The dimer (HCl)2: Stationary points on the SCF 4-31G energy hypersurface and the role of entropy in the dimer formation

1979 ◽  
Vol 44 (12) ◽  
pp. 3458-3463 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pavel Hobza ◽  
Petr Čársky ◽  
Rudolf Zahradník
Keyword(s):  
Energy Difference ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Stationary Points ◽  
Heat Of Reaction ◽  
Dimer Formation ◽  
Small Energy ◽  
Common Features ◽  
Energy Hypersurface ◽  
Very High

Two stationary points have been investigated on the 4-31G SCF energy hypersurface of (HCl)2. It has been shown, in agreement with experiment, that only the quasilinear structure satisfies all criteria required for a real minimum. Small heat of reaction and the crucial role of entropy in the (HCl)2 formation suggest that the dimer (HCl)2, in contrast to (HF)2, represents a true van der Waals molecule. A very small energy difference between the two stationary points (minimum and saddle point) suggests a very high rate of interconversion between two possible structures of the quasilinear form. Common features of and differences between (HCl)2 and (HF)2 are pointed out.

scholarly journals Lack of influence of low temperature, light and growth substances on phytochrome resynthesis in coleoptiles of irradiated oat seedlings

2014 ◽  
Vol 53 (2) ◽  
pp. 271-278
Author(s):  
Jan Kopcewicz ◽  
Mariusz Cymerski ◽  
Kazimierz Madela
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperature ◽  
Large Fraction ◽  
Elongation Growth ◽  
The Other ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Growth Substances ◽  
Etiolated Seedlings ◽  
High Level ◽  
Very High

The photoconversion of phytochrome P<sub>R</sub> into the P<sub>FR</sub> form causes at the same time the destruction of the initial large fraction of phytochrome found in the coleoptiles of etiolated oat seedlings. Factors such as low temperature, light of different wavelengths or growth substances are not capable of preventing the progressive destruction and restore the synthesis of phytochrome. Thus an abnormally high level of phytochrome is found only in etiolated seedlings. Such seedlings, on the other hand, are characterized by a very high rate of elongation growth. The role of phytochrome in the control of deetiolation of seedlings is discussed.

scholarly journals Investigating Cohesive Devices in Wordsworth Poetry

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohamed Jabraddar Mahil Abd Allah
Keyword(s):  
Content Analysis ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Literary Texts ◽  
Stylistic Analysis ◽  
Main Function ◽  
Lexical Cohesion ◽  
Cohesive Devices ◽  
Analysis Technique ◽  
Very High

This study has attempted to investigate the use of cohesive devices in Wordsworth poetry. It has aimed to understand the role of stylistics analysis in shaping the meanings of literary texts. In addition to explain how cohesion can contribute to interpreting and understanding poetry. The significant of the study is based on the fact that it contributes to the understanding of how linguistic and stylistic analysis of a text can be used, extensively, to clarify features and meanings in texts. Nine poems were selected to represent Wordsworth poetry. The poems were selected randomly. Cohesive devices were identified in the poems and analyzed using the content analysis technique. They were analyzed quantitatively. The analysis revealed a number of interesting results, namely: All types of cohesive devices were used in the poems selected for the purpose of the study (reference, substitution, ellipsis, conjunction and lexical cohesion). There were some variations in the use of some devices; in that certain devices were used at a very high rate of frequency compared to others. The main function of the use of cohesive devices within the poems was to help the poet express romantic values. Based on the results obtained, the study suggests the following: First, it would be interesting, for further studies to conduct more studies on the coherence of English literary discourse. Second, it is worth to investigate cohesive devices of the sociolinguistic aspects within poetry, as poetry is an important area whose genre contains impressive socio-cultural meaning.

scholarly journals An Update on the Histology of Pheochromocytomas: How Does it Relate to Genetics?

2018 ◽  
Vol 51 (07) ◽  
pp. 403-413 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lindsey Oudijk ◽  
José Gaal ◽  
Karen Koopman ◽  
Ronald R. de Krijger
Keyword(s):  
Succinate Dehydrogenase ◽  
Adrenal Tumor ◽  
Gene Mutations ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Surrogate Markers ◽  
Genetic Syndromes ◽  
Number Of Genes ◽  
Subunit B ◽  
Very High

AbstractPheochromocytomas are rare neuroendocrine tumors of the adrenal gland, whereas any extra-adrenal tumor with similar histology is designated as paraganglioma. These tumors have a very high rate of germline mutations in a large number of genes, up to 35% to 40%, frequently predisposing for other tumors as well. Therefore, they represent a phenomenal challenge for treating physicians. This review focuses on pheochromocytomas only, with special attention to gross and microscopic clues to the diagnosis of genetic syndromes, including the role of succinate dehydrogenase subunit A and subunit B immunohistochemistry as surrogate markers for genetic analysis in the field of succinate dehydrogenase subunit gene mutations.

