scholarly journals Interaction between Streptococcus spp. and Veillonella tobetsuensis in the Early Stages of Oral Biofilm Formation

2015 ◽  
Vol 197 (13) ◽  
pp. 2104-2111 ◽  
Author(s):  
Izumi Mashima ◽  
Futoshi Nakazawa
Keyword(s):  
Biofilm Formation ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Signaling Molecules ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Oral Biofilm ◽  
Metabolic Cooperation ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
Oral Biofilms ◽  
Culture Supernatants

Dental plaque is a multispecies oral biofilm, the development of which is initiated by adherence of the pioneerStreptococcusspp. OralVeillonellaspp., includingV. atypica,V. denticariosi,V. dispar,V. parvula,V. rogosae, andV. tobetsuensis, are known as early colonizers in oral biofilm formation. These species have been reported to coaggregate withStreptococcusspp. in a metabolic cooperation-dependent manner to form biofilms in human oral cavities, especially in the early stages of biofilm formation. However, in our previous study,Streptococcus gordoniishowed biofilm formation to the greatest extent in the presence ofV. tobetsuensis, without coaggregation between species. These results suggest thatV. tobetsuensisproduces signaling molecules that promote the proliferation ofS. gordoniiin biofilm formation. It is well known in many bacterial species that the quorum-sensing (QS) system regulates diverse functions such as biofilm formation. However, little is known about the QS system with autoinducers (AIs) with respect toVeillonella and Streptococcusspp. Recently, autoinducer 1 (AI-1) and AI-2 were detected and identified in the culture supernatants ofV. tobetsuensisas strong signaling molecules in biofilm formation withS. gordonii. In particular, the supernatant fromV. tobetsuensisshowed the highest AI-2 activity among 6 oralVeillonellaspecies, indicating that AIs, mainly AI-2, produced byV. tobetsuensismay be important factors and may facilitate biofilm formation ofS. gordonii. Clarifying the mechanism that underlies the QS system betweenS. gordoniiandV. tobetsuensismay lead to the development of novel methods for the prevention of oral infectious diseases caused by oral biofilms.

scholarly journals Experimental Models of Oral Biofilms Developed on Inert Substrates: A Review of the Literature

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lopez-Nguyen Darrene ◽  
Badet Cecile
Keyword(s):  
Biofilm Formation ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Experimental Models ◽  
Pathogenic Microorganisms ◽  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
Complex Environment ◽  
Oral Biofilm ◽  
Mucosal Surfaces ◽  
Oral Biofilms

The oral ecosystem is a very complex environment where more than 700 different bacterial species can be found. Most of them are organized in biofilm on dental and mucosal surfaces. Studying this community is important because a rupture in stability can lead to the preeminence of pathogenic microorganisms, causing dental decay, gingivitis, or periodontitis. The multitude of species complicates biofilm analysis so its reproduction, collection, and counting are very delicate. The development of experimental models of dental biofilms was therefore essential and multiplein vitrodesigns have emerged, each of them especially adapted to observing biofilm formation of specific bacteria within specific environments. The aim of this review is to analyze oral biofilm models.

scholarly journals PilZ Domain Protein FlgZ Mediates Cyclic Di-GMP-Dependent Swarming Motility Control in Pseudomonas aeruginosa

2016 ◽  
Vol 198 (13) ◽  
pp. 1837-1846 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amy E. Baker ◽  
Andreas Diepold ◽  
Sherry L. Kuchma ◽  
Jessie E. Scott ◽  
Dae Gon Ha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽  
Biofilm Formation ◽  
Fluorescent Protein ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Swarming Motility ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Bacterial Surface ◽  
Important Regulator ◽  
Green Fluorescent

