scholarly journals Impact of zero-mark-up medicines policy on hospital revenue structure: a panel data analysis of 136 public tertiary hospitals in China, 2012–2020

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (11) ◽  
pp. e007089
Author(s):  
Hanchao Cheng ◽  
Yuou Zhang ◽  
Jing Sun ◽  
Yuanli Liu
Keyword(s):  
Panel Data Analysis ◽  
Public Hospitals ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Medical Services ◽  
Policy Goal ◽  
Government Subsidies ◽  
Study Approach ◽  
Revenue Structure ◽  
Hospital Revenue ◽  
The Difference

ObjectiveTo quantify the overall and dynamic effects of the implementation of the zero-mark-up medicines policy on the proportionate revenue generated from medicines, medical services and government subsidies at Chinese tertiary public hospitals.MethodsThe revenue data of 136 tertiary public hospitals from 2012 to 2020 and the implementation-time framework of zero-mark-up medicines policy of these hospitals were obtained from the institutional survey of the third-party evaluation of the China Healthcare Improvement Initiative. The study adopted the time-varying difference-in-differences method and combined it with the event study approach to estimate the effects of the zero-mark-up medicines policy.ResultsFollowing the implementation of the policy, the proportionate medicines revenue decreased by 3.23% (p<0.001); the proportionate medical services revenue increased by 3.48% (p=0.001); and the difference in the proportionate government subsidies revenue was not significant. In the year of implementation, the proportion of revenue generated from medicines decreased by 7.76% (p=0.0148); and that from medical services increased by 8.62% (p=0.0167). The effect of the policy gradually strengthened thereafter. In 2020, the sixth year after some hospitals started the implementation of the policy, the share of revenue generated from medicines decreased the most by 18.43% (p=0.0151), and that generated from medical services increased the most by 15.29% (p=0.0219). The share of revenue generated from government subsidies increased by 2%–5% in the second, third, fifth and sixth years following implementation (p<0.05).ConclusionsAlthough the policy goal of adjusting hospital revenue structure has been achieved, the findings were insufficient to conclude whether the policy goal of establishing a scientific compensation mechanism was met by increasing the price of medical services and government input. Additionally, whether there was an unexpected policy effect requires further analysis.

The Building Blocks of Formulas to Measure Expectation Damages; the Indifference Principle

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melvin A. Eisenberg
Keyword(s):  
Market Price ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Replacement Cost ◽  
Contract Price ◽  
Resale Price ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Lost Profit

Chapter 13 concerns the building blocks of formulas to measure expectation damages: replacement cost, market price, resale price, diminished value, and lost profits. Replacement-cost damages are based on the difference between the contract price and the actual or imputed cost of a replacement transaction. Resale-price damages are based on the difference between the contract price payable by a breaching buyer and the price the seller received on resale to a third party. Diminished-value damages are based on the difference between the value of the performance that a breaching seller rendered and the value of the performance that she promised to render. Lost-profit damages are based on the difference between the price a breaching buyer agreed to pay and the seller’s variable costs.

scholarly journals Educational Video Improves Knowledge about Outpatients’ Usage of Antibiotics in Two Public Hospitals in Indonesia

Antibiotics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 606
Author(s):  
Fauna Herawati ◽  
Rika Yulia ◽  
Bustanul Arifin ◽  
Ikhwan Frasetyo ◽  
Setiasih ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
General Hospital ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Knowledge Score ◽  
Antibiotic Use ◽  
Public Hospitals ◽  
Educational Video ◽  
Inappropriate Use ◽  
Quasi Experimental ◽  
The Difference

The inappropriate use or misuse of antibiotics, particularly by outpatients, increases antibiotic resistance. A lack of public knowledge about “Responsible use of antibiotics” and “How to obtain antibiotics” is a major cause of this. This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of an educational video about antibiotics and antibiotic use to increase outpatients’ knowledge shown in two public hospitals in East Java, Indonesia. A quasi-experimental research setting was used with a one-group pre-test—post-test design, carried out from November 2018 to January 2019. The study population consisted of outpatients to whom antibiotics were prescribed. Participants were selected using a purposive sampling technique; 98 outpatients at MZ General Hospital in the S regency and 96 at SG General Hospital in the L regency were included. A questionnaire was used to measure the respondents’ knowledge, and consisted of five domains, i.e., the definition of infections and antibiotics, obtaining the antibiotics, directions for use, storage instructions, and antibiotic resistance. The knowledge test score was the total score of the Guttman scale (a dichotomous “yes” or “no” answer). To determine the significance of the difference in knowledge before and after providing the educational video and in the knowledge score between hospitals, the (paired) Student’s t-test was applied. The educational videos significantly improved outpatients’ knowledge, which increased by 41% in MZ General Hospital, and by 42% in SG General Hospital. It was concluded that an educational video provides a useful method to improve the knowledge of the outpatients regarding antibiotics.

scholarly journals Social engineering of human resources and provision of medical services on leadership styles in hospitals