scholarly journals Viral mutation rates: modelling the roles of within-host viral dynamics and the trade-off between replication fidelity and speed

2013 ◽  
Vol 280 (1750) ◽  
pp. 20122047 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roland R. Regoes ◽  
Steven Hamblin ◽  
Mark M. Tanaka
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Mutation Rate ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Mutation Rates ◽  
Viral Dynamics ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Very High ◽  
Host Death

Many viruses, particularly RNA viruses, mutate at a very high rate per genome per replication. One possible explanation is that high mutation rates are selected to meet the challenge of fluctuating environments, including the host immune response. Alternatively, recent studies argue that viruses evolve under a trade-off between replication speed and fidelity such that fast replication is selected, and, along with it, high mutation rates. Here, in addition to these factors, we consider the role of viral life-history properties: namely, the within-host dynamics of viruses resulting from their interaction with the host. We develop mathematical models incorporating factors occurring within and between hosts, including deleterious and advantageous mutations, host death owing to virulence and clearance of viruses by the host. Beneficial mutations confer both a within-host and a transmission advantage. First, we find that advantageous mutations have only a weak effect on the optimal genomic mutation rate. Second, viral life-history properties have a large effect on the mutation rate. Third, when the speed–fidelity trade-off is included, there can be two locally optimal mutation rates. Our analysis provides a way to consider how life-history properties combine with biochemical trade-offs to shape mutation rates.

scholarly journals Evidence-based case report: Coinfection of COVID-19 in children and administration of antibiotics

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 63-72
Author(s):  
Fifi Sofiah ◽  
Marselya Ulfa ◽  
Azwar Aruf ◽  
Raden Muhammad Indra
Keyword(s):  
Case Series ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Sufficient Evidence ◽  
Streptococcus Pneumonia ◽  
Parainfluenza Viruses ◽  
Pubmed Database ◽  
Mycoplasma Pneumonia ◽  
Meta Analyses ◽  
Very High

A B S T R A C TBackground. COVID-19 in childrenalthoughmostly mild,but can also cause seriousillness and even death. Coinfection, especially bacterialcan increase the severity of thedisease. There is yet sufficient evidence about the role of antibiotics in childhoodCOVID-19 with coinfection.Objective. To review the available evidence on thecoinfection in childhood COVID-19 and the role of antibiotic administration.Method.Online literature search using Pubmed database, google scholar dan Cohcranelibrary Results.No study was found that directly evaluate the efficacy of antibiotic inchildhood COVID-19 with coinfection. Three meta-analyses found rates of coinfectionof 5.6%-14% and one case series identified a very high rate (94.2%). Most frequentpathogens included Mycoplasma pneumonia, Streptococcus pneumonia,andinfluenza/parainfluenza viruses. Two RCTsandone case series on antibioticadministration, but all three studies did not address coinfection status.All threestudies evaluated the combination of azithromycin and hydroxychloroquine. Nochanges in illness severity or mortality attributed to the medications, one studyindicated more rapid viral load clearance associated with azithromycin. ConclusionThere is a lack of evidence on the role of antibiotics in the management of childhoodCOVID-19with coinfection. Azithromycin can be considered in some cases.

Use of LaB6 for a High Quality, Small Energy Spread Beam in an Electron Velocity Spectrometer

1976 ◽  
Vol 34 ◽  
pp. 534-535 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. E. Batson ◽  
C. H. Chen ◽  
J. Silcox
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Energy Resolution ◽  
Electron Velocity ◽  
Electronic Excitations ◽  
Small Energy ◽  
Small Intensity ◽  
Good Energy ◽  
Spectrometer System ◽  
Electron Energy Loss ◽  
Very High

Electron energy loss experiments combined with microscopy have proven to be a valuable tool for the exploration of the structure of electronic excitations in materials. These types of excitations, however, are difficult to measure because of their small intensity. In a usual situation, the filament of the microscope is run at a very high temperature in order to present as much intensity as possible at the specimen. This results in a degradation of the ultimate energy resolution of the instrument due to thermal broadening of the electron beam.We report here observations and measurements on a new LaB filament in a microscope-velocity spectrometer system. We have found that, in general, we may retain a good energy resolution with intensities comparable to or greater than those available with the very high temperature tungsten filament. We have also explored the energy distribution of this filament.

