scholarly journals Summary and Trends of the Russian Gonococcal Antimicrobial Surveillance Programme, 2005 to 2016

2019 ◽  
Vol 57 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexey Kubanov ◽  
Viktoria Solomka ◽  
Xenia Plakhova ◽  
Aleksandr Chestkov ◽  
Natalya Petrova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Penicillin G ◽  
Dilution Method ◽  
Agar Dilution Method ◽  
Surveillance Program ◽  
Surveillance Programme ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Antimicrobial Surveillance ◽  
Agar Dilution ◽  
Chromosomal Mutations

ABSTRACT The Russian Gonococcal Antimicrobial Surveillance Programme (RU-GASP) was established in 2004 and operated continuously during the years from 2005 to 2016. The aims of this study were to summarize the RU-GASP results over this 12-year period and evaluate the trends in Neisseria gonorrhoeae antimicrobial resistance in Russia. In total, 5,038 verified N. gonorrhoeae isolates from 40 participating regions were tested for susceptibility to six antimicrobials via an agar dilution method. DNA loci involved in antimicrobial resistance were identified via minisequencing or DNA microarray techniques. From 2005 to 2016, increasing susceptibility to penicillin G (from 22.6% to 63.0%), tetracycline (from 34.8% to 53.0%), and ciprofloxacin (from 50.6% to 68.6%) was observed, but resistance to these drugs remained high. The proportions of isolates nonsusceptible to azithromycin and spectinomycin peaked in 2011 and decreased thereafter. Of the isolates, only 6 and 23 were identified as nonsusceptible to ceftriaxone according to the CLSI definitions and EUCAST breakpoint (0.57% of the total population), respectively. Comparison of N. gonorrhoeae antimicrobial resistance genetic determinants in 2005 versus those in 2016 showed a significant decrease in the number of isolates carrying chromosomal mutations. The proportion of isolates with wild-type genotypes increased from 11.7% in 2005 to 30.3% in 2016. Thus, the RU-GASP can be considered a successful gonorrhea surveillance program, and the current state of N. gonorrhoeae antimicrobial resistance in Russia is less serious than that in other WHO GASP regions.

Antimicrobial Susceptibility and Detection of Genes for Antimicrobial Resistance of Mycoplasma bovis, Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Aksoy
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽  
Penicillin G ◽  
Dilution Method ◽  
Agar Dilution Method ◽  
Mycoplasma Bovis ◽  
A Cell ◽  
Agar Dilution

Background: Mycoplasma bovis (Gram-positive bacteria) belongs the class Mollicutes and to the family Mycoplasmataceae (Maunsell and Donovan, 2009). It is a cell wall-less bacterium and are instead enveloped by a complex plasma membrane. In cattle, M. bovis is widely known causes various diseases, such respiratory disease, mastitis, arthritis and otitis.Methods: The present study was aimed to determine the antimicrobial susceptibility and identify the genes for antimicrobial resistance of Mycoplasma bovis PG45, Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. M. bovis PG45, S. aureus and E.coli were subjected to test for their sensitivity to various clinically important antibiotics (Cefotaxime, Cefuroxime, Cefaclor Cefalexin, Ofloxacin, Norfloxacin, Nalidixic acid, Amikacin, Ampicillin, Oxacilin, Amoxyclav, Rifampicin, Penicillin G and Tylosin). The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of each antimicrobial agent was determined by applying an agar dilution method. Polymerase Chain reaction (PCR) was used to amplify specific DNA fragments and thus to determine the presence or absence of a target gene (VspA, tet k and tetA). Result: Showed the MIC values and the presence of VspA, tetK and tetA in M. bovis PG45, S. aureus and E. coli respectively.

scholarly journals Antibiotic sensitivities of Neisseria meningitidis isolates from patients and carriers in Greece

1992 ◽  
Vol 108 (3) ◽  
pp. 449-455 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Tzanakaki ◽  
C. C. Blackwell ◽  
J. Kremastinou ◽  
C. Kallergi ◽  
G. Kouppari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neisseria Meningitidis ◽  
School Children ◽  
Penicillin G ◽  
Dilution Method ◽  
Agar Dilution Method ◽  
Southern Europe ◽  
Agar Dilution ◽  
Of Greece

