scholarly journals Two Cyanobacterial Photoreceptors Regulate Photosynthetic Light Harvesting by Sensing Teal, Green, Yellow, and Red Light

mBio ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa B. Wiltbank ◽  
David M. Kehoe
Keyword(s):  
Absorption Maximum ◽  
Light Harvesting ◽  
Red Light ◽  
Green Light ◽  
Visible Spectrum ◽  
Color Discrimination ◽  
Fremyella Diplosiphon ◽  
Chromatic Acclimation ◽  
Light Color ◽  
Light Harvesting Antenna

ABSTRACT The genomes of many photosynthetic and nonphotosynthetic bacteria encode numerous phytochrome superfamily photoreceptors whose functions and interactions are largely unknown. Cyanobacterial genomes encode particularly large numbers of phytochrome superfamily members called cyanobacteriochromes. These have diverse light color-sensing abilities, and their functions and interactions are just beginning to be understood. One of the best characterized of these functions is the regulation of photosynthetic light-harvesting antenna composition in the cyanobacterium Fremyella diplosiphon by the cyanobacteriochrome RcaE in response to red and green light, a process known as chromatic acclimation. We have identified a new cyanobacteriochrome named DpxA that maximally senses teal (absorption maximum, 494 nm) and yellow (absorption maximum, 568 nm) light and represses the accumulation of a key light-harvesting protein called phycoerythrin, which is also regulated by RcaE during chromatic acclimation. Like RcaE, DpxA is a two-component system kinase, although these two photoreceptors can influence phycoerythrin expression through different signaling pathways. The peak responsiveness of DpxA to teal and yellow light provides highly refined color discrimination in the green spectral region, which provides important wavelengths for photosynthetic light harvesting in cyanobacteria. These results redefine chromatic acclimation in cyanobacteria and demonstrate that cyanobacteriochromes can coordinately impart sophisticated light color sensing across the visible spectrum to regulate important photosynthetic acclimation processes. IMPORTANCE The large number of cyanobacteriochrome photoreceptors encoded by cyanobacterial genomes suggests that these organisms are capable of extremely complex light color sensing and responsiveness, yet little is known about their functions and interactions. Our work uncovers previously undescribed cooperation between two photoreceptors with very different light color-sensing capabilities that coregulate an important photosynthetic light-harvesting protein in response to teal, green, yellow, and red light. Other cyanobacteriochromes that have been shown to interact functionally sense wavelengths of light that are close to each other, which makes it difficult to clearly identify their physiological roles in the cell. Our finding of two photoreceptors with broad light color-sensing capabilities and clearly defined physiological roles provides new insights into complex light color sensing and its regulation.

scholarly journals Interplay between differentially expressed enzymes contributes to light color acclimation in marineSynechococcus

2019 ◽  
Vol 116 (13) ◽  
pp. 6457-6462 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph E. Sanfilippo ◽  
Adam A. Nguyen ◽  
Laurence Garczarek ◽  
Jonathan A. Karty ◽  
Suman Pokhrel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blue Light ◽  
Light Harvesting ◽  
Green Light ◽  
Cysteine Residue ◽  
Covalent Attachment ◽  
Critical Feature ◽  
Light Harvesting Complexes ◽  
Important Group ◽  
Chromatic Acclimation ◽  
Light Color

MarineSynechococcus, a globally important group of cyanobacteria, thrives in various light niches in part due to its varied photosynthetic light-harvesting pigments. ManySynechococcusstrains use a process known as chromatic acclimation to optimize the ratio of two chromophores, green-light–absorbing phycoerythrobilin (PEB) and blue-light–absorbing phycourobilin (PUB), within their light-harvesting complexes. A full mechanistic understanding of howSynechococcuscells tune their PEB to PUB ratio during chromatic acclimation has not yet been obtained. Here, we show that interplay between two enzymes named MpeY and MpeZ controls differential PEB and PUB covalent attachment to the same cysteine residue. MpeY attaches PEB to the light-harvesting protein MpeA in green light, while MpeZ attaches PUB to MpeA in blue light. We demonstrate that the ratio ofmpeYtompeZmRNA determines if PEB or PUB is attached. Additionally, strains encoding only MpeY or MpeZ do not acclimate. Examination of strains ofSynechococcusisolated from across the globe indicates that the interplay between MpeY and MpeZ uncovered here is a critical feature of chromatic acclimation for marineSynechococcusworldwide.

