scholarly journals Changes in nut consumption influence long-term weight change in US men and women

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 90-99 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaoran Liu ◽  
Yanping Li ◽  
Marta Guasch-Ferré ◽  
Walter C Willett ◽  
Jean-Philippe Drouin-Chartier ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Weight Change ◽  
Health Professionals ◽  
Lower Risk ◽  
Health Study ◽  
Total Consumption ◽  
Tree Nuts ◽  
The Us

BackgroundNut consumption has increased in the US but little evidence exists on the association between changes in nut consumption and weight change. We aimed to evaluate the association between changes in total consumption of nuts and intakes of different nuts (including peanuts) and long-term weight change, in three independent cohort studies.Methods and findingsData collected in three prospective, longitudinal cohorts among health professionals in the US were analysed. We included 27 521 men (Health Professionals Follow-up Study, 1986 to 2010), 61 680 women (Nurses’ Health Study, 1986 to 2010), and 55 684 younger women (Nurses’ Health Study II, 1991 to 2011) who were free of chronic disease at baseline in the analyses. We investigated the association between changes in nut consumption over 4-year intervals and concurrent weight change over 20–24 years of follow-up using multivariate linear models with an unstructured correlation matrix to account for within-individual repeated measures. 21 322 individuals attained a body mass index classification of obesity (BMI ≥30 kg/m2) at the end of follow-up.Average weight gain across the three cohorts was 0.32 kg each year. Increases in nut consumption, per 0.5 servings/day (14 g), was significantly associated with less weight gain per 4-year interval (p<0.01 for all): −0.19 kg (95% CI -0.21 to -0.17) for total consumption of nuts, -0.37 kg (95% CI -0.45 to -0.30) for walnuts, -0.36 kg (95% CI -0.40 to -0.31) for other tree nuts, and -0.15 kg (95% CI -0.19 to -0.11) for peanuts.Increasing intakes of nuts, walnuts, and other tree nuts by 0.5 servings/day was associated with a lower risk of obesity. The multivariable adjusted RR for total nuts, walnuts, and other tree nuts was 0.97 (95% CI 0.96 to 0.99, p=0.0036), 0.85 (95% CI 0.81 to 0.89, p=0.0002), and 0.89 (95% CI 0.87 to 0.91, p<0.0001), respectively. Increasing nut consumption was also associated with a lower risk of gaining ≥2 kg or ≥5 kg (RR 0.89–0.98, p<0.01 for all).In substitution analyses, substituting 0.5 servings/day of nuts for red meat, processed meat, French fries, desserts, or potato, chips (crisps) was associated with less weight gain (p<0.05 for all).Our cohorts were largely composed of Caucasian health professionals with relatively higher socioeconomic status; thus the results may not be generalisable to other populations.ConclusionIncreasing daily consumption of nuts is associated with less long-term weight gain and a lower risk of obesity in adults. Replacing 0.5 servings/day of less healthful foods with nuts may be a simple strategy to help prevent gradual long-term weight gain and obesity.

Abstract P091: A Comparison of Analytical Methods to Evaluate the Association Between Diet and Long-Term Weight Gain in Three Prospective Cohorts

Circulation ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 127 (suppl_12) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica D Smith ◽  
Tao Hou ◽  
Frank Hu ◽  
Eric B Rimm ◽  
Donna Spiegelman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Weight Change ◽  
Dietary Habits ◽  
Dietary Change ◽  
Health Study ◽  
Biologically Relevant ◽  
Prospective Cohorts ◽  
Comparison Of Analytical Methods

Background: Because long-term weight gain typically occurs insidiously (~1 lb/y) it is very difficult to study in RCTs and prospective cohorts provide crucial evidence on its key contributors. Most prior studies have evaluated how baseline diet, rather than change in diet that may be more physiologically relevant, relates to future weight gain. Aim: To evaluate and compare different methodological approaches for investigating how diet relates to long-term weight gain. Methods: Participants from 3 separate cohorts, the Nurses Health Study (NHS, n=50,422), Nurses Health Study II (NHS II, n=47,898), and the Health Professionals Follow-up Study (HPFS, n=22,557), free of obesity and chronic diseases at baseline, were included and followed for up to 20 y. Lifestyle, health status, and weight were assessed by questionnaires every 2 y, and diet by validated FFQ every 4 y. We assessed 3 different analytic approaches, including relations of 1) baseline diet at the start of each 4 y with weight change in the next 4 y; 2) 4-y change in diet with weight change in the same 4 y; and 3) 4-y change in diet with lagged weight change in the next 4 y. We compared these approaches evaluating consistency across cohorts, magnitudes of associations, and biological plausibility of findings. Results: Across the three methods, consistent, robust, and biologically plausible associations were only seen between changes in diet and changes in weight in the same 4 y (Figure). Findings evaluating baseline diet and lagged dietary change were less consistent across cohorts, far smaller in magnitude, and often not biologically plausible, suggesting presence of both bias and misclassification of the true relevant dietary metric. Conclusions: The methods used to analyze dietary habits and long-term weight gain are crucial. The most robust, biologically relevant, and consistent findings are seen when evaluating dietary change and weight change in discrete periods.

scholarly journals Increased Nut Consumption and Subsequent Cardiovascular Disease Risk Among U.S. Men and Women: Three Large Prospective Cohort Studies (OR17-08-19)