SUMMARYUsage of antibiotics in southern Europe is less well regulated than in northern countries. The proportion (48%) of meningococci in Spain insensitive to penicillin (MIC ≥ 0·1 mg/l) prompted this investigation of antibiotic sensitivities of isolates from Greek patients with meningitis (31) and carriers (47 school-children and 472 recruits). The agar dilution method was used to determine MIC to penicillin G (PN), sulphamethoxazole (SU), rifampicin (RF), cefaclor (CF) and ciprofloxacin (CP).The proportion of isolates insensitive to PN was 48% for isolates from patients, 19% from school-children and 36·6% from recruits. Resistance to SU (MIC ≥ 16 mg/l) was found in 16% of those from patients, 10·6% from children and 40% from recruits. None of the isolates from patients was resistant to RF (≥ 1 mg/l) but 6% of those from carriers were. Resistance to CF (≥ 4 mg/l) was found in 9·2% of patient isolates, 6·4% from children and 23·7% from recruits. All isolates except one were sensitive to CP (MIC range < 0·0015–0·125 mg/l).Resistances to PN, SU and RF were analysed by serogroup, serotype and subtype of the bacteria. The proportion of resistant isolates showed some variation between different areas of Greece, but it was not statistically significant.

Antibiotic Resistance of Salmonella Isolated from Hog, Beef, and Chicken Carcass Samples from Provincially Inspected Abattoirs in Ontario

2004 ◽  
Vol 67 (3) ◽  
pp. 448-455 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. LARKIN ◽  
C. POPPE ◽  
B. MCNAB ◽  
B. MCEWEN ◽  
A. MAHDI ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
The United States ◽  
Test Methods ◽  
Dilution Method ◽  
Agar Dilution Method ◽  
Chicken Carcass ◽  
Resistance Patterns ◽  
Agar Dilution ◽  
Microbroth Dilution ◽  
Good Agreement

The emergence of antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella organisms, especially Salmonella Typhimurium DT104, has been reported in many countries, including the United States and Canada. The purposes of this study were to determine the antimicrobial resistance patterns of Salmonella isolated from hog, beef, and chicken carcasses from provincially inspected abattoirs in Ontario and to determine the agreement between the agar dilution method and the microbroth dilution method for measurement of antimicrobial resistance of the isolates. Antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella isolates from hogs (n = 71), beef (n = 24), and chicken (n = 295) to amikacin, ampicillin, cephalothin, chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, streptomycin, sulfamethoxazole,and tetracycline was determined using the two methods. None of the 390 isolates were resistant to ciprofloxacin at levels of 0.125 μg/ml. All chicken and hog isolates were sensitive to amikacin, whereas all beef isolates were sensitive to both amikacin and gentamicin. Multiple antimicrobial resistance (resistance to more than one antimicrobial) was found in 29% of bovine isolates and 42% of porcine isolates using both methods for testing and in 42% by the agar dilution and 33% by the microbroth dilution methods in the chicken isolates. Overall, there was good agreement between the two test methods for resistance to most of the antimicrobials, with disagreement found in the results in 1.3% of the isolates for ampicillin and sulfamethoxazole, 8.2% for streptomycin, 5.6% for cephalothin, and 1.0% of the isolates for tetracycline. The lack of agreement between the two test methods was found mostly among the chicken isolates.

scholarly journals In VitroActivity of Fosfomycin against a Collection of Clinical Pseudomonas aeruginosa Isolates from 16 Spanish Hospitals: Establishing the Validity of Standard Broth Microdilution as Susceptibility Testing Method

2013 ◽  
Vol 57 (11) ◽  
pp. 5701-5703 ◽  
Author(s):  
María Díez-Aguilar ◽  
María-Isabel Morosini ◽  
Rosa del Campo ◽  
María García-Castillo ◽  
Javier Zamora ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽  
Susceptibility Testing ◽  
Disk Diffusion ◽  
Dilution Method ◽  
Agar Dilution Method ◽  
Broth Microdilution ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Testing Method ◽  
Broth Microdilution Method ◽  
Agar Dilution

ABSTRACTThe broth microdilution method for fosfomycin andPseudomonas aeruginosawas assessed and compared with the approved agar dilution method in 206 genetically unrelatedP. aeruginosaclinical isolates. Essential agreement between the two methods was 84%, and categorical agreement was 89.3%. Additionally, Etest and disk diffusion assays were performed. Results validate broth microdilution as a reliable susceptibility testing method for fosfomycin againstP. aeruginosa. Conversely, unacceptable concordance was established between Etest and disk diffusion results with agar dilution results.

scholarly journals The Russian gonococcal antimicrobial susceptibility programme (RU-GASP) – national resistance prevalence in 2007 and 2008, and trends during 2005-2008