scholarly journals Artificial complementary chromatic acclimation gene expression system in Escherichia coli

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dwi Ariyanti ◽  
Kazunori Ikebukuro ◽  
Koji Sode
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Light Exposure ◽  
Expression System ◽  
Red Light ◽  
Green Light ◽  
Light Illumination ◽  
Multiple Gene ◽  
Gene Expression System ◽  
Chromatic Acclimation

Abstract Background The development of multiple gene expression systems, especially those based on the physical signals, such as multiple color light irradiations, is challenging. Complementary chromatic acclimation (CCA), a photoreversible process that facilitates the control of cellular expression using light of different wavelengths in cyanobacteria, is one example. In this study, an artificial CCA systems, inspired by type III CCA light-regulated gene expression, was designed by employing a single photosensor system, the CcaS/CcaR green light gene expression system derived from Synechocystis sp. PCC6803, combined with G-box (the regulator recognized by activated CcaR), the cognate cpcG2 promoter, and the constitutively transcribed promoter, the PtrcΔLacO promoter. Results One G-box was inserted upstream of the cpcG2 promoter and a reporter gene, the rfp gene (green light-induced gene expression), and the other G-box was inserted between the PtrcΔLacO promoter and a reporter gene, the bfp gene (red light-induced gene expression). The Escherichia coli transformants with plasmid-encoded genes were evaluated at the transcriptional and translational levels under red or green light illumination. Under green light illumination, the transcription and translation of the rfp gene were observed, whereas the expression of the bfp gene was repressed. Under red light illumination, the transcription and translation of the bfp gene were observed, whereas the expression of the rfp gene was repressed. During the red and green light exposure cycles at every 6 h, BFP expression increased under red light exposure while RFP expression was repressed, and RFP expression increased under green light exposure while BFP expression was repressed. Conclusion An artificial CCA system was developed to realize a multiple gene expression system, which was regulated by two colors, red and green lights, using a single photosensor system, the CcaS/CcaR system derived from Synechocystis sp. PCC6803, in E. coli. The artificial CCA system functioned repeatedly during red and green light exposure cycles. These results demonstrate the potential application of this CCA gene expression system for the production of multiple metabolites in a variety of microorganisms, such as cyanobacteria.

scholarly journals Abundance Changes of the Response Regulator RcaC Require Specific Aspartate and Histidine Residues and Are Necessary for Normal Light Color Responsiveness

2008 ◽  
Vol 190 (21) ◽  
pp. 7241-7250 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lina Li ◽  
David M. Kehoe
Keyword(s):  
Dna Binding ◽  
Dynamic Range ◽  
Response Regulator ◽  
Red Light ◽  
Green Light ◽  
Binding Activity ◽  
Transcriptional Responses ◽  
Dna Binding Activity ◽  
Normal Light ◽  
Light Color

ABSTRACT RcaC is a large, complex response regulator that controls transcriptional responses to changes in ambient light color in the cyanobacterium Fremyella diplosiphon. The regulation of RcaC activity has been shown previously to require aspartate 51 and histidine 316, which appear to be phosphorylation sites that control the DNA binding activity of RcaC. All available data suggest that during growth in red light, RcaC is phosphorylated and has relatively high DNA binding activity, while during growth in green light RcaC is not phosphorylated and has less DNA binding activity. RcaC has also been found to be approximately sixfold more abundant in red light than in green light. Here we demonstrate that the light-controlled abundance changes of RcaC are necessary, but not sufficient, to direct normal light color responses. RcaC abundance changes are regulated at both the RNA and protein levels. The RcaC protein is significantly less stable in green light than in red light, suggesting that the abundance of this response regulator is controlled at least in part by light color-dependent proteolysis. We provide evidence that the regulation of RcaC abundance does not depend on any RcaC-controlled process but rather depends on the presence of the aspartate 51 and histidine 316 residues that have previously been shown to control the activity of this protein. We propose that the combination of RcaC abundance changes and modification of RcaC by phosphorylation may be necessary to provide the dynamic range required for transcriptional control of RcaC-regulated genes.

