scholarly journals Horizontal Transfer of Antibiotic Resistance Genes on Abiotic Touch Surfaces: Implications for Public Health

mBio ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 3 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah L. Warnes ◽  
Callum J. Highmore ◽  
C. William Keevil
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Gene Transfer ◽  
Copper Alloys ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
Content Type ◽  
E Coli

ABSTRACTHorizontal gene transfer (HGT) is largely responsible for increasing the incidence of antibiotic-resistant infections worldwide. While studies have focused on HGTin vivo, this work investigates whether the ability of pathogens to persist in the environment, particularly on touch surfaces, may also play an important role.Escherichia coli, virulent clone ST131, andKlebsiella pneumoniaeharboring extended-spectrum-β-lactamase (ESBL)blaCTX-M-15and metallo-β-lactamaseblaNDM-1, respectively, exhibited prolonged survival on stainless steel, with approximately 104viable cells remaining from an inoculum of 107 CFU per cm2after 1 month at 21°C. HGT ofblato an antibiotic-sensitive but azide-resistant recipientE. colistrain occurred on stainless steel dry touch surfaces and in suspension but not on dry copper. The conjugation frequency was approximately 10 to 50 times greater and occurred immediately, and resulting transconjugants were more stable with ESBLE. colias the donor cell than withK. pneumoniae, butblaNDM-1transfer increased with time. Transconjugants also exhibited the same resistance profile as the donor, suggesting multiple gene transfer. Rapid death, inhibition of respiration, and destruction of genomic and plasmid DNA of both pathogens occurred on copper alloys accompanied by a reduction inblacopy number. NakedE. coliDNA degraded on copper at 21°C and 37°C but slowly at 4°C, suggesting a direct role for the metal. Persistence of viable pathogenic bacteria on touch surfaces may not only increase the risk of infection transmission but may also contribute to the spread of antibiotic resistance by HGT. The use of copper alloys as antimicrobial touch surfaces may help reduce infection and HGT.IMPORTANCEHorizontal gene transfer (HGT) conferring resistance to many classes of antimicrobials has resulted in a worldwide epidemic of nosocomial and community infections caused by multidrug-resistant microorganisms, leading to suggestions that we are in effect returning to the preantibiotic era. While studies have focused on HGTin vivo, this work investigates whether the ability of pathogens to persist in the environment, particularly on touch surfaces, may also play an important role. Here we show prolonged (several-week) survival of multidrug-resistantEscherichia coliandKlebsiella pneumoniaeon stainless steel surfaces. Plasmid-mediated HGT of β-lactamase genes to an azide-resistant recipientE. colistrain occurred when the donor and recipient cells were mixed together on stainless steel and in suspension but not on copper surfaces. In addition, rapid death of both antibiotic-resistant strains and destruction of plasmid and genomic DNA were observed on copper and copper alloy surfaces, which could be useful in the prevention of infection spread and gene transfer.

scholarly journals Draft Whole-Genome Sequences of Multidrug-Resistant Escherichia coli O157:H7 Strains Isolated from Feedlot Cattle Treated with Growth-Promoting Agents

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (18) ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad A. Rehman ◽  
Catherine Carrillo ◽  
François Malouin ◽  
Moussa S. Diarra
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Draft Genome ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Feedlot Cattle ◽  
Genome Sequences ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
Content Type ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Foodborne Outbreaks ◽  
Uremic Syndrome

ABSTRACT Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli serotype O157:H7 is a major cause of foodborne outbreaks and hemolytic-uremic syndrome. Here, we report the draft genome sequences of three antibiotic-resistant E. coli O157:H7 strains isolated from feedlot cattle. These draft genome sequences will aid in the development of sequence-based tools for the detection of virulence and antimicrobial resistance genotypes.

scholarly journals Isolation and molecular characterization of multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli from chicken meat

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Md. Masudur Rahman ◽  
Asmaul Husna ◽  
Hatem A. Elshabrawy ◽  
Jahangir Alam ◽  
Nurjahan Yasmin Runa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Broiler Chicken ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance Genes ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Chicken Meat ◽  
The Other ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Layer Chicken

