTX-M-2 genes were identified in two ESBL-non producer isolates. None of the isolates carried the blaCTX-M-1 gene. This study provided evidence of the existence of MDR and pXDR ESBL-Ec in frozen chicken meat in Bangladesh, which may pose a risk to human health if the meat is not properly cooked or pickled raw only. This emphasizes the importance of the implementation of good slaughtering and processing practices by the processors.

scholarly journals Molecular detection of beta-lactamase blaCTX-M group 1 in Escherichia coli isolated from drinking water in Khartoum State

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (6) ◽  
pp. 1091-1097
Author(s):  
Hisham N. Altayb ◽  
Eman Khalid Salih ◽  
Ehssan H. Moglad
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Culture Media ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Isolation And Identification ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Group 1

Abstract This study aimed to detect the blaCTX-M group 1 in Escherichia coli (E. coli) isolated from drinking water in Khartoum State. Two hundred and eighty water samples were collected randomly from different areas, places, and sources from the state and examined for the presence of E. coli as a fecal contamination indicator. Isolation and identification of E. coli were performed using culture characteristics on different culture media and biochemical reactions. An antimicrobial sensitivity test was performed for all isolated E. coli using agar disk diffusion method. DNA was extracted by boiling method, and bacterial genomic DNA used as a template to detect blaCTX-M group 1 by PCR. Results showed 86 (30.7%) E. coli were isolated out of 280 water samples. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing revealed the highest resistant percentage was 59% for tetracycline, followed by 35% for gentamycin, while for chloramphenicol and cefotaxime was 22 and 20%, respectively. blaCTX-M group 1 was detected in about 40% of all isolates. This study concludes that drinking water in Khartoum State may be contaminated with feces and might be a possible source for transferring resistant bacteria. Thus, it may be one of the critical causes of increasing reports of antimicrobial resistance in Khartoum State.

scholarly journals Antimicrobial Resistance in Escherichia coli Isolates from Raccoons (Procyon lotor) in Southern Ontario, Canada

2012 ◽  
Vol 78 (11) ◽  
pp. 3873-3879 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claire M. Jardine ◽  
Nicol Janecko ◽  
Mike Allan ◽  
Patrick Boerlin ◽  
Gabhan Chalmers ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Agent ◽  
Temporal Dynamics ◽  
Procyon Lotor ◽  
Rural Site ◽  
Urban Site ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Content Type ◽  
E Coli

ABSTRACTWe conducted a cross-sectional study to determine the prevalence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in fecalEscherichia coliisolates from raccoons (Procyon lotor) living in Ontario, Canada. From June to October 2007, we trapped raccoons in three areas: one primarily urban site around Niagara, one primarily rural site north of Guelph, and one at the Toronto Zoo. In addition, we conducted a longitudinal study at the Toronto Zoo site to investigate the temporal dynamics of fecalE. coliand AMR in raccoons. Reduced susceptibility to ≥1 antimicrobial agent was detected inE. coliisolates from 19% of 16 raccoons at the urban site, 17% of 29 raccoons from the rural site, and 42% of 130 samples collected from 59 raccoons at the zoo site. Raccoons from the zoo site were significantly more likely to shedE. coliwith reduced susceptibility to ≥1 antimicrobial agent than animals from the rural site (odds ratio [OR], 3.41; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.17 to 12.09;P= 0.02). Resistance to expanded-spectrum cephalosporins (and the associatedblaCMY-2gene) was detected in two animals from the zoo site and one animal from the rural site. Serotyping and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis analysis show that raccoons on the zoo grounds harbor a diverse assemblage ofE. coli, with rapid bacterial turnover within individuals over time. Our study indicates that raccoons may shed resistant bacteria of public health significance and that raccoons have the potential to disseminate these bacteria throughout their environment.

scholarly journals Molecular detection of Beta-lactamase blaCTX-M group 1 gene in Escherichia coli Isolated from Drinking Water in Khartoum State

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hisham N Altayeb ◽  
Eman Khalid ◽  
Ehssan h Moglad
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Isolation And Identification ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Antimicrobial Sensitivity ◽  
Group 1