NO release regulated by doxorubicin as the green light-harvesting antenna

2020 ◽  
Vol 56 (47) ◽  
pp. 6332-6335
Author(s):  
Aurore Fraix ◽  
Cristina Parisi ◽  
Mariacristina Failla ◽  
Konstantin Chegaev ◽  
Francesca Spyrakis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dna Binding ◽  
Light Harvesting ◽  
Chemotherapeutic Agent ◽  
Green Light ◽  
Binding Properties ◽  
Red Emission ◽  
No Release ◽  
Light Harvesting Antenna ◽  
Dna Binding Properties

A novel NO photodonor operates through excitation with highly biocompatible green light of the widely used chemotherapeutic agent doxorubicin as the light-harvesting antenna without precluding its typical red emission and DNA binding properties.

scholarly journals The influence of light color on the rooting of 'Horim Golden' Chrysanthemum cuttings

2013 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-57
Author(s):  
Edward Borowski ◽  
Lidia Kozłowska
Keyword(s):  
White Light ◽  
Red Light ◽  
Green Light ◽  
Morphological Differentiation ◽  
Root Systems ◽  
Carbohydrate Content ◽  
Light Blue ◽  
Mother Plants ◽  
Light Color ◽  
White Control

The influence of three different colors of light; blue, green and red, compared with white light as the control, on the rooting of <i>Chrysanthemum</i> cuttings, is presented in this paper. The mother plants and cuttings were irradiated during rooting with different colors of light. This was shown to have had visible influence on the morphological differentiation of cuttings. It also affected the carbohydrate content in them. The rooting of the cuttings reflected this influence. The cuttings obtained from plants grown under white (control) or red light were characterized by well-developed root systems in terms of the number, length and mass of the roots. The cuttings from the plants grown under green light were the worst. The influence of the color of the light on the speed with which the first roots were formed was the reverse. The cuttings from the plants irradiated with green light rooted the quickest, next in order were those from plants irradiated with blue, red and white light. Irradiating cuttings with differently colored light during rooting only had an effect on the number of roots formed. This number was high, close to that of control cuttings, in cuttings exposed to red light, decidedly lower in those exposed to blue and, in particular, green light.

scholarly journals Genomic DNA Microarray Analysis: Identification of New Genes Regulated by Light Color in the Cyanobacterium Fremyella diplosiphon

2004 ◽  
Vol 186 (13) ◽  
pp. 4338-4349 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emily L. Stowe-Evans ◽  
James Ford ◽  
David M. Kehoe
Keyword(s):  
Genomic Dna ◽  
Dna Microarrays ◽  
Chlorophyll Biosynthesis ◽  
Red Light ◽  
Chromatic Adaptation ◽  
Light Spectrum ◽  
Two Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Fremyella Diplosiphon ◽  
New Genes ◽  
Light Color

ABSTRACT Many cyanobacteria use complementary chromatic adaptation to efficiently utilize energy from both green and red regions of the light spectrum during photosynthesis. Although previous studies have shown that acclimation to changing light wavelengths involves many physiological responses, research to date has focused primarily on the expression and regulation of genes that encode proteins of the major photosynthetic light-harvesting antennae, the phycobilisomes. We have used two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and genomic DNA microarrays to expand our understanding of the physiology of acclimation to light color in the cyanobacterium Fremyella diplosiphon. We found that the levels of nearly 80 proteins are altered in cells growing in green versus red light and have cloned and positively identified 17 genes not previously known to be regulated by light color in any species. Among these are homologs of genes present in many bacteria that encode well-studied proteins lacking clearly defined functions, such as tspO, which encodes a tryptophan-rich sensory protein, and homologs of genes encoding proteins of clearly defined function in many species, such as nblA and chlL, encoding phycobilisome degradation and chlorophyll biosynthesis proteins, respectively. Our results suggest novel roles for several of these gene products and highly specialized, unique uses for others.