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (19) ◽  
pp. 16-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joanna Rosak-Szyrocka
Keyword(s):  
Human Resources ◽  
Leadership Styles ◽  
Service Provision ◽  
Quantitative Research ◽  
Social Engineering ◽  
Public Hospitals ◽  
Medical Services ◽  
Department Heads ◽  
Descriptive Research ◽  
Referral Systems

Abstract Paper present impact of human resources issues as well as issues related to provision of medical services on leadership styles in hospitals in Poland. In this study a descriptive research design was used and a quantitative research was conducted, which was based on the so-called BOST methodology. Surveys were conducted among department heads of 10 public hospitals of various referral systems from the Upper-Silesian Agglomeration providing various types of medical services (which shows a large variety of research sample) operating in Poland. The research showed that both improtance of service provision as well as human resources were not as important as they should be.

scholarly journals The Causal Relationship between Inflation and Unemployment: A Panel Cointegration and Causality Analysis

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ekrem Gül ◽  
Ahmet Kamacı ◽  
Serkan Konya
Keyword(s):  
Phillips Curve ◽  
Causal Relation ◽  
Panel Data Analysis ◽  
Consumer Price Index ◽  
Panel Cointegration ◽  
Causality Analysis ◽  
Causality Test ◽  
Panel Causality ◽  
Unemployment Rates ◽  
The Difference

Central Asian Republics have been facing high unemployment rates and inflation problems since they established. This work is based on the Phillips curve, which deals the opposite relationship between inflation and unemployment. In the article, unemployment rates and Consumer Price Index (CPI) are used. Within this work, the relationship between inflation and unemployment is examined by the panel data analysis for Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Macedonia and Turkey (1996-2012).We acquired the data of this work from the web site of the IMF. Panel Unit Root Tests are used in order to test stagnation of the data. Afterwards Cointegration Test and Panel Causality Test are used. After that panel cointegration and panel causality tests were made to learn if a cointegral relationship was occurred between inflation and unemployment rate or not. As a result of this study we done, the data level is not stable. Because of that reason, we took the difference of them. There is a one-sided causal relation from inflation to unemployment rates in Turkey and other countries.

Contract

2019 ◽  
pp. 369-385
Author(s):  
John Baker
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Standard Form ◽  
Contract Law ◽  
Third Party ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Privity Of Contract

This chapter explores some lines of development in contract law after 1600. First there were questions flowing from the decision in Slade’s Case – the pleading formulae known as the ‘common counts’ in indebitatus assumpsit were quickly settled and the perjury problems after the disuse of wager of law were dealt with in the Statute of Frauds 1677. Attempts to rationalize consideration in the eighteenth century were unsuccessful save that it became distinct from the requirement of an intention to be bound. The chapter traces the history of privity of contract and of the various attempts to give remedies to third-party beneficiaries. It then discusses the implication of terms into contracts, the difference between conditions and warranties, exclusion clauses, and the problems occasioned by standard-form contracts.

scholarly journals Encouraging Patient Engagement Behaviors from the Perspective of Functional Quality

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (22) ◽  
pp. 8613
Author(s):  
Yi Mei ◽  
Xiaoyan Xu ◽  
Xiaodong Li
Keyword(s):  
Patient Engagement ◽  
Service Providers ◽  
Partial Least Square ◽  
Public Hospitals ◽  
Least Square ◽  
Medical Services ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Patient Trust ◽  
Functional Quality ◽  
Service Staff

Despite extensive research on how patient engagement behaviors (PEBs) are facilitated though explicit technical interventions in medical services, research on the encouragement of PEBs from the perspective of the service process is lacking. This study explores how functional quality dimensions (responsiveness, empathy, surroundings, and access) affect PEBs (compliance and loyalty) through a two-channel psychological mechanism (trust and satisfaction). This study tests the proposed model using survey data from two public hospitals in southeastern China and employs the partial least square (PLS) technique of structural equation modeling (SEM) to analyze the data. The results show that service providers’ responsiveness, empathy, and access affect patient compliance and loyalty through patient satisfaction; however, the effect of surroundings is not significant. The responsiveness and empathy of service staff affect PEBs through patient trust. Considering the high-contact professional nature of medical services, we call for more efforts toward improving service processes rather than simply relying on technical interventions. Specifically, hospitals and contact employees should devote time and effort to functional quality management in three dimensions, namely responsiveness, empathy, and access, to secure patient trust and satisfaction.

Prevention or promotion?