AbstractAntibiotic-resistant Escherichia coli (E. coli) are common in retail poultry products. In this study, we aimed to isolate and characterize multidrug resistant (MDR) E. coli in raw chicken meat samples collected from poultry shops in Sylhet division, Bangladesh, as well as to determine correlation between resistance phenotype and genotype. A total of 600 chicken meat swabs (divided equally between broiler and layer farms, n = 300 each) were collected and the isolates identified as E. coli (n = 381) were selected. Disc diffusion antimicrobial susceptibility assay showed resistance of these isolates to ampicillin, erythromycin, tetracycline, streptomycin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, chloramphenicol, and gentamicin. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) identified several antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in our isolates. Among these ARGs, the prevalence of tetA (for tetracycline) was the highest (72.58%) in broiler chicken isolates, followed by sul1 (for sulfonamide; 44.16%), aadA1 (for streptomycin; 33.50%), ereA (for erythromycin; 27.41%), aac-3-IV (for gentamicin; 25.38%), and the two genes cmlA (24.87%) and catA1 (8.63%) for chloramphenicol. On the other hand, the respective prevalence in layer chicken isolates were 82.06%, 47.83%, 35.87%, 35.33%, 23.91%, 19.02%, and 5.43%. Furthermore, 49.23% of the isolates from broiler chicken were MDR, with the presence of multiple antibiotic resistance genes, including 3 (40.11%) and 4 (9.13%) genes. On the other hand, 51.09% of layer chicken E. coli isolates were MDR, with 3, 4 or 5 ARGs detected in 36.41%, 14.13%, and 0.54% of the isolates, respectively. We also found that 12.8% of broiler chicken E. coli isolates and 7.61% of layer chicken isolates carried genes coding for extended-spectrum SHV beta-lactamases. Lastly, we report the presence of the AmpC beta-lactamase producing gene (CITM) in 4.56% and 3.26% of broiler and layer chicken E. coli isolates, respectively. We found significant correlations between most of the antimicrobial resistant phenotypes and genotypes observed among the investigated E. coli isolates. Our findings highlight the need for the prudent use of antimicrobials in chickens to minimize the development of antibiotic-resistant bacterial strains.

scholarly journals Conjugative Delivery of CRISPR-Cas9 for the Selective Depletion of Antibiotic-Resistant Enterococci

2019 ◽  
Vol 63 (11) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marinelle Rodrigues ◽  
Sara W. McBride ◽  
Karthik Hullahalli ◽  
Kelli L. Palmer ◽  
Breck A. Duerkop
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance Genes ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Conjugative Plasmid ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Resistance Determinants

ABSTRACT The innovation of new therapies to combat multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria is being outpaced by the continued rise of MDR bacterial infections. Of particular concern are hospital-acquired infections (HAIs) that are recalcitrant to antibiotic therapies. The Gram-positive intestinal pathobiont Enterococcus faecalis is associated with HAIs, and some strains are MDR. Therefore, novel strategies to control E. faecalis populations are needed. We previously characterized an E. faecalis type II CRISPR-Cas system and demonstrated its utility in the sequence-specific removal of antibiotic resistance determinants. Here, we present work describing the adaption of this CRISPR-Cas system into a constitutively expressed module encoded on a pheromone-responsive conjugative plasmid that efficiently transfers to E. faecalis for the selective removal of antibiotic resistance genes. Using in vitro competition assays, we show that these CRISPR-Cas-encoding delivery plasmids, or CRISPR-Cas antimicrobials, can reduce the occurrence of antibiotic resistance in enterococcal populations in a sequence-specific manner. Furthermore, we demonstrate that deployment of CRISPR-Cas antimicrobials in the murine intestine reduces the occurrence of antibiotic-resistant E. faecalis by several orders of magnitude. Finally, we show that E. faecalis donor strains harboring CRISPR-Cas antimicrobials are immune to uptake of antibiotic resistance determinants in vivo. Our results demonstrate that conjugative delivery of CRISPR-Cas antimicrobials may be adaptable for future deployment from probiotic bacteria for exact targeting of defined MDR bacteria or for precision engineering of polymicrobial communities in the mammalian intestine.

scholarly journals Bactericidal Monoclonal Antibodies Specific to the Lipopolysaccharide O Antigen from Multidrug-Resistant Escherichia coli Clone ST131-O25b:H4 Elicit Protection in Mice

2015 ◽  
Vol 59 (6) ◽  
pp. 3109-3116 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valéria Szijártó ◽  
Luis M. Guachalla ◽  
Zehra C. Visram ◽  
Katharina Hartl ◽  
Cecília Varga ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Monoclonal Antibodies ◽  
Human Serum ◽  
Significant Proportion ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Bacterial Killing ◽  
Content Type ◽  
E Coli

