Patriarch of military neurosurgery

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 255-258
Author(s):  
Evgeny V. Kryukov ◽  
Dmitry V. Svistov
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Craniocerebral Trauma ◽  
The United States ◽  
Scientific School ◽  
Military Medical Academy ◽  
Medical Academy ◽  
Combat Injuries ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Military

January 19, 2021 marks the 75th anniversary of the birth of one of the leading Russian neurosurgeons, Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences Boris Vsevolodovich Gaidar. Eight years at the head of the Department and Clinic of Neurosurgery at the Military Medical Academy and 7 years at the head of Military Medical Academy, when his talent as a teacher and leader was most clearly revealed. Academician B.V. Gaidar is one of the countrys leading scientists in the field of treatment of combat injuries of the central nervous system (craniocerebral trauma and mine-explosive wounds of the central nervous system), vascular neurosurgery, and neurooncology. He made a major contribution to solving the issues of organizing specialized neurosurgical care in the Armed Forces in peacetime and in wartime. He personally took part in providing medical assistance to the wounded during the armed conflict in the North Caucasus. B.V. Gaidar represented Russian science at international forums in Austria, Germany and the United States of America, in 2005 he led the organization of the World Congress on Military Medicine for the only time in our country. During the years of leadership of the S.M. Kirov Military Medical Academy B.V. Gaidar carried out a large-scale reconstruction and re-equipment of a number of leading surgical clinics, which contributed to the progressive development of the academys scientific schools. B.V. Gaidar created a scientific school of neurosurgeons, prepared a rich legacy of articles, textbooks and monographs, his merits were recognized by the scientific community and the state. Celebrating the anniversary, Boris Vsevolodovich continues to actively engage in scientific work, training, counseling critical patients, passionately defending the interests of the Military Medical Academy.

scholarly journals West Nile Virus Infection in the Central Nervous System

F1000Research ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 105 ◽  
Author(s):  
Evandro R. Winkelmann ◽  
Huanle Luo ◽  
Tian Wang
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Animal Models ◽  
West Nile Virus Infection ◽  
The United States ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Neurological Sequelae ◽  
The Central Nervous System

West Nile virus (WNV), a neurotropic single-stranded flavivirus has been the leading cause of arboviral encephalitis worldwide.  Up to 50% of WNV convalescent patients in the United States were reported to have long-term neurological sequelae.  Neither antiviral drugs nor vaccines are available for humans.  Animal models have been used to investigate WNV pathogenesis and host immune response in humans.  In this review, we will discuss recent findings from studies in animal models of WNV infection, and provide new insights on WNV pathogenesis and WNV-induced host immunity in the central nervous system.

scholarly journals Baylisascariasis

2005 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 703-718 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick J. Gavin ◽  
Kevin R. Kazacos ◽  
Stanford T. Shulman
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Epidemiologic Study ◽  
The United States ◽  
Human Infection ◽  
Larva Migrans ◽  
Migration And Invasion ◽  
Close Proximity ◽  
Large Populations ◽  
The Central Nervous System

SUMMARY The raccoon roundworm, Baylisascaris procyonis, is the most common and widespread cause of clinical larva migrans in animals. In addition, it is increasingly recognized as a cause of devastating or fatal neural larva migrans in infants and young children and ocular larva migrans in adults. Humans become infected by accidentally ingesting infective B. procyonis eggs from raccoon latrines or articles contaminated with their feces. Two features distinguish B. procyonis from other helminthes that cause larva migrans: (i) its aggressive somatic migration and invasion of the central nervous system and (ii) the continued growth of larvae to a large size within the central nervous system. Typically, B. procyonis neural larva migrans presents as acute fulminant eosinophilic meningoencephalitis. Once invasion of the central nervous system has occurred, the prognosis is grave with or without treatment. To date, despite anthelmintic treatment of cases of B. procyonis neural larva migrans, there are no documented neurologically intact survivors. Epidemiologic study of human cases of neural larva migrans demonstrate that contact with raccoon feces or an environment contaminated by infective eggs and geophagia or pica are the most important risk factors for infection. In many regions of the United States, increasingly large populations of raccoons, with high rates of B. procyonis infection, live in close proximity to humans. Although documented cases of human baylisascariasis remain relatively uncommon, widespread contamination of the domestic environment by infected raccoons suggests that the risk of exposure and human infection is probably substantial. In the absence of early diagnosis or effective treatment, prevention of infection is the most important public health measure.

scholarly journals The Role of Microglia during West Nile Virus Infection of the Central Nervous System

Vaccines ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 485 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Stonedahl ◽  
Penny Clarke ◽  
Kenneth L. Tyler
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Neuronal Cell ◽  
The United States ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
West Nile ◽  
The Central Nervous System