scholarly journals Self-regulating genomic island encoding tandem regulators confers chromatic acclimation to marineSynechococcus

2016 ◽  
Vol 113 (21) ◽  
pp. 6077-6082 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph E. Sanfilippo ◽  
Adam A. Nguyen ◽  
Jonathan A. Karty ◽  
Animesh Shukla ◽  
Wendy M. Schluchter ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genomic Island ◽  
Green Light ◽  
Visible Spectrum ◽  
Molecular Responses ◽  
Widespread Distribution ◽  
Master Regulators ◽  
Type Iv ◽  
Chromatic Acclimation ◽  
Evolutionary Success ◽  
Entire Visible Spectrum

The evolutionary success of marineSynechococcus, the second-most abundant phototrophic group in the marine environment, is partly attributable to this group’s ability to use the entire visible spectrum of light for photosynthesis. This group possesses a remarkable diversity of light-harvesting pigments, and most of the group’s members are orange and pink because of their use of phycourobilin and phycoerythrobilin chromophores, which are attached to antennae proteins called phycoerythrins. Many strains can alter phycoerythrin chromophore ratios to optimize photon capture in changing blue–green environments using type IV chromatic acclimation (CA4). Although CA4 is common in most marineSynechococcuslineages, the regulation of this process remains unexplored. Here, we show that a widely distributed genomic island encoding tandem master regulators named FciA (for type four chromatic acclimation island) and FciB plays a central role in controlling CA4. FciA and FciB have diametric effects on CA4. Interruption offciAcauses a constitutive green light phenotype, and interruption offciBcauses a constitutive blue light phenotype. These proteins regulate all of the molecular responses occurring during CA4, and the proteins’ activity is apparently regulated posttranscriptionally, although their cellular ratio appears to be critical for establishing the set point for the blue–green switch in ecologically relevant light environments. Surprisingly, FciA and FciB coregulate only three genes within theSynechococcusgenome, all located within the same genomic island asfciAandfciB. These findings, along with the widespread distribution of strains possessing this island, suggest that horizontal transfer of a small, self-regulating DNA region has conferred CA4 capability to marineSynechococcusthroughout many oceanic areas.

scholarly journals Responses to iron limitation are impacted by light quality and regulated by RcaE in the chromatically acclimating cyanobacterium Fremyella diplosiphon

Microbiology ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 160 (5) ◽  
pp. 992-1005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bagmi Pattanaik ◽  
Andrea W. U. Busch ◽  
Pingsha Hu ◽  
Jin Chen ◽  
Beronda L. Montgomery
Keyword(s):  
Iron Homeostasis ◽  
Light Quality ◽  
Light Harvesting ◽  
Red Light ◽  
Iron Limitation ◽  
Chromatic Adaptation ◽  
Reactive Metal ◽  
Light Harvesting Complexes ◽  
Fremyella Diplosiphon ◽  
Photosynthetic Organisms

Photosynthetic organisms adapt to environmental fluctuations of light and nutrient availability. Iron is critical for photosynthetic organismal growth, as many cellular processes depend upon iron cofactors. Whereas low iron levels can have deleterious effects, excess iron can lead to damage, as iron is a reactive metal that can result in the production of damaging radicals. Therefore, organisms regulate cellular iron levels to maintain optimal iron homeostasis. In particular, iron is an essential factor for the function of photosystems associated with photosynthetic light-harvesting complexes. Photosynthetic organisms, including cyanobacteria, generally respond to iron deficiency by reduced growth, degradation of non-essential proteins and in some cases alterations of cellular morphology. In response to fluctuations in ambient light quality, the cyanobacterium Fremyella diplosiphon undergoes complementary chromatic adaptation (CCA). During CCA, phycobiliprotein composition of light-harvesting antennae is altered in response to green light (GL) and red light (RL) for efficient utilization of light energy for photosynthesis. We observed light-regulated responses to iron limitation in F. diplosiphon. RL-grown cells exhibited significant reductions in growth and pigment levels, and alterations in iron-associated proteins, which impact the accumulation of reactive oxygen species under iron-limiting conditions, whereas GL-grown cells exhibited partial resistance to iron limitation. We investigated the roles of known CCA regulators RcaE, RcaF and RcaC in this light-dependent iron-acclimation response. Through comparative analyses of wild-type and CCA mutant strains, we determined that photoreceptor RcaE has a central role in light-induced oxidative stress associated with iron limitation, and impacts light-regulated iron-acclimation responses, physiologically and morphologically.