2010 ◽  
Vol 15 (14) ◽  
Author(s):  
A Kubanova ◽  
N Frigo ◽  
A Kubanov ◽  
S Sidorenko ◽  
I Lesnaya ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
European Union ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽  
Dilution Method ◽  
Agar Dilution Method ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Beta Lactam ◽  
First Line ◽  
Agar Dilution

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in Neisseria gonorrhoeae is a major problem worldwide. In the former Soviet countries including Russia, the knowledge regarding AMR has been highly limited. However, in 2004 the Russian gonococcal antimicrobial susceptibility programme (RU-GASP) was initiated. The aims of this study were to examine and describe the prevalence of N. gonorrhoeae AMR in 2007 and 2008 in Russia, and reveal trends in the period from 2005 to 2008. Gonococcal isolates (660 in 2007 and 900 in 2008) from 36 surveillance sites were examined using agar dilution method. From 2005 to 2008, the proportion of isolates resistant to spectinomycin increased from 0% to 7.2%, and remained high for those resistant to ciprofloxacin (approximately 49%). The resistance to azithromycin was 2.3% and 0.4% in 2007 and 2008, respectively. All isolates between 2005 and 2008 were susceptible to ceftriaxone. In conclusion, the AMR of N. gonorrhoeae in Russia is high, as in most countries in the European Union, and ceftriaxone should be the first line for treatment. If there is no access to ceftriaxone or in the presence of severe beta-lactam antimicrobial allergy, spectinomycin should be used; however, the resistance to spectinomycin has increased. Regular, quality-assured national and international surveillance of AMR in N. gonorrhoeae is crucial globally for public health.

scholarly journals Meningococcal Quinolone Resistance Originated from Several Commensal Neisseria Species

2019 ◽  
Vol 64 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mingliang Chen ◽  
Chi Zhang ◽  
Xi Zhang ◽  
Min Chen
Keyword(s):  
Acquired Resistance ◽  
Quinolone Resistance ◽  
Dilution Method ◽  
Agar Dilution Method ◽  
Illumina Platform ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Neisseria Species ◽  
Agar Dilution ◽  
Recombinant Fragments ◽  
Commensal Neisseria

ABSTRACT Quinolone resistance is increasing in Neisseria meningitidis, with its prevalence in China being high (>70%), but its origin remains unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate the donors of mutation-harboring gyrA alleles in N. meningitidis. A total of 198 N. meningitidis isolates and 293 commensal Neisseria isolates were collected between 2005 and 2018 in Shanghai, China. The MICs of ciprofloxacin were determined using the agar dilution method. The resistance-associated genes gyrA and parC were sequenced for all isolates, while a few isolates were sequenced on the Illumina platform. The prevalences of quinolone resistance in the N. meningitidis and commensal Neisseria isolates were 67.7% (134/198) and 99.3% (291/293), respectively. All 134 quinolone-resistant N. meningitidis isolates possessed mutations in T91 (n = 123) and/or D95 (n = 12) of GyrA, with 7 isolates also harboring ParC mutations and exhibiting higher MICs. Phylogenetic analysis of the gyrA sequence identified six clusters. Among the 71 mutation-harboring gyrA alleles found in 221 N. meningitidis isolates and genomes (n = 221), 12 alleles (n = 103, 46.6%) were included in the N. meningitidis cluster, while 20 alleles (n = 56) were included in the N. lactamica cluster, 27 alleles (n = 49) were included in the N. cinerea cluster, and 9 alleles (n = 10) were included in the N. subflava cluster. Genomic analyses identified the exact N. lactamica donors of seven mutation-harboring gyrA alleles (gyrA92, gyrA97, gyrA98, gyrA114, gyrA116, gyrA151, and gyrA230) and the N. subflava donor isolate of gyrA171, with the sizes of the recombinant fragments ranging from 634 to 7,499 bp. Transformation of gyrA fragments from these donor strains into a meningococcal isolate increased its ciprofloxacin MIC from 0.004 μg/ml to 0.125 or 0.19 μg/ml and to 0.5 μg/ml with further transformation of an additional ParC mutation. Over half of the quinolone-resistant N. meningitidis isolates acquired resistance by horizontal gene transfer from three commensal Neisseria species. Quinolone resistance in N. meningitidis increases in a stepwise manner.

scholarly journals Differences in the Molecular Epidemiology and Antibiotic Susceptibility of Clostridium difficile Isolates in Pediatric and Adult Patients

