scholarly journals Reconstruction of the Genetic History and the Current Spread of HIV-1 Subtype A in Germany

2019 ◽  
Vol 93 (12) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kirsten Hanke ◽  
Nuno Rodrigues Faria ◽  
Denise Kühnert ◽  
Kaveh Pouran Yousef ◽  
Andrea Hauser ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Eastern Africa ◽  
Heterosexual Transmission ◽  
Western European Country ◽  
Eastern European ◽  
African Lineage ◽  
Current Spread ◽  
Subtype A ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Hiv 1

ABSTRACT HIV-1 non-B infections have been increasing in Europe for several years. In Germany, subtype A belongs to the most abundant non-B subtypes showing an increasing prevalence of 8.3% among new infections in 2016. Here we trace the origin and examine the current spread of the German HIV-1 subtype A epidemic. Bayesian coalescence and birth-death analyses were performed with 180 German HIV-1 pol sequences and 528 related and publicly available sequences to reconstruct the population dynamics and fluctuations for each of the transmission groups. Our reconstructions indicate two distinct sources of the German subtype A epidemic, with an Eastern European and an Eastern African lineage both cocirculating in the country. A total of 13 German-origin clusters were identified; among these, 6 clusters showed recent activity. Introductions leading to further countrywide spread originated predominantly from Eastern Africa when introduced before 2005. Since 2005, however, spreading introductions have occurred exclusively within the Eastern European clade. Moreover, we observed changes in the main route of subtype A transmission. The beginning of the German epidemic (1985 to 1995) was dominated by heterosexual transmission of the Eastern African lineage. Since 2005, transmissions among German men who have sex with men (MSM) have been increasing and have been associated with the Eastern European lineage. Infections among people who inject drugs dominated between 1998 and 2005. Our findings on HIV-1 subtype A infections provide new insights into the spread of this virus and extend the understanding of the HIV epidemic in Germany. IMPORTANCE HIV-1 subtype A is the second most prevalent subtype worldwide, with a high prevalence in Eastern Africa and Eastern Europe. However, an increase of non-B infections, including subtype A infections, has been observed in Germany and other European countries. There has simultaneously been an increased flow of refugees into Europe and especially into Germany, raising the question of whether the surge in non-B infections resulted from this increased immigration or whether German transmission chains are mainly involved. This study is the first comprehensive subtype A study from a western European country analyzing in detail its phylogenetic origin, the impact of various transmission routes, and its current spread. The results and conclusions presented provide new and substantial insights for virologists, epidemiologists, and the general public health sector. In this regard, they should be useful to those authorities responsible for developing public health intervention strategies to combat the further spread of HIV/AIDS.

scholarly journals Impact of HIV-1 Diversity on Its Sensitivity to Neutralization

Vaccines ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 74 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karl Stefic ◽  
Mélanie Bouvin-Pley ◽  
Martine Braibant ◽  
Francis Barin
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Envelope Protein ◽  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Continuous Process ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Global Public Health ◽  
Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
The Many ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Hiv 1

The HIV-1 pandemic remains a major burden on global public health and a vaccine to prevent HIV-1 infection is highly desirable but has not yet been developed. Among the many roadblocks to achieve this goal, the high antigenic diversity of the HIV-1 envelope protein (Env) is one of the most important and challenging to overcome. The recent development of broadly neutralizing antibodies has considerably improved our knowledge on Env structure and its interplay with neutralizing antibodies. This review aims at highlighting how the genetic diversity of HIV-1 thwarts current, and possibly future, vaccine developments. We will focus on the impact of HIV-1 Env diversification on the sensitivity to neutralizing antibodies and the repercussions of this continuous process at a population level.

Determination of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Subtypes in Taiwan by vpu Gene Analysis

2000 ◽  
Vol 38 (7) ◽  
pp. 2468-2474 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chun-Nan Lee ◽  
Wei-Kung Wang ◽  
Wen-Sheng Fan ◽  
Shing-Jer Twu ◽  
Shou-Chien Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Gene Analysis ◽  
Heterosexual Transmission ◽  
Subtype B ◽  
Genetic Subtypes ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Subtype A ◽  
Hiv 1