ABSTRACTThe second messenger cyclic diguanylate (c-di-GMP) is an important regulator of motility in many bacterial species. InPseudomonas aeruginosa, elevated levels of c-di-GMP promote biofilm formation and repress flagellum-driven swarming motility. The rotation ofP. aeruginosa's polar flagellum is controlled by two distinct stator complexes, MotAB, which cannot support swarming motility, and MotCD, which promotes swarming motility. Here we show that when c-di-GMP levels are elevated, swarming motility is repressed by the PilZ domain-containing protein FlgZ and by Pel polysaccharide production. We demonstrate that FlgZ interacts specifically with the motility-promoting stator protein MotC in a c-di-GMP-dependent manner and that a functional green fluorescent protein (GFP)-FlgZ fusion protein shows significantly reduced polar localization in a strain lacking the MotCD stator. Our results establish FlgZ as a c-di-GMP receptor affecting swarming motility byP. aeruginosaand support a model wherein c-di-GMP-bound FlgZ impedes motility via its interaction with the MotCD stator.IMPORTANCEThe regulation of surface-associated motility plays an important role in bacterial surface colonization and biofilm formation. c-di-GMP signaling is a widespread means of controlling bacterial motility, and yet the mechanism whereby this signal controls surface-associated motility inP. aeruginosaremains poorly understood. Here we identify a PilZ domain-containing c-di-GMP effector protein that contributes to c-di-GMP-mediated repression of swarming motility byP. aeruginosa. We provide evidence that this effector, FlgZ, impacts swarming motility via its interactions with flagellar stator protein MotC. Thus, we propose a new mechanism for c-di-GMP-mediated regulation of motility for a bacterium with two flagellar stator sets, increasing our understanding of surface-associated behaviors, a key prerequisite to identifying ways to control the formation of biofilm communities.

scholarly journals In VitroAnalyses of the Effects of Heparin and Parabens on Candida albicans Biofilms and Planktonic Cells

2011 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 148-153 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marisa H. Miceli ◽  
Stella M. Bernardo ◽  
T. S. Neil Ku ◽  
Carla Walraven ◽  
Samuel A. Lee
Keyword(s):  
Candida Albicans ◽  
Metabolic Activity ◽  
Biofilm Formation ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Planktonic Cells ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Heparin Sodium ◽  
The Individual

ABSTRACTInfections and thromboses are the most common complications associated with central venous catheters. Suggested strategies for prevention and management of these complications include the use of heparin-coated catheters, heparin locks, and antimicrobial lock therapy. However, the effects of heparin onCandida albicansbiofilms and planktonic cells have not been previously studied. Therefore, we sought to determine thein vitroeffect of a heparin sodium preparation (HP) on biofilms and planktonic cells ofC. albicans. Because HP contains two preservatives, methyl paraben (MP) and propyl paraben (PP), these compounds and heparin sodium without preservatives (Pure-H) were also tested individually. The metabolic activity of the mature biofilm after treatment was assessed using XTT [2,3-bis-(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium-5-carboxanilide] reduction and microscopy. Pure-H, MP, and PP caused up to 75, 85, and 60% reductions of metabolic activity of the mature preformedC. albicansbiofilms, respectively. Maximal efficacy against the mature biofilm was observed with HP (up to 90%) compared to the individual compounds (P< 0.0001). Pure-H, MP, and PP each inhibitedC. albicansbiofilm formation up to 90%. A complete inhibition of biofilm formation was observed with HP at 5,000 U/ml and higher. When tested against planktonic cells, each compound inhibited growth in a dose-dependent manner. These data indicated that HP, MP, PP, and Pure-H havein vitroantifungal activity againstC. albicansmature biofilms, formation of biofilms, and planktonic cells. Investigation of high-dose heparin-based strategies (e.g., heparin locks) in combination with traditional antifungal agents for the treatment and/or prevention ofC. albicansbiofilms is warranted.

scholarly journals Linearmycins Activate a Two-Component Signaling System Involved in Bacterial Competition and Biofilm Morphology

2017 ◽  
Vol 199 (18) ◽  
Author(s):  
Reed M. Stubbendieck ◽  
Paul D. Straight
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Abc Transporter ◽  
Bacterial Communities ◽  
Biofilm Formation ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Bioactive Metabolites ◽  
Signaling System ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Two Component ◽  
Analytical Approaches