scholarly journals Chromatic Acclimation in Cyanobacteria: A Diverse and Widespread Process for Optimizing Photosynthesis

2019 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
pp. 407-433 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph E. Sanfilippo ◽  
Laurence Garczarek ◽  
Frédéric Partensky ◽  
David M. Kehoe
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Light Harvesting ◽  
Solar Spectrum ◽  
Ambient Light ◽  
Molecular Processes ◽  
Comprehensive Overview ◽  
Chromatic Acclimation ◽  
Sense And Respond ◽  
Light Color

Chromatic acclimation (CA) encompasses a diverse set of molecular processes that involve the ability of cyanobacterial cells to sense ambient light colors and use this information to optimize photosynthetic light harvesting. The six known types of CA, which we propose naming CA1 through CA6, use a range of molecular mechanisms that likely evolved independently in distantly related lineages of the Cyanobacteria phylum. Together, these processes sense and respond to the majority of the photosynthetically relevant solar spectrum, suggesting that CA provides fitness advantages across a broad range of light color niches. The recent discoveries of several new CA types suggest that additional CA systems involving additional light colors and molecular mechanisms will be revealed in coming years. Here we provide a comprehensive overview of the currently known types of CA and summarize the molecular details that underpin CA regulation.

scholarly journals Characterization of the Activities of the CpeY, CpeZ, and CpeS Bilin Lyases in Phycoerythrin Biosynthesis in Fremyella diplosiphon Strain UTEX 481

2011 ◽  
Vol 286 (41) ◽  
pp. 35509-35521 ◽  
Author(s):  
Avijit Biswas ◽  
M. Nazim Boutaghou ◽  
Richard M. Alvey ◽  
Christina M. Kronfel ◽  
Richard B. Cole ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Light Harvesting ◽  
Fluorescence Emission ◽  
Green Light ◽  
Mass Spectrometric ◽  
Mass Spectrometric Analysis ◽  
Spectrometric Analysis ◽  
Site Specific ◽  
Fremyella Diplosiphon

When grown in green light, Fremyella diplosiphon strain UTEX 481 produces the red-colored protein phycoerythrin (PE) to maximize photosynthetic light harvesting. PE is composed of two subunits, CpeA and CpeB, which carry two and three phycoerythrobilin (PEB) chromophores, respectively, that are attached to specific Cys residues via thioether linkages. Specific bilin lyases are hypothesized to catalyze each PEB ligation. Using a heterologous, coexpression system in Escherichia coli, the PEB ligation activities of putative lyase subunits CpeY, CpeZ, and CpeS were tested on the CpeA and CpeB subunits from F. diplosiphon. Purified His6-tagged CpeA, obtained by coexpressing cpeA, cpeYZ, and the genes for PEB synthesis, had absorbance and fluorescence emission maxima at 566 and 574 nm, respectively. CpeY alone, but not CpeZ, could ligate PEB to CpeA, but the yield of CpeA-PEB was lower than achieved with CpeY and CpeZ together. Studies with site-specific variants of CpeA(C82S and C139S), together with mass spectrometric analysis of trypsin-digested CpeA-PEB, revealed that CpeY/CpeZ attached PEB at Cys82 of CpeA. The CpeS bilin lyase ligated PEB at both Cys82 and Cys139 of CpeA but very inefficiently; the yield of PEB ligated at Cys82 was much lower than observed with CpeY or CpeY/CpeZ. However, CpeS efficiently attached PEB to Cys80 of CpeB but neither CpeY, CpeZ, nor CpeY/CpeZ could ligate PEB to CpeB.

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