The genetic diversity of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1 (HIV-1) has been characterized mainly by analysis of theenv and gag genes. Information on thevpu genes in the HIV sequence database is very limited. In the present study, the nucleotide sequences of the vpugenes were analyzed, and the genetic subtypes determined by analysis of the vpu gene were compared with those previously determined by analysis of the gag and env genes. Thevpu genes were amplified by nested PCR of proviral DNA extracted from 363 HIV-1-infected individuals and were sequenced directly by use of the PCR products. HIV-1 subtypes were determined by sequence alignment and phylogenetic analysis with reference strains. The strains in all except one of the samples analyzed could be classified as subtype A, B, C, E, or G. The vpu subtype of one strain could not be determined. Of the strains analyzed, genetic subtypes of 247 (68.0%) were also determined by analysis of theenv or gag gene. The genetic subtypes determined by vpu gene analysis were, in general, consistent with those determined by gag and/orenv gene analysis except for those for two AG recombinant strains. All the strains that clustered with a Thailand subtype E strain in the vpu phylogenetic analyses were subtype E byenv gene analysis and subtype A by gag gene analysis. In summary, our genetic typing revealed that subtype B strains, which constituted 73.8% of all strains analyzed, were most prevalent in Taiwan. While subtype E strains constituted about one-quarter of the viruses, they were prevalent at a higher proportion in the group infected by heterosexual transmission. Genetic analysis ofvpu may provide an alternate method for determination of HIV-1 subtypes for most of the strains, excluding those in which intersubtype recombination has occurred.

scholarly journals Transmission Dynamics of HIV Subtype A in Tel Aviv, Israel: Implications for HIV Spread and Eradication

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zehava Grossman ◽  
Boaz Avidor ◽  
Shirley Girshengoren ◽  
Eugene Katchman ◽  
Frank Maldarelli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Recent Common Ancestor ◽  
Molecular Evidence ◽  
Evolutionary Analysis ◽  
Public Health Response ◽  
Tel Aviv ◽  
Clinical Records ◽  
Subtype A ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Objective Subtype-A HIV was introduced into Israel in the mid-1990s, predominantly by immigrants from the former Soviet Union (FSU) infected via intravenous drug use (IVDU). HIV subsequently spread beyond the FSU-IVDU community. In 2012, a mini-HIV outbreak, associated with injection of amphetamine cathinone derivatives, started in Tel Aviv, prompting public health response. To assess current trends and the impact of the outbreak and control measures, we conducted a phyloepidemiologic analysis. Method Demographic and clinical records and HIV sequences were compiled from 312 subtype-A HIV-infected individuals attending the Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center between 2005–2016, where >40% of all subtype-A HIV-infected individuals in Israel are undergoing care. Molecular evolutionary genetics analysis (MEGA) and ayesian evolutionary analysis sampling trees (BEAST) programs were implemented in a phylogenetic analysis of pol sequences. Reconstructed phylogenies were assessed in the context of demographic information and drug-resistance profiles. Clusters were identified as sequence populations with posterior probability ≥0.95 of having a recent common ancestor. Results After 2010, the subtype-A epidemic acquired substantial phylogenetic structure, having been unrecognized in studies covering the earlier period. Nearly 50% of all sequences were present in 11 distinct clusters consisting of 4–43 individuals. Cluster composition reflected transmission across ethnic groups, with men who have sex with men (MSM) playing an increasing role. The cathinone-associated cluster was larger than previously documented, containing variants that continued to spread within and beyond the IVDU community. Conclusions Phyloepidemiologic analysis revealed diverse clusters of HIV infection with MSM having a central role in transmission across ethic groups. A mini outbreak was reduced by public health measures, but molecular evidence of ongoing transmission suggests additional measures are necessary.

scholarly journals Tracing the Impact of Public Health Interventions on HIV-1 Transmission in Portugal Using Molecular Epidemiology

2019 ◽  
Vol 220 (2) ◽  
pp. 233-243 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tetyana I Vasylyeva ◽  
Louis du Plessis ◽  
Andrea C Pineda-Peña ◽  
Denise Kühnert ◽  
Philippe Lemey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Hiv Transmission ◽  
Scale Up ◽  
Credible Interval ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Highly Active ◽  
Subtype B ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Hiv 1