ABSTRACT Bacteria use two-component signaling systems to adapt and respond to their competitors and changing environments. For instance, competitor bacteria may produce antibiotics and other bioactive metabolites and sequester nutrients. To survive, some species of bacteria escape competition through antibiotic production, biofilm formation, or motility. Specialized metabolite production and biofilm formation are relatively well understood for bacterial species in isolation. How bacteria control these functions when competitors are present is not well studied. To address fundamental questions relating to the competitive mechanisms of different species, we have developed a model system using two species of soil bacteria, Bacillus subtilis and Streptomyces sp. strain Mg1. Using this model, we previously found that linearmycins produced by Streptomyces sp. strain Mg1 cause lysis of B. subtilis cells and degradation of colony matrix. We identified strains of B. subtilis with mutations in the two-component signaling system yfiJK operon that confer dual phenotypes of specific linearmycin resistance and biofilm morphology. We determined that expression of the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter yfiLMN operon, particularly yfiM and yfiN, is necessary for biofilm morphology. Using transposon mutagenesis, we identified genes that are required for YfiLMN-mediated biofilm morphology, including several chaperones. Using transcriptional fusions, we found that YfiJ signaling is activated by linearmycins and other polyene metabolites. Finally, using a truncated YfiJ, we show that YfiJ requires its transmembrane domain to activate downstream signaling. Taken together, these results suggest coordinated dual antibiotic resistance and biofilm morphology by a single multifunctional ABC transporter promotes competitive fitness of B. subtilis. IMPORTANCE DNA sequencing approaches have revealed hitherto unexplored diversity of bacterial species in a wide variety of environments that includes the gastrointestinal tract of animals and the rhizosphere of plants. Interactions between different species in bacterial communities have impacts on our health and industry. However, many approaches currently used to study whole bacterial communities do not resolve mechanistic details of interspecies interactions, including how bacteria sense and respond to their competitors. Using a competition model, we have uncovered dual functions for a previously uncharacterized two-component signaling system involved in specific antibiotic resistance and biofilm morphology. Insights gleaned from signaling within interspecies interaction models build a more complete understanding of gene functions important for bacterial communities and will enhance community-level analytical approaches.

scholarly journals Disruption of Glycolysis by Nutritional Immunity Activates a Two-Component System That Coordinates a Metabolic and Antihost Response by Staphylococcus aureus

mBio ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Paola K. Párraga Solórzano ◽  
Jiangwei Yao ◽  
Charles O. Rock ◽  
Thomas E. Kehl-Fie
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Metabolic Flux ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Two Component System ◽  
Component System ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Nutritional Immunity ◽  
Two Component

ABSTRACT During infection, bacteria use two-component signal transduction systems to sense and adapt to the dynamic host environment. Despite critically contributing to infection, the activating signals of most of these regulators remain unknown. This also applies to the Staphylococcus aureus ArlRS two-component system, which contributes to virulence by coordinating the production of toxins, adhesins, and a metabolic response that enables the bacterium to overcome host-imposed manganese starvation. Restricting the availability of essential transition metals, a strategy known as nutritional immunity, constitutes a critical defense against infection. In this work, expression analysis revealed that manganese starvation imposed by the immune effector calprotectin or by the absence of glycolytic substrates activates ArlRS. Manganese starvation imposed by calprotectin also activated the ArlRS system even when glycolytic substrates were present. A combination of metabolomics, mutational analysis, and metabolic feeding experiments revealed that ArlRS is activated by alterations in metabolic flux occurring in the latter half of the glycolytic pathway. Moreover, calprotectin was found to induce expression of staphylococcal leukocidins in an ArlRS-dependent manner. These studies indicated that ArlRS is a metabolic sensor that allows S. aureus to integrate multiple environmental stresses that alter glycolytic flux to coordinate an antihost response and to adapt to manganese starvation. They also established that the latter half of glycolysis represents a checkpoint to monitor metabolic state in S. aureus. Altogether, these findings contribute to understanding how invading pathogens, such as S. aureus, adapt to the host during infection and suggest the existence of similar mechanisms in other bacterial species. IMPORTANCE Two-component regulatory systems enable bacteria to adapt to changes in their environment during infection by altering gene expression and coordinating antihost responses. Despite the critical role of two-component systems in bacterial survival and pathogenesis, the activating signals for most of these regulators remain unidentified. This is exemplified by ArlRS, a Staphylococcus aureus global regulator that contributes to virulence and to resisting host-mediated restriction of essential nutrients, such as manganese. In this report, we demonstrate that manganese starvation and the absence of glycolytic substrates activate ArlRS. Further investigations revealed that ArlRS is activated when the latter half of glycolysis is disrupted, suggesting that S. aureus monitors flux through the second half of this pathway. Host-imposed manganese starvation also induced the expression of pore-forming toxins in an ArlRS-dependent manner. Cumulatively, this work reveals that ArlRS acts as a sensor that links nutritional status, cellular metabolism, and virulence regulation.