2016 ◽  
Vol 60 (8) ◽  
pp. 4896-4900 ◽  
Author(s):  
Larry K. Kociolek ◽  
Dale N. Gerding ◽  
James R. Osmolski ◽  
Sameer J. Patel ◽  
David R. Snydman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clostridium Difficile ◽  
Antibiotic Susceptibility ◽  
Restriction Endonuclease Analysis ◽  
Adult Patients ◽  
Dilution Method ◽  
Agar Dilution Method ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Agar Dilution ◽  
Rising Incidence ◽  
Antibiotics Susceptibility

ABSTRACTThe rising incidence ofClostridium difficileinfections (CDIs) in adults is partly related to the global spread of fluoroquinolone-resistant strains, namely, BI/NAP1/027. Although CDIs are also increasingly diagnosed in children, BI/NAP1/027 is relatively uncommon in children. Little is known about the antibiotic susceptibility of pediatric CDI isolates.C. difficilewas cultured fromtcdB-positive stools collected from children diagnosed with CDI between December 2012 and December 2013 at an academic children's hospital. CDI isolates were grouped by restriction endonuclease analysis (REA). MICs were measured by agar dilution method for 7 antibiotics. Susceptibility breakpoints were based on guidelines from CLSI and/or the European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST). MICs and REA groupings ofC. difficileisolates from 74 adult patients (29 isolates underwent REA) from a temporally and geographically similar adult cohort were compared to those of pediatric isolates. Among 122 pediatric and 74 adult isolates, respectively, the rates of resistance were as follows: metronidazole, 0% and 0%; vancomycin, 0% and 8% (P= 0.003); rifaximin, 1.6% and 6.7% (P= 0.11); clindamycin, 18.9% and 25.3% (P= 0.29); and moxifloxacin, 2.5% and 36% (P= <0.0001). Only 1 of 122 (0.8%) BI/NAP1/027 isolates was identified among the children, compared to 9 of 29 (31%) isolates identified among the adults (P= <0.0001). The 3 moxifloxacin-resistant pediatric isolates were of REA groups BI and CF and a nonspecific group. The 2 rifaximin-resistant pediatric isolates were of REA groups DH and Y. The 21 clindamycin-resistant pediatric isolates were distributed among 9 REA groups (groups A, CF, DH, G, L, M, and Y and 2 unique nonspecific REA groups). These data suggest that a diverse array of relatively antibiotic-susceptibleC. difficilestrains predominate in a cohort of children with CDI compared to adults.

scholarly journals Variability in Azithromycin Susceptibility Results for Neisseria gonorrhoeae Obtained Using Gradient MIC Strip and Agar Dilution Techniques

2019 ◽  
Vol 57 (12) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gary N. McAuliffe ◽  
Marian Smith ◽  
Gavin Cooper ◽  
Rose F. Forster ◽  
Sally A. Roberts
Keyword(s):  
Neisseria Gonorrhoeae ◽  
Susceptibility Testing ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Test Strip ◽  
Clinical Isolates ◽  
Dilution Method ◽  
Agar Dilution Method ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Test Strips ◽  
Agar Dilution

ABSTRACT Azithromycin is a component of empirical treatment regimens for Neisseria gonorrhoeae infections, but antimicrobial susceptibility testing for this agent is technically challenging. We compared the intertest variability, MIC values, and CLSI/EUCAST categorization of clinical and reference isolates of N. gonorrhoeae treated with azithromycin by testing 107 clinical isolates and nine reference isolates by agar dilution and in duplicates using MIC test strips (Liofilchem, Italy) and Etests (bioMérieux, France). Replicate isolate agreement within 1 log2 between duplicate tests was 87% for MIC test strips and 100% for Etests (P < 0.001). Essential agreement with the agar dilution method was higher for Etests (91%) than for MIC test strips (44%, P < 0.001). The geometric mean MIC was highest for MIC test strips (0.8 mg/liter) and significantly higher than both Etest (0.47 mg/liter, P < 0.001) and agar dilution (0.26 mg/liter, P < 0.001) methods. Etest MICs were higher than those obtained with agar dilution (P < 0.001). Agar dilution, MIC test strip, and Etest methods categorized 96%, 85%, and 95% (P = 0.003) of clinical isolates, respectively, as susceptible/wild type according to CLSI/EUCAST criteria. Our results illustrate the difficulties underlying azithromycin susceptibility testing for N. gonorrhoeae and demonstrate that results can vary using different methods. This variability could influence antimicrobial resistance reporting between laboratories involved in N. gonorrhoeae surveillance programs.