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
Min Hou ◽  
Chunmei Gu ◽  
Jiakai Wang ◽  
Ping Hou
Keyword(s):  
Panel Data ◽  
Panel Data Analysis ◽  
Communication Strategies ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Prevention Focus ◽  
Actual Problem ◽  
Promotion Focus ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Advertising Communication

PurposeA large number of competitors springing up at the same time is a unique phenomenon to emerging markets. How to promote product sales and improve platform performance through appropriate advertising communication strategies is not only an actual problem for the P2P platforms that are committed to long-term and stable operations but also an academic problem in marketing.Design/methodology/approachThis study collected a total of 1960 pieces of panel data of the P2P platforms and constructed a panel data analysis model after filtering.FindingsThe empirical analysis reveals the following: the prevention-focus advertising has a greater impact on platform trading volume, compared with the promotion-focus advertising, and the impact is positively significant; the platform which has a third-party cooperation should use promotion-focus advertising, while prevention-focus advertising is a better choice for the platform without a third-party cooperation. Furthermore, the effects of prevention-focus advertising and promotion-focus advertising on the platforms using individual projects and platforms using organization projects differ.Originality/valueThe results of this study have some reference to the selection of advertising communication strategies for the high-risk financial products.

Outsourcing and Downsizing: Processes of Workplace Change in Public Health

2002 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 244-269 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suzanne Young
Keyword(s):  
Support Services ◽  
Public Hospitals ◽  
Workplace Change ◽  
Workplace Issues ◽  
The Public ◽  
Study Approach ◽  
Workplace Conditions ◽  
National Competition ◽  
Staff Recruitment And Retention

Throughout the 1990s, public hospitals embarked on a range of benchmarking exercises for support services, often accompanied by downsizing and, in some cases, outsourcing. These support services included clinical areas such as, radiology, pharmacy and pathology, and non-clinical areas of catering and cleaning, engineering and environmental services. The impetus for this trend was the introduction of the Federal Government's National Competition Policy with its rationale that private sector pressures and competition would make the public sector more efficient. Through a case study approach, this paper discusses this process at two public hospitals, the aim being to investigate the reasons for outsourcing, outsourcing's interconnectedness with downsizing, and the implications at the workforce level. Workplace issues discussed include consultation between management, unions and employees, changes to employee numbers and work practices, maintenance of workplace conditions, implications for staff recruitment and retention, and the relative power of management and unions. It concludes that benchmarking, outsourcing and downsizing have all been used to bring about workplace change. Whilst the choice between processes may be dependent on management perception of the workplace environment, implications for the workplace from each process have been similar.

scholarly journals Examining the success of the central banks in inflation targeting countries: the dynamics of the inflation gap and institutional characteristics

2018 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Omid M. Ardakani ◽  
N. Kundan Kishor
Keyword(s):  
Inflation Targeting ◽  
Panel Data Analysis ◽  
Central Banks ◽  
Institutional Characteristics ◽  
Macroeconomic Performance ◽  
Fiscal Discipline ◽  
Policy Regime ◽  
Conditional Mean ◽  
Inflation Targets ◽  
The Difference

AbstractThis paper analyzes the performance of the central banks in inflation targeting (IT) countries by examining their success in achieving their explicit inflation targets. For this purpose, we decompose the inflation gap, the difference between actual inflation and the inflation target, into predictable and unpredictable components. We argue that the central banks are successful if the predictable component diminishes over time. The predictable component of the inflation gap is measured by the conditional mean of a parsimonious time-varying autoregressive model. Our results find considerable heterogeneity in the success of these IT countries in achieving their targets at the start of this policy regime. Our findings suggest that the central banks of the IT adopting countries started targeting inflation implicitly before becoming an explicit inflation targeter. The panel data analysis suggests that the relative success of these countries in reducing the gap is influenced by their institutional characteristics, particularly fiscal discipline and macroeconomic performance.

scholarly journals Reaching out to stakeholders: The use of knowledge terminology on the websites of Australian public hospitals

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrej Miklosik ◽  
Nina Evans
Keyword(s):  
Knowledge Retention ◽  
Public Hospitals ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Small Hospital ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Knowledge Implementation ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Use Of Knowledge

Abstract Background The objective of the study described in this article was to examine whether, and to what extent, Australian public hospitals use knowledge terminology, i.e. a body of knowledge-related terms, on their websites. The paper also discusses the difference in the level of such communication between large and small hospitals, the factors affecting the use of the knowledge-related terms in the communication and the similarities/differences between the use of knowledge terms in Australian public hospitals and large/small companies in Australia. Methods 151 Australian public hospitals were included in the research sample: 51 large and 100 small hospitals. Using the method of content analysis, websites mentioning knowledge creation, knowledge sharing, knowledge implementation, and knowledge retention were identified, along with the number of these mentions. Descriptive statistics and chi square test of independence were used to provide answers to four research questions. Results Of the 151 hospitals included in the sample, 30 had no website and 62 (50 small and 12 large) had a single page website. The study found that there are differences between Australian public hospitals regarding the level of their knowledge communication on their websites, both between small and large hospitals and between the individual hospitals within the large and small hospital groups. Conclusions A well-known saying goes “For the mouth speaks what the heart is full of”. Effective communication of knowledge-related terminologies to both internal and external stakeholders, i.e. the parties who access the websites, is therefore an indication of a knowledge focus in the public hospitals. Large hospitals are generally more active in communicating knowledge terms, although there are some exceptions. Some of the small hospitals can lead by example, but most of them do not include knowledge terminology in their communication on websites.

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