scholarly journals Quorum Sensing Influences Burkholderia thailandensis Biofilm Development and Matrix Production

2016 ◽  
Vol 198 (19) ◽  
pp. 2643-2650 ◽  
Author(s):  
Boo Shan Tseng ◽  
Charlotte D. Majerczyk ◽  
Daniel Passos da Silva ◽  
Josephine R. Chandler ◽  
E. Peter Greenberg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quorum Sensing ◽  
Biofilm Formation ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Matrix Material ◽  
Close Relative ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Flow Conditions ◽  
Burkholderia Thailandensis ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Biofilm Development

ABSTRACTMembers of the genusBurkholderiaare known to be adept at biofilm formation, which presumably assists in the survival of these organisms in the environment and the host. Biofilm formation has been linked to quorum sensing (QS) in several bacterial species. In this study, we characterizedBurkholderia thailandensisbiofilm development under flow conditions and sought to determine whether QS contributes to this process.B. thailandensisbiofilm formation exhibited an unusual pattern: the cells formed small aggregates and then proceeded to produce mature biofilms characterized by “dome” structures filled with biofilm matrix material. We showed that this process was dependent on QS.B. thailandensishas three acyl-homoserine lactone (AHL) QS systems (QS-1, QS-2, and QS-3). An AHL-negative strain produced biofilms consisting of cell aggregates but lacking the matrix-filled dome structures. This phenotype was rescued via exogenous addition of the three AHL signals. Of the threeB. thailandensisQS systems, we show that QS-1 is required for proper biofilm development, since abtaR1mutant, which is defective in QS-1 regulation, forms biofilms without these dome structures. Furthermore, our data show that the wild-type biofilm biomass, as well as the material inside the domes, stains with a fucose-binding lectin. ThebtaR1mutant biofilms, however, are negative for fucose staining. This suggests that the QS-1 system regulates the production of a fucose-containing exopolysaccharide in wild-type biofilms. Finally, we present data showing that QS ability during biofilm development produces a biofilm that is resistant to dispersion under stress conditions.IMPORTANCEThe saprophyteBurkholderia thailandensisis a close relative of the pathogenic bacteriumBurkholderia pseudomallei, the causative agent of melioidosis, which is contracted from its environmental reservoir. Since most bacteria in the environment reside in biofilms,B. thailandensisis an ideal model organism for investigating questions inBurkholderiaphysiology. In this study, we characterizedB. thailandensisbiofilm development and sought to determine if quorum sensing (QS) contributes to this process. Our work shows thatB. thailandensisproduces biofilms with unusual dome structures under flow conditions. Our findings suggest that these dome structures are filled with a QS-regulated, fucose-containing exopolysaccharide that may be involved in the resilience ofB. thailandensisbiofilms against changes in the nutritional environment.