THE ROLE OF GRASSLAND IN MANAGEMENT

1968 ◽  
pp. 44-49
Author(s):  
B.K. Cameron
Keyword(s):  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
Silt Loam ◽  
Average Annual Rainfall ◽  
Very High ◽  
Wilting Point

THE PROPERTY to be discussed is a mixed sheep and cropping unit, situated ei ht a miles east of Ashburton and midway between the Ra aia and the Ashburton rivers. Average annual rainfall is 27 in., evenly spread, but there is very high summer evaporation and therefore frequent droughts. On average, the soil is below wilting point for 40 to 50 days each summer. Winters are cold with the soil temperature being below 48°F for about four months each year. The soil is a Lismore stony silt loam averaging 9 in. in depth over gravel.

Role of Vasavaleha in the management of Covid19

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (SPL1) ◽  
pp. 259-261
Author(s):  
Aamir Khan ◽  
Rajni K. Gurmule
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Human Body ◽  
Respiratory Diseases ◽  
Spreading Rate ◽  
Host Immune System ◽  
Shortness Of Breath ◽  
Antitussive Effect ◽  
Corona Viruses ◽  
Very High

Vasavaleha is one of the best medicine given for respiratory diseases. Corona viruses typically affect the respiratory system, causing symptoms such as coughing, fever and shortness of breath. It also affects host immune system of human body. Spreading rate of this disease is very high. Whole world is seeking for the treatment which can uproots this diseases. There in no vaccine available till date against this pandemic disease. Ayurveda mainly focuses on prevention of diseases alongwith its total cure. Rajyakshma Vyadhi is MadhyamMarga Roga as per Ayurveda. It shows many symptoms such as Kasa, Shwasa etc. By overall view of Covid 19, shows its resemblance with Rajyakshma Vyadhi described in Ayurveda. Vasavaleha is a Kalpa which is described in Rogadhikara of Rajyakshma. It shows Kasahara, Shwashara properties. It consists of Vasa, Pipalli, Madhu and Goghrita. These components shows actions like bronchodilation, antitussive effect and many more other actions. Pipalli shows important Rasayana effect. So in present review, we have tried to focus on role of Vasavaleha in the management of Covid 19. This can be used as preventive as well as adjuvant medication in treating Covid 19. There is need of further clinical research to rule of exact action of Vasavaleha against Covid 19.

Crucial role of physiotherapy in treating COVID-19 patients

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (SPL1) ◽  
pp. 967-971
Author(s):  
Poonam Thakre ◽  
Waqar M. Naqvi ◽  
Trupti Deshmukh ◽  
Nikhil Ingole ◽  
Sourabh Deshmukh
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Distress Syndrome ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Public Health Emergency ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Major Public Health Problem ◽  
Front Line ◽  
The Many ◽  
Sixth International

The emergence in China of 2019 of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus2 (SARS-CoV-2) previously provisionally names 2019-nCoV disease (COVID19) caused major global outbreak and is a major public health problem. On 30 January 2020, the WHO declared COVID19 to be the sixth international public health emergency. This present pandemic has engrossed the globe with a high rate of mortality. As a front line practitioner, physiotherapists are expected to be getting in direct contact with patients infected with the virus. That’s why it is necessary for understanding the many aspects of their role in the identification, contains, reduces and treats the symptoms of this disease. The main presentation is the involvement of respiratory system with symptoms like fever, cough, sore throat, sneezing and characteristics of pneumonia leads to ARDS(Acute respiratory distress syndrome) also land up in multiorgan dysfunction syndrome. This text describes and suggests physiotherapy management of acute COVID-19 patients. It also includes recommendations and guidelines for physiotherapy planning and management. It also covers the guidelines regarding personal care and equipment used for treatment which can be used in the treatment of acute adult patients with suspected or confirmed COVID-19.

Health Care

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pierre Pestieau ◽  
Mathieu Lefebvre
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Technological Progress ◽  
Health Care Systems ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Medical Expenditure ◽  
Public Health Care ◽  
The Public ◽  
Common Features ◽  
Care Systems

This chapter reviews the public health care systems as well as their challenges. It first shows how expenditure on health care has evolved in previous decades and deals with the reasons for the growth observed in almost every European country. It emphasizes the role of technological progress as a main explanatory factor of the increase in medical expenditure but also points to the challenges facing cost-containment policies. Especially, the main common features of health care systems in Europe, such as third-party payment, single provider approach and cost-based reimbursement are discussed. Finally the chapter shows that although inequalities in health exist in the population, health care systems are redistributive. Reforms are thus needed but the trade-off between budgetary efficiency and equity is difficult.

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