ABSTRACTTheEscherichia colisequence type 131 (ST131)-O25b:H4 clone has spread worldwide and become responsible for a significant proportion of multidrug-resistant extraintestinal infections. We generated humanized monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) that target the lipopolysaccharide O25b antigen conserved within this lineage. These MAbs bound to the surface of live bacterial cells irrespective of the capsular type expressed. In a serum bactericidal assayin vitro, MAbs induced >95% bacterial killing in the presence of human serum as the complement source. Protective efficacy at low antibody doses was observed in a murine model of bacteremia. The mode of actionin vivowas investigated by using aglycosylated derivatives of the protective MAbs. The significant binding to liveE. colicells and thein vitroandin vivoefficacy were corroborated in assays using bacteria grown in human serum to mimic relevant clinical conditions. Given the dry pipeline of novel antibiotics against multidrug-resistant Gram-negative pathogens, passive immunization with bactericidal antibodies offers a therapeutic alternative to control infections caused byE. coliST131-O25b:H4.

scholarly journals High Prevalence of Multiple Antibiotic-Resistant, Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase (ESBL)-Producing Escherichia coli in Fresh Seafood Sold in Retail Markets of Mumbai, India

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 46 ◽  
Author(s):  
Asem Sanjit Singh ◽  
Binaya Bhusan Nayak ◽  
Sanath H. Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
Retail Markets ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Extended Spectrum ◽  
Mar Index ◽  
Antibiotic Susceptibility Patterns ◽  
Encoding Genes

In this study, fresh seafood in retail markets was investigated for the antibiotic susceptibility patterns of the faecal indicator Escherichia coli and distribution of important β-lactamase encoding genes. E. coli were isolated from 50 (37 fish and 13 shellfish) fresh seafood samples and studied with respect to the phenotypic and genotypic characters of antibiotic resistance. Of 475 E. coli isolates from fresh seafood, 71.58% exhibited extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-positive phenotypes. A high percentage of isolates were resistant to indicator cephalosporins cefotaxime (95%), cefpodoxime (90.88%) and ceftazidime (90.29%). Relatively higher susceptibilities were recorded against imipenem (74.41%), cefoxitin (66.76%) and meropenem (51.18%). The multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) index of 97.35% of the isolates was above 0.18. The ESBL genes blaCTX-M, blaSHV and blaTEM were detected in 62.37%, 23.35% and 2.6% of E. coli isolates, respectively. The ESBL-producing isolates also harboured the metallo-β-lactamase-encoding genes blaOXA (7.06%), blaNDM (4.42%) and blaVIM (0.88%). This study highlights the risk of dissemination of multidrug resistant E. coli in seafood consumer communities and also the need to improve the hygiene of the coastal waters, landing centres and the retail markets.

scholarly journals Novel 5-Nitrofuran-Activating Reductase in Escherichia coli

2019 ◽  
Vol 63 (11) ◽  
Author(s):  
Vuong Van Hung Le ◽  
Ieuan G. Davies ◽  
Christina D. Moon ◽  
David Wheeler ◽  
Patrick J. Biggs ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Antibacterial Activity ◽  
Epidemiological Data ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Antimicrobial Drugs ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
Content Type ◽  
E Coli ◽  
History Of ◽  
Low Prevalence

ABSTRACT The global spread of multidrug-resistant enterobacteria warrants new strategies to combat these pathogens. One possible approach is the reconsideration of “old” antimicrobials, which remain effective after decades of use. Synthetic 5-nitrofurans such as furazolidone, nitrofurantoin, and nitrofurazone are such a class of antimicrobial drugs. Recent epidemiological data showed a very low prevalence of resistance to this antimicrobial class among clinical Escherichia coli isolates in various parts of the world, forecasting the increasing importance of its uses to battle antibiotic-resistant enterobacteria. However, although they have had a long history of clinical use, a detailed understanding of the 5-nitrofurans’ mechanisms of action remains limited. Nitrofurans are known as prodrugs that are activated in E. coli by reduction catalyzed by two redundant nitroreductases, NfsA and NfsB. Furazolidone, nevertheless, retains relatively significant antibacterial activity in the nitroreductase-deficient ΔnfsA ΔnfsB E. coli strain, indicating the presence of additional activating enzymes and/or antibacterial activity of the unreduced form. Using genome sequencing, genetic, biochemical, and bioinformatic approaches, we discovered a novel 5-nitrofuran-activating enzyme, AhpF, in E. coli. The discovery of a new nitrofuran-reducing enzyme opens new avenues for overcoming 5-nitrofuran resistance, such as designing nitrofuran analogues with higher affinity for AhpF or screening for adjuvants that enhance AhpF expression.