scholarly journals Role of Neuraminidase-Producing Bacteria in Exposing Cryptic Carbohydrate Receptors forStreptococcus gordoniiAdherence

2018 ◽  
Vol 86 (7) ◽  
pp. e00068-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alex Wong ◽  
Margaret A. Grau ◽  
Anirudh K. Singh ◽  
Shireen A. Woodiga ◽  
Samantha J. King
Keyword(s):  
Sialic Acid ◽  
Oral Cavity ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Neuraminidase Treatment ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Oral Epithelial Cells ◽  
Oral Environment ◽  
Oral Epithelial

ABSTRACTStreptococcus gordoniiis an early colonizer of the oral cavity. Although a variety ofS. gordoniiadherence mechanisms have been described, current dogma is that the major receptor forS. gordoniiis sialic acid. However, as many bacterial species in the oral cavity produce neuraminidase that can cleave terminal sialic acid, it is unclear whetherS. gordoniirelies on sialic acid for adherence to oral surfaces or if this species has developed alternative binding strategies. Previous studies have examined adherence to immobilized glycoconjugates and identified binding to additional glycans, but no prior studies have defined the contribution of these different glycan structures in adherence to oral epithelial cells. We determined that the majority ofS. gordoniistrains tested did not rely on sialic acid for efficient adherence. In fact, adherence of some strains was significantly increased following neuraminidase treatment. Further investigation of representative strains that do not rely on sialic acid for adherence revealed binding not only to sialic acid via the serine-rich repeat protein GspB but also to β-1,4-linked galactose. Adherence to this carbohydrate occurs via an unknown adhesin distinct from those utilized byStreptococcus oralisandStreptococcus pneumoniae. Demonstrating the potential biological relevance of binding to this cryptic receptor, we established thatS. oralisincreasesS. gordoniiadherence in a neuraminidase-dependent manner. These data suggest thatS. gordoniihas evolved to simultaneously utilize both terminal and cryptic receptors in response to the production of neuraminidase by other species in the oral environment.

scholarly journals In VitroEffects of Polyphosphate against Prevotella intermedia in Planktonic Phase and Biofilm

2015 ◽  
Vol 60 (2) ◽  
pp. 818-826 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eun-Young Jang ◽  
Minjung Kim ◽  
Mi Hee Noh ◽  
Ji-Hoi Moon ◽  
Jin-Yong Lee
Keyword(s):  
Biofilm Formation ◽  
Sodium Tripolyphosphate ◽  
Dilution Method ◽  
Agar Dilution Method ◽  
Prevotella Intermedia ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Bacterial Cells ◽  
Concentration Dependent Manner ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Planktonic Phase

ABSTRACTPolyphosphate (polyP) has gained a wide interest in the food industry due to its potential as a decontaminating agent. In this study, we examined the effect of sodium tripolyphosphate (polyP3; Na5P3O10) against planktonic and biofilm cells ofPrevotella intermedia, a major oral pathogen. The MIC of polyP3 againstP. intermediaATCC 49046 determined by agar dilution method was 0.075%, while 0.05% polyP3 was bactericidal againstP. intermediain time-kill analysis performed using liquid medium. A crystal violet binding assay for the assessment of biofilm formation byP. intermediashowed that sub-MICs of polyP3 significantly decreased biofilm formation. Under the scanning electron microscope, decreased numbers ofP. intermediacells forming the biofilms were observed when the bacterial cells were incubated with 0.025% or higher concentrations of polyP3. Assessment of biofilm viability with LIVE/DEAD staining and viable cell count methods showed that 0.05% or higher concentrations of polyP3 significantly decreased the viability of the preformed biofilms in a concentration-dependent manner. The zone sizes of alpha-hemolysis formed on horse blood agar produced byP. intermediawere decreased in the presence of polyP3. The expression of the genes encoding hemolysins and the genes of the hemin uptake (hmu) locus was downregulated by polyP3. Collectively, our results show that polyP is an effective antimicrobial agent againstP. intermediain biofilms as well as planktonic phase, interfering with the process of hemin acquisition by the bacterium.