Encephalitis resulting from viral infections is a major cause of hospitalization and death worldwide. West Nile Virus (WNV) is a substantial health concern as it is one of the leading causes of viral encephalitis in the United States today. WNV infiltrates the central nervous system (CNS), where it directly infects neurons and induces neuronal cell death, in part, via activation of caspase 3-mediated apoptosis. WNV infection also induces neuroinflammation characterized by activation of innate immune cells, including microglia and astrocytes, production of inflammatory cytokines, breakdown of the blood-brain barrier, and infiltration of peripheral leukocytes. Microglia are the resident immune cells of the brain and monitor the CNS for signs of injury or pathogens. Following infection with WNV, microglia exhibit a change in morphology consistent with activation and are associated with increased expression of proinflammatory cytokines. Recent research has focused on deciphering the role of microglia during WNV encephalitis. Microglia play a protective role during infections by limiting viral growth and reducing mortality in mice. However, it also appears that activated microglia are triggered by T cells to mediate synaptic elimination at late times during infection, which may contribute to long-term neurological deficits following a neuroinvasive WNV infection. This review will discuss the important role of microglia in the pathogenesis of a neuroinvasive WNV infection. Knowledge of the precise role of microglia during a WNV infection may lead to a greater ability to treat and manage WNV encephalitis.

Torulosis of the Central Nervous System

1943 ◽  
Vol 89 (374) ◽  
pp. 42-51 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald Blair
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Rare Disease ◽  
Mental Hospital ◽  
The United States ◽  
Observation Unit ◽  
The Third ◽  
The World ◽  
The Central Nervous System

In March, 1939. there was admitted under my care at the St. Pancras Hospital Mental Observation Unit a case of torulosis of the nervous system. This is a very rare disease in this country and the present case is only the third recorded in British medical history (Greenfieldet al., 1938; Smith and Crawford, 1930), and the first one to have come under mental hospital supervision. Although such a rarity here, torulosis is more common in the United States, and cases have been reported from nearly every part of the world.

scholarly journals Contribution of Professor B.M. Savin to the development ofaviation and space medicine

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 268-270
Author(s):  
A. A. Blaginin ◽  
I. V. Bukhtiarov ◽  
P. S. Pashenko ◽  
A. V. Savin
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Nervous Activity ◽  
The Body ◽  
Space Medicine ◽  
Scientific Publications ◽  
Daily Work ◽  
Military Medical Academy ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Life Path

The main milestones of scientific and pedagogical activity, as well as the life path of one of the leading representatives of aviation medicine, Doctor of Medical Sciences, professor, outstanding researcher and wonderful teacher, author of works on the problem of influence of overload and hypervesomity on the body and central nervous system of man- Boris MikhailvichSavin are considered. Separate moments of his participation in the Great Patriotic War before daily work as the head of research department of the Military Medical Academy named after S.M. Kirov are presented. The contribution of Boris Savin to the study of issues related to aviation and space medicine, in particular: the study of the action on the body of overload and the clarification of physiological mechanisms underlying changes in higher nervous activity at accelerations, was analyzed; Studying the state of the central nervous system when exposed to various factors; Development of neuroreflective theory of adverse effect of accelerations on human body. Boris Mikhailvich has made a huge contribution to the development of aviation and space medicine and has entered the history of aviation and space medicine through his research and scientific publications, which include monographs The influence of overload on the functional state of the central nervous system and the mechanism of disruption of its activities and Hypervesomeness and functions of the central nervous system.

Grigory Vitalievich Khlopin is the pride of Russian hygiene science

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 236-242
Author(s):  
T. I. Subbotina ◽  
A. V. Krivtsov ◽  
A. I. Andriyanov ◽  
E. F. Sorokoletova ◽  
A. L. Smetanin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Research Work ◽  
Scientific Activity ◽  
Educational Process ◽  
Scientific School ◽  
Military Medical Academy ◽  
Research Activities ◽  
Medical Academy ◽  
Red Army ◽  
Main Activity ◽  
The Military