Abstract Background Estimation of temporal changes in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission patterns can help to elucidate the impact of preventive strategies and public health policies. Methods Portuguese HIV-1 subtype B and G pol genetic sequences were appended to global reference data sets to identify country-specific transmission clades. Bayesian birth-death models were used to estimate subtype-specific effective reproductive numbers (Re). Discrete trait analysis (DTA) was used to quantify mixing among transmission groups. Results We identified 5 subtype B Portuguese clades (26–79 sequences) and a large monophyletic subtype G Portuguese clade (236 sequences). We estimated that major shifts in HIV-1 transmission occurred around 1999 (95% Bayesian credible interval [BCI], 1998–2000) and 2000 (95% BCI, 1998–2001) for subtypes B and G, respectively. For subtype B, Re dropped from 1.91 (95% BCI, 1.73–2.09) to 0.62 (95% BCI,.52–.72). For subtype G, Re decreased from 1.49 (95% BCI, 1.39–1.59) to 0.72 (95% BCI, .63–.8). The DTA suggests that people who inject drugs (PWID) and heterosexuals were the source of most (>80%) virus lineage transitions for subtypes G and B, respectively. Conclusions The estimated declines in Re coincide with the introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy and the scale-up of harm reduction for PWID. Inferred transmission events across transmission groups emphasize the importance of prevention efforts for bridging populations.

scholarly journals Inflammatory Genital Infections Mitigate a Severe Genetic Bottleneck in Heterosexual Transmission of Subtype A and C HIV-1

2009 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. e1000274 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard E. Haaland ◽  
Paulina A. Hawkins ◽  
Jesus Salazar-Gonzalez ◽  
Amber Johnson ◽  
Amanda Tichacek ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Bottleneck ◽  
Heterosexual Transmission ◽  
Genital Infections ◽  
Subtype A ◽  
Hiv 1

DAMPAK PENGELOLAAN SAMPAH PADA KESEHATAN MASYARAKAT DI TPA

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Emilda Emilda
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Hand Hygiene ◽  
Waste Management ◽  
Qualitative Data ◽  
Water Storage ◽  
Health Impact ◽  
Clean Water ◽  
The People ◽  
Clean Environment ◽  
The Impact

The limitations of waste management in the Cipayung Landfill (TPA) causing a buildup of garbage up to more than 30 meters. This condition has a health impact on people in Cipayung Village. This study aims to analyze the impact of waste management at Cipayung Landfill on public health in Cipayung Village, Depok City. The research is descriptive qualitative. Data obtained by purposive sampling. Data was collected by interviews, observation and documentation. Based on interviews with 30 respondents, it was found that the most common diseases were diarrhea, then other types of stomach ailments, subsequent itching on the skin and coughing. This is presumably because the environmental conditions in the form of unhealthy air and water and clean and healthy living behaviors (PHBS) have not become the habit of the people. The results indicated that there were no respondents who had implemented all of these criteria. In general respondents have implemented  3 criteria, namely maintaining hair hygiene, maintaining skin cleanliness, and maintaining hand hygiene. While maintaining clean water storage is the most often overlooked behavior. To minimize this health impact, improvements in waste management in Cipayung landfill are needed along with continuous socialization and education to develop PHBS habits and the importance of maintaining a clean environment.

Exploring the World Trade Organisation's Trade and Environment/Public Health Jurisprudence as a Model for Incorporating a Trade–Labour Linkage into the Organisation's Multilateral Trade Regime: Should African Countries Accept a Policy Shift?

2017 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-65
Author(s):  
Tapiwa V. Warikandwa ◽  
Patrick C. Osode
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
World Trade ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Trade Regime ◽  
Multilateral Trade ◽  
Appellate Body ◽  
The World ◽  
Labour Standards ◽  
The Impact

The incorporation of a trade-labour (standards) linkage into the multilateral trade regime of the World Trade Organisation (WTO) has been persistently opposed by developing countries, including those in Africa, on the grounds that it has the potential to weaken their competitive advantage. For that reason, low levels of compliance with core labour standards have been viewed as acceptable by African countries. However, with the impact of WTO agreements growing increasingly broader and deeper for the weaker and vulnerable economies of developing countries, the jurisprudence developed by the WTO Panels and Appellate Body regarding a trade-environment/public health linkage has the potential to address the concerns of developing countries regarding the potential negative effects of a trade-labour linkage. This article argues that the pertinent WTO Panel and Appellate Body decisions could advance the prospects of establishing a linkage of global trade participation to labour standards without any harm befalling developing countries.

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