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaoran Liu ◽  
Marta Guasch-Ferré ◽  
Jean-Philippe Drouin-Chartier ◽  
Deirdre Tobias ◽  
Shilpa Bhupathiraju ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Lower Risk ◽  
Disease Risk ◽  
Cardiovascular Disease Risk ◽  
Health Study ◽  
Total Consumption ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Tree Nuts ◽  
Subsequent Risk

Abstract Objectives To evaluate the association of changes in total consumption of nuts and in specific type of nuts (e.g., walnuts, other tree nuts, peanuts) and subsequent risk of incident cardiovascular disease (CVD) in three large prospective cohorts of U.S. men and women. Methods We included 34,222 men from the Health Professionals Follow-up Study (1986–2012), 77,957 women from the Nurses’ Health Study (1986–2012), and 80,756 women from the Nurses’ Health Study II (1991–2013). We assessed nut consumption every 4 years using validated food frequency questionnaires. We used multivariable Cox proportional regression models to examine the association between 4-year changes in nut consumption and risk of confirmed CVD endpoints (composite nonfatal myocardial infarction, fatal coronary heart disease [CHD], and nonfatal or fatal stroke) in the subsequent 4 years with a median follow-up of 17.2 years. Models were adjusted for age, sex, race, family history of CVD, intake of nuts at beginning of each-4 year and simultaneous changes of correlated dietary and lifestyle confounders. Results During 2818,760 person-years of follow-up, we documented 8478 cases of incident CVD, including 4989 cases of CHD and 3489 cases of stroke. Per 0.5 serving/day (1 serving = 28 g) increase in total consumption of nuts was associated with a lower risk of CVD (RR = 0.92, 95% CI = 0.88–0.96), CHD (0.94, 0.89–0.99), and stroke (0.89, 0.83–0.95) (Figure 1). For each 0.5 serving increase per day, the RR for CVD in the subsequent 4 years was 0.86 (0.76–0.98) for walnuts, 0.93 (0.86–1.02) for other tree nuts, and 0.92 (0.86–0.99) for peanuts, respectively. We evaluated the joint association of initial and final nut consumption over 4 years with the subsequent risk of CVD, CHD and stroke. Compared with individuals who remained non-consumers, individuals who consistently had a high nut consumption (≥0.5 serving/day) had a significantly lower risk of CVD (0.75, 0.67–0.84), CHD (0.80, 0.69–0.93), and stroke (0.68, 0.57–0.82) (Figure 2). Conclusions Increasing intake of total nuts, including walnuts, other tree nuts, or peanuts, was associated with a subsequent lower risk of CVD. Funding Sources NIH: UM1 CA186107, UM1 CA176726, UM1 CA167552. Partly funded by The Peanut Institution and the California Walnut Commission. The funders had no role in study design, data collection, analyses, interpretation and publication. Supporting Tables, Images and/or Graphs

The weight change impact on metabolic syndrome: a 17-year follow-up study

Open Medicine ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 6 (6) ◽  
pp. 788-794 ◽  
Author(s):  
Magdalena Kwaśniewska ◽  
Dorota Kaleta ◽  
Anna Jegier ◽  
Tomasz Kostka ◽  
Elżbieta Dziankowska-Zaborszczyk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Weight Loss ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Weight Change ◽  
Metabolic Risk ◽  
Adjusted Relative Risk ◽  
Prospective Longitudinal ◽  
The Impact

AbstractIntroduction: Data on long-term patterns of weight change in relation to the development of metabolic syndrome (MetS) are scarce. The aim of the study was to evaluate the impact of weight change on the risk of MetS in men. Material and Methods: Prospective longitudinal observation (17.9 ± 8.1 years) of apparently healthy 324 men aged 18–64 years. Metabolic risk was assessed in weight gain (⩾ 2.5 kg), stable weight (> −2.5 kg and < 2.5 kg) and weight loss (⩽ −2.5 kg) groups. Adjusted relative risk (RR) of MetS was analyzed using multivariate logistic regression. Results: The prevalence of MetS over follow-up was 22.5%. There was a strong relationship between weight gain and worsening of MetS components among baseline overweight men. Long-term increase in weight was most strongly related with the risk of abdominal obesity (RR=7.26; 95% CI 2.98–18.98), regardless of baseline body mass index (BMI). Weight loss was protective against most metabolic disorders. Leisure-time physical activity (LTPA) with energy expenditure > 2000 metabolic equivalent/min/week was associated with a significantly lower risk of MetS. Conclusions: Reducing weight among overweight and maintaining stable weight among normal-weight men lower the risk of MetS. High LTPA level may additionally decrease the metabolic risk regardless of BMI.

scholarly journals Adulthood Weight Change and Risk of Colorectal Cancer in the Nurses' Health Study and Health Professionals Follow-up Study

2015 ◽  
Vol 8 (7) ◽  
pp. 620-627 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mingyang Song ◽  
Frank B. Hu ◽  
Donna Spiegelman ◽  
Andrew T. Chan ◽  
Kana Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Weight Change ◽  
Health Professionals ◽  
Health Study ◽  
Follow Up Study

Abstract 17285: Frequent Consumption of Meals Prepared at Home and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Among American Men and Women

Circulation ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 132 (suppl_3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Geng Zong ◽  
David M Eisenberg ◽  
Frank B Hu ◽  
Qi Sun
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Lower Risk ◽  
Fruits And Vegetables ◽  
Hazard Ratio ◽  
Health