Historical materials about the life and work of G.V. Khlopin, an outstanding scientist and hygienist, who created his own large scientific school. The main activity of which was the development of prevention and public hygiene. Biographical data are given, and scientific activity in the pre-revolutionary and Soviet periods is analyzed. The main directions of research work in the field of General hygiene, water supply hygiene, food hygiene, school hygiene, work in the field of anti-epidemic and anti-chemical protection are presented. The role of G.V. Khlopin in the formation and development of experimental hygiene is emphasized. The article describes his many-sided activities as a Professor of the Department of hygiene at the Military medical Academy, as well as his organizational and pedagogical activities, which laid the foundations for teaching hygiene at the higher medical school based on numerous textbooks and manuals published by him. The author notes the encyclopedic nature of knowledge, the great erudition of the scientist in all matters of hygiene, his unflagging ability to work, which made it possible to create capital guidelines on hygiene based on the works of domestic researchers. Attention is drawn to the activities of G.V. Khlopin in the creation of the Institute of preventive Sciences named after Z.P. Solovyov, organized with the aim of improving the educational process and research activities, as well as his work as a consultant to the Main military sanitary Department of the Workers and peasants red Army. A high assessment of the work of G.V. Khlopin, who holds the rank of full state Councilor, for the benefit of Russia, is the award of the order of St. Nicholas. Vladimir and SV. Stanislav, and in the years of Soviet power conferring the honorary title of honored scientist.

Inhibition of the complement anaphylatoxin activities in the central nervous system disorders

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 37-52
Author(s):  
Kseniya A. Nekrasova ◽  
Alexander M. Ischenko ◽  
Alexander V. Trofimov
Keyword(s):  
Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Specific Activity ◽  
Craniocerebral Trauma ◽  
Epidemiological Data ◽  
Cerebrovascular Diseases ◽  
The Central Nervous System

The review is devoted to inhibition of the complement anaphylatoxin activities in diseases of the central nervous system. Here we present epidemiological data on the prevalence of cerebrovascular diseases, in particular, ischemic stroke and craniocerebral trauma. The mechanisms of complement activation and complement-mediated pathology in the central nervous system are considered in detail. Clinical data confirming the role of the complement system in the pathogenesis of stroke and of traumatic brain injury secondary injury are presented. We also summarize the results of in vivo specific activity studies of the complement anaphylatoxin inhibitors using animal models of stroke and traumatic brain injury. Briefly described is the present state of the art in developing drugs that target the effector compounds of the complement cascade.

Central Nervous System Cancers Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology

2005 ◽  
Vol 3 (5) ◽  
pp. 644 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Brain Tumors ◽  
The United States ◽  
Elderly Persons ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Central Nervous System Cancers ◽  
Nervous System Neoplasms ◽  
Recent Version

In the year 2005, an estimated 18,500 new cases of primary brain and nervous system neoplasms will be diagnosed in the United States. These tumors will be responsible for approximately 12,760 deaths. The incidence of primary malignant brain tumors has been increasing over the past 25 years, especially in elderly persons (rates are increasing at about 1.2% each year). Metastatic disease to the central nervous system (CNS) occurs much more frequently, with an incidence about 10 times that of primary brain tumors. It is estimated between 20% and 40% of patients with systemic cancer will develop brain metastases. For the most recent version of the guidelines, please visit NCCN.org

Glioblastoma multiforme metastasis outside the central nervous system: Three case reports and possible mechanisms of escape.

2013 ◽  
Vol 31 (15_suppl) ◽  
pp. e13035-e13035
Author(s):  
Edwin Boelke ◽  
Christiane Matuschek ◽  
Lawrence E. Ginsberg ◽  
Sujit S. Prabhu ◽  
Wilfried Budach ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Brain Tumor ◽  
Malignant Tumors ◽  
Case Reports ◽  
The United States ◽  
Primary Brain Tumor ◽  
Diffuse Glioma ◽  
Average Survival ◽  
The Central Nervous System

e13035 Background: Primary brain and central nervous system (CNS) tumor incidence is approximately 19 per 100,000 individuals per year in the United States (US) compared with 7 per 100,000 individuals worldwide. The most common intra-axial tumor is gliomas, which account for 32% of all primary CNS tumors and 80% of all malignant tumors of the CNS.The most common diffuse glioma is grade 4 astrocytoma (glioblastoma, GBM), which makes up 54% of diffuse glial tumors. GBM is also the most aggressive brain tumor with poor prognosis.GBM metastases outside the CNS are rare, so therapeutic experience with these types of tumors is limited. Methods: Herein, we present 3 GBM patients with extra-CNS metastasis. Results: One patient developed GBM metastasis in the lung and pleura 5 years after his GBM diagnosis had been confirmed. Another patient who underwent resection of the primary GBM developed disease that extended through the sphenoid to involve the orbit and skull and subsequently invaded the parotid gland and neck nodes 1 year after diagnosis. A third patient developed GBM metastasis in the skull and L5 vertebra 2 years after her primary brain tumor had been resected. Conclusions: The exact mechanism of GBM metastasis outside the central nervous system is not well understood but likely involves the invasion of structures such as bone, lymphatics, and vasculature, especially veins. Above-average survival time and repeated surgical intervention may place GBM patients at higher risk for these unusual metastases.

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