Abstract BackgroundOne of the most common challenges facing the world today is the rapid spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. According to current evidence, this is mainly as a result of presumed use of antibiotics, the interaction between humans or from animal sources. Still, there is limited focus on the role of environmental factors, especially water. This study aimed to detect the blaCTX-M group 1 gene in Escherichia coli (E. coli) isolated from drinking water in Khartoum State. Methods Two hundred and eighty water samples were collected from different localities in Khartoum State and resources. Isolation and identification of E. coli performed by using lauryl tryptose broth, Brilliant Green Bile Broth, biochemical reaction, and culture characteristics on EMB media. Antimicrobial sensitivity tests were performed for all isolated bacteria using cefotaxime (30μg), gentamycin (10μg), tetracycline (25μg) and chloramphenicol (30μg) by agar diffusion method. DNA extracted by boiling method, bacterial genomic DNA used as a template to detect the blaCTX-M group 1 gene by PCR. Results The result displayed that eighty-six (30.7%) E. coli isolated out of two hundred and eighty water samples. Out of eighty-sixing isolated bacteria, 49% (42/86) were from Khartoum locality, 28% (24/86) were from Omdurman locality, and 23% (20/86) were from Khartoum North locality. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing revealed that the highest resistant percentage was 59% for tetracycline, followed by 35% for gentamycin. While for chloramphenicol and cefotaxime were 22% and 20%, respectively. CTX-M group 1 gene was detected in 40% of all isolates. Conclusion This study concludes that drinking water in Khartoum State might be contaminated with faces and be a possible source for the transmission of resistant bacteria to humans.

scholarly journals Genomic evolution of antimicrobial resistance in Escherichia coli

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Pimlapas Leekitcharoenphon ◽  
Markus Hans Kristofer Johansson ◽  
Patrick Munk ◽  
Burkhard Malorny ◽  
Magdalena Skarżyńska ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Virulence Genes ◽  
Mobile Genetic Elements ◽  
Whole Genome ◽  
Sequencing Analysis ◽  
Metagenomic Sequencing ◽  
Fecal Samples ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Genetic Elements

AbstractThe emergence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is one of the biggest health threats globally. In addition, the use of antimicrobial drugs in humans and livestock is considered an important driver of antimicrobial resistance. The commensal microbiota, and especially the intestinal microbiota, has been shown to have an important role in the emergence of AMR. Mobile genetic elements (MGEs) also play a central role in facilitating the acquisition and spread of AMR genes. We isolated Escherichia coli (n = 627) from fecal samples in respectively 25 poultry, 28 swine, and 15 veal calf herds from 6 European countries to investigate the phylogeny of E. coli at country, animal host and farm levels. Furthermore, we examine the evolution of AMR in E. coli genomes including an association with virulence genes, plasmids and MGEs. We compared the abundance metrics retrieved from metagenomic sequencing and whole genome sequenced of E. coli isolates from the same fecal samples and farms. The E. coli isolates in this study indicated no clonality or clustering based on country of origin and genetic markers; AMR, and MGEs. Nonetheless, mobile genetic elements play a role in the acquisition of AMR and virulence genes. Additionally, an abundance of AMR was agreeable between metagenomic and whole genome sequencing analysis for several AMR classes in poultry fecal samples suggesting that metagenomics could be used as an indicator for surveillance of AMR in E. coli isolates and vice versa.

scholarly journals ESBL Activity, MDR, and Carbapenem Resistance among Predominant Enterobacterales Isolated in 2019

Antibiotics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 744
Author(s):  
Altaf Bandy ◽  
Bilal Tantry
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Carbapenem Resistance ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Sociodemographic Characteristics ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Resistance Rates

Antimicrobial-resistance in Enterobacterales is a serious concern in Saudi Arabia. The present study retrospectively analyzed the antibiograms of Enterobacterales identified from 1 January 2019 to 31 December 2019 from a referral hospital in the Aljouf region of Saudi Arabia. The revised document of the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) CR-2015 and Magiorakos et al.’s document were used to define carbapenem resistance and classify resistant bacteria, respectively. The association of carbapenem resistance, MDR, and ESBL with various sociodemographic characteristics was assessed by the chi-square test and odds ratios. In total, 617 Enterobacterales were identified. The predominant (n = 533 (86.4%)) isolates consisted of 232 (37.6%), 200 (32.4%), and 101 (16.4%) Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Proteus mirabilis, respectively. In general, 432 (81.0%) and 128 (24.0%) isolates were of MDR and ESBL, respectively. The MDR strains were recovered in higher frequency from intensive care units (OR = 3.24 (1.78–5.91); p < 0.01). E. coli and K. pneumoniae resistance rates to imipenem (2.55 (1.21–5.37); p < 0.01) and meropenem (2.18 (1.01–4.67); p < 0.04), respectively, were significantly higher in winter. The data emphasize that MDR isolates among Enterobacterales are highly prevalent. The studied Enterobacterales exhibited seasonal variation in antimicrobial resistance rates towards carbapenems and ESBL activity.

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