scholarly journals Formation of Staphylococcus aureus Biofilm in the Presence of Sublethal Concentrations of Disinfectants Studied via a Transcriptomic Analysis Using Transcriptome Sequencing (RNA-seq)

2017 ◽  
Vol 83 (24) ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Slany ◽  
J. Oppelt ◽  
L. Cincarova
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Biofilm Formation ◽  
Transcriptome Sequencing ◽  
Expression Profiles ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Rna Seq ◽  
Altered Expression ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Sublethal Concentrations

ABSTRACT Staphylococcus aureus is a common biofilm-forming pathogen. Low doses of disinfectants have previously been reported to promote biofilm formation and to increase virulence. The aim of this study was to use transcriptome sequencing (RNA-seq) analysis to investigate global transcriptional changes in S. aureus in response to sublethal concentrations of the commonly used food industry disinfectants ethanol (EtOH) and chloramine T (ChT) and their combination (EtOH_ChT) in order to better understand the effects of these agents on biofilm formation. Treatment with EtOH and EtOH_ChT resulted in more significantly altered expression profiles than treatment with ChT. Our results revealed that EtOH and EtOH_ChT treatments enhanced the expression of genes responsible for regulation of gene expression (sigB), cell surface factors (clfAB), adhesins (sdrDE), and capsular polysaccharides (cap8EFGL), resulting in more intact biofilm. In addition, in this study we were able to identify the pathways involved in the adaptation of S. aureus to the stress of ChT treatment. Further, EtOH suppressed the effect of ChT on gene expression when these agents were used together at sublethal concentrations. These data show that in the presence of sublethal concentrations of tested disinfectants, S. aureus cells trigger protective mechanisms and try to cope with them. IMPORTANCE So far, the effect of disinfectants is not satisfactorily explained. The presented data will allow a better understanding of the mode of disinfectant action with regard to biofilm formation and the ability of bacteria to survive the treatment. Such an understanding could contribute to the effort to eliminate possible sources of bacteria, making disinfectant application as efficient as possible. Biofilm formation plays significant role in the spread and pathogenesis of bacterial species.

scholarly journals LitR of Vibrio salmonicida Is a Salinity-Sensitive Quorum-Sensing Regulator of Phenotypes Involved in Host Interactions and Virulence

2012 ◽  
Vol 80 (5) ◽  
pp. 1681-1689 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ane Mohn Bjelland ◽  
Henning Sørum ◽  
Daget Ayana Tegegne ◽  
Hanne C. Winther-Larsen ◽  
Nils Peder Willassen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quorum Sensing ◽  
Biofilm Formation ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Cell Communication ◽  
Cell Aggregation ◽  
Fish Host ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Vibrio Salmonicida

ABSTRACTVibrio(Aliivibrio)salmonicidais the causal agent of cold-water vibriosis, a fatal bacterial septicemia primarily of farmed salmonid fish. The molecular mechanisms of invasion, colonization, and growth ofV. salmonicidain the host are still largely unknown, and few virulence factors have been identified. Quorum sensing (QS) is a cell-to-cell communication system known to regulate virulence and other activities in several bacterial species. The genome ofV. salmonicidaLFI1238 encodes products presumably involved in several QS systems. In this study, the gene encoding LitR, a homolog of the master regulator of QS inV. fischeri, was deleted. Compared to the parental strain, thelitRmutant showed increased motility, adhesion, cell-to-cell aggregation, and biofilm formation. Furthermore, thelitRmutant produced less cryptic bioluminescence, whereas production of acylhomoserine lactones was unaffected. Our results also indicate a salinity-sensitive regulation of LitR. Finally, reduced mortality was observed in Atlantic salmon infected with thelitRmutant, implying that the fish were more susceptible to infection with the wild type than with the mutant strain. We hypothesize that LitR inhibits biofilm formation and favors planktonic growth, with the latter being more adapted for pathogenesis in the fish host.

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