scholarly journals Predominance of blaTEM and tetA genes in antibiotic-resistant Escherichia coli isolates from Laguna Lake, Philippines

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daile Meek Salvador-Membreve ◽  
Windell L. Rivera
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance Genes ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Laguna Lake ◽  
Antibiotic Genes

Abstract Lakes are one of the sinks of antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs); however, information on ARB and ARGs in lakes in the Philippines is scarce. In this study, Escherichia coli was isolated from the largest freshwater lake in the Philippines, Laguna Lake, to detect antibiotic resistance and the presence of ARGs. Broth microdilution assay (BMA) and molecular identification of five environmentally prevalent ARGs (strA, blaCTX-M, blaSHV, blaTEM, and tetA) were performed. The majority (75.70%) of the isolates harbored at least one of the targeted antibiotic genes. Multiplex PCR detected about 49.07% of the isolates had genes for extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBL), which were mostly represented by blaTEM (47.66%). The genes strA and tetA were observed in this study with detection frequencies of 29.91 and 45.33%, respectively. About 95.69% of thermotolerant E. coli isolates were non-susceptible to six different antibiotics using BMA. Nearly 37% of the isolates were found to be multidrug-resistant (MDR) with most isolates resistant to ampicillin (81.72%). Furthermore, the occurrence of ESBL genes was significantly correlated with tetA genes (P = 0.013). To date, this study is the first to report on the presence of MDR and thermotolerant E. coli in Laguna Lake, Philippines.

scholarly journals Therapeutic effect of biosynthetic gold nanoparticles on multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli and Salmonella species isolated from ruminants

2021 ◽  
pp. 3200-3210
Author(s):  
Abeer M. Abdalhamed ◽  
Alaa A. Ghazy ◽  
Eman S. Ibrahim ◽  
Amany A. Arafa ◽  
Gamil S. G. Zeedan
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Gold Nanoparticles ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Resistance Genes ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance Genes ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Pathogenic Microorganisms ◽  
Salmonella Spp ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
E Coli

Background and Aim: Multidrug-resistant (MDR) pathogenic microorganisms have become a global problem in ruminants as a result of the intensive use of antibiotics, causing the development of resistance among gut microbiota. The antibiotic-resistant microorganisms can be transferred from diseased animals to humans. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of MDR Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. isolated from cattle, buffaloes, sheep, and goats suffering from respiratory signs, diarrhea, and mastitis and to screen the antibiotic sensitivity of selected isolated bacteria. It also detected antibiotic-resistance genes by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), produced green gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) using plant extracts (Artemisia herba-alba and Morus alba), and evaluated the antimicrobial activities of these biosynthesized nanoparticles on selected pathogens (E. coli and Salmonella spp.). Materials and Methods: MDR E. coli and Salmonella spp. were investigated using fecal samples (n=408), nasal swabs (n=358), and milk samples (n=227) of cattle, buffaloes, sheep, and goats with or without clinical signs, including respiratory manifestations, pneumonia, diarrhea, and mastitis, from different governorates in Egypt. E. coli and Salmonella spp. were isolated and identified on selective media, which were confirmed by biochemical reactions and PCR. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing against 10 commonly used antibiotics was performed using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. Antibiotic resistance genes blaTEM, blaSHV, blaOXA, and blaCTX-M were detected by PCR. The antibacterial effect of the biosynthesized AuNPs was evaluated by MIC and well diffusion assay. The biosynthesized AuNPs were also characterized by ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Results: Among all fecal samples, the prevalence of E. coli was 18.4% (183/993) and that of Salmonella spp. was 16.7% (66/408), as determined by cultural and molecular tests. All isolates of E. coli and Salmonella spp. were 100% resistant to ampicillin (AM) and amoxicillin and highly resistant to cefoxitin and AM-sulbactam. The total rate of resistance genes in E. coli was 61.2% (112/183), while that in Salmonella was 63.6% (42/66) for pathogens isolated from ruminants with respiratory manifestations, pneumonia, diarrhea, and mastitis. Among the resistance genes, blaTEM had the highest prevalence rate in E. coli (25.9%, 21/81) while blaSHV had the lowest (9.8%, 8/81) in fecal swabs. AuNPs were successfully synthesized using aqueous leaf extract of A. herba-alba and M. alba as bioreducing agents. TEM analysis showed particle size of 10-42 nm for A. herba-alba and M. alba AuNPs. The biosynthesized AuNPs showed antibacterial activity against MDR E. coli and Salmonella spp. Conclusion: Rapid and accurate diagnostic methods are the cornerstone for effective treatment to reduce the risk of antimicrobial-resistant pathogenic microorganisms. This is particularly important for overcoming the increasing rate of MDR in ruminants with respiratory manifestations, pneumonia, diarrhea, and mastitis. This can be complemented by the development of AuNPs synthesized in an environmentally friendly manner AuNPs using natural plant extracts for the treatment of antibiotic-resistant microorganisms.