scholarly journals Emergence and Spread of Neisseria gonorrhoeae Strains with High-Level Resistance to Azithromycin in Taiwan from 2001 to 2018

2019 ◽  
Vol 63 (9) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yen-Hung Liu ◽  
Ya-Hui Wang ◽  
Chun-Hsing Liao ◽  
Po-Ren Hsueh
Keyword(s):  
Neisseria Gonorrhoeae ◽  
23S Rrna ◽  
Dilution Method ◽  
Agar Dilution Method ◽  
Coding Region ◽  
Content Type ◽  
First Choice ◽  
Agar Dilution ◽  
High Level ◽  
Level Resistance

ABSTRACT A total of 598 Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolates obtained from patients in Taiwan from 2001 to 2018 were evaluated. The MICs of ceftriaxone (CRO) and azithromycin (AZM) against the isolates were determined by the agar dilution method. N. gonorrhoeae isolates with AZM MICs of ≥1 μg/ml were identified and characterized by the presence of AZM resistance determinants. For high-level AZM-resistant (AZM-HLR) isolates (MIC ≥ 256 μg/ml), genotyping was performed using multilocus sequence typing (MLST) and N. gonorrhoeae multiantigen sequence typing (NG-MAST). Among the N. gonorrhoeae isolates studied, 8.7% (52/598) exhibited AZM MICs of ≥1 μg/ml. Thirteen of the 52 isolates contained A2059G (23S rRNA NG-STAR type 1) or C2611T (23S rRNA NG-STAR type 2) mutations. The prevalence of the A2059G mutation was higher in AZM-HLR isolates (P < 0.001). The −35A deletion in the promoter region of the mtrR gene did not differ between AZM-HLR isolates (100%, 10/10) and the isolates with AZM MICs of 1 μg/ml to 64 μg/ml (95.2%, 40/42) (P = 1.000). The presence of mutations in the mtrR coding region was significantly different between these two groups at 90% (9/10) and 26.2% (11/42), respectively (P < 0.001). The AZM-HLR isolates, all carrying four mutated A2059G alleles, a −35A deletion, and G45D, were classified as MLST 12039/10899 and NG-MAST 1866/16497. In conclusion, Taiwan is among the countries reporting gonococci with high-level resistance to AZM so that a single dose of 1 g ceftriaxone intramuscularly as the first choice for management of N. gonorrhoeae infection should be evaluated.

scholarly journals Antimicrobial resistance, virulence genes and molecular subtypes of S. Enteritidis isolated from children in Shanghai

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (07) ◽  
pp. 573-580 ◽  
Author(s):  
Li Xu ◽  
Xiujuan Zhou ◽  
Xuebin Xu ◽  
Karl R Matthews ◽  
Yue Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Salmonella Enteritidis ◽  
Virulence Genes ◽  
Virulence Gene ◽  
Dilution Method ◽  
Agar Dilution Method ◽  
Gene Profiles ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Agar Dilution ◽  
Polymerase Chain

Introduction: Antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella poses a key threat to public health worldwide. Salmonella Enteritidis (S. Enteritidis) (119 isolates) from children under 10 years old with diarrhea in Shanghai from 2010-2012 were characterized for antimicrobial susceptibility, virulence gene profiles and pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) patterns. Methodology: The minimum inhibitory concentration for the 119 S. Enteritidis isolates was determined using an agar dilution method. The presence of virulence genes was detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). All the isolates with antimicrobial resistance were subjected to PFGE analysis. Results: Among these isolates, 71.4% (85) were resistant to sulfafurazole, 59.7% (71) were resistant to ampicillin, 47.1% (56) were resistant to streptomycin, 7.6% (9) were resistant to ceftiofur and 3.4% (4) were resistant to ceftriaxone. Multidrug resistance (MDR) was found in 63.9% (76) of the isolates; 23 resistance profiles were identified. All isolates harbored the ssaQ and sopE virulence genes in the 16 virulence profiles (VPs); VP1 accounted for 70.59% of the 119 isolates. There were 57 PFGE patterns among the 92 isolates tested, mainly grouped into five clusters (A to E). All of the 76 MDR isolates carried multiple virulence genes. Conclusions: Our study provides useful microbiological data for the successful treatment of S. Enteritidis infections in Shanghai. Although broad spectrum antimicrobials may be useful in the treatment of invasive S. Enteritidis infections, clinicians need to be aware of common microbiological traits, because of the high prevalence of MDR.

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