scholarly journals Antiviral Resistance and Phage Counter Adaptation to Antibiotic-Resistant Extraintestinal Pathogenic Escherichia coli

mBio ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Keiko C. Salazar ◽  
Li Ma ◽  
Sabrina I. Green ◽  
Jacob J. Zulk ◽  
Barbara W. Trautner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Bacterial Resistance ◽  
Phage Therapy ◽  
Systemic Infection ◽  
The United States ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
Content Type ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Systemic Infections

ABSTRACT Extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli (ExPEC), often multidrug resistant (MDR), is a leading cause of urinary tract and systemic infections. The crisis of emergent MDR pathogens has led some to propose bacteriophages as a therapeutic. However, bacterial resistance to phage is a concerning issue that threatens to undermine phage therapy. Here, we demonstrate that E. coli sequence type 131, a circulating pandemic strain of ExPEC, rapidly develops resistance to a well-studied and therapeutically active phage (ϕHP3). Whole-genome sequencing of the resisters revealed truncations in genes involved in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) biosynthesis, the outer membrane transporter ompA, or both, implicating them as phage receptors. We found ExPEC resistance to phage is associated with a loss of fitness in host microenvironments and attenuation in a murine model of systemic infection. Furthermore, we constructed a novel phage-bacterium bioreactor to generate an evolved phage isolate with restored infectivity to all LPS-truncated ExPEC resisters. This study suggests that although the resistance of pandemic E. coli to phage is frequent, it is associated with attenuation of virulence and susceptibility to new phage variants that arise by directed evolution. IMPORTANCE In response to the rising crisis of antimicrobial resistance, bacteriophage (phage) therapy has gained traction. In the United States, there have been over 10 cases of largely successful compassionate-use phage therapy to date. The resilience of pathogens allowing their broad antibiotic resistance means we must also consider resistance to therapeutic phages. This work fills gaps in knowledge regarding development of phage resisters in a model of infection and finds critical fitness losses in those resisters. We also found that the phage was able to rapidly readapt to these resisters.

scholarly journals Antibiotic Resistance in Shiga Toxigenic Escherichia coli Isolates from Surface Waters and Sediments in a Mixed Use Urban Agricultural Landscape

Antibiotics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 237
Author(s):  
Yvonne Ma ◽  
Jessica Chen ◽  
Karen Fong ◽  
Stephanie Nadya ◽  
Kevin Allen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Agricultural Landscape ◽  
Acquired Resistance ◽  
In Silico Analysis ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Mixed Use ◽  
Amoxicillin Clavulanic Acid

Antibiotic resistance (AR) phenotypes and acquired resistance determinants (ARDs) detected by in silico analysis of genome sequences were examined in 55 Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) isolates representing diverse serotypes recovered from surfaces waters and sediments in a mixed use urban/agricultural landscape in British Columbia, Canada. The isolates displayed decreased susceptibility to florfenicol (65.5%), chloramphenicol (7.3%), tetracycline (52.7%), ampicillin (49.1%), streptomycin (34.5%), kanamycin (20.0%), gentamycin (10.9%), amikacin (1.8%), amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (21.8%), ceftiofur (18.2%), ceftriaxone (3.6%), trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (12.7%), and cefoxitin (3.6%). All surface water and sediment isolates were susceptible to ciprofloxacin, nalidixic acid, ertapenem, imipenem and meropenem. Eight isolates (14.6%) were multidrug resistant. ARDs conferring resistance to phenicols (floR), trimethoprim (dfrA), sulfonamides (sul1/2), tetracyclines (tetA/B), and aminoglycosides (aadA and aph) were detected. Additionally, narrow-spectrum β-lactamase blaTEM-1b and extended-spectrum AmpC β-lactamase (cephalosporinase) blaCMY-2 were detected in the genomes, as were replicons from plasmid incompatibility groups IncFII, IncB/O/K/Z, IncQ1, IncX1, IncY and Col156. A comparison with surveillance data revealed that AR phenotypes and ARDs were comparable to those reported in generic E. coli from food animals. Aquatic environments in the region are potential reservoirs for the maintenance and transmission of antibiotic resistant STEC, associated ARDs and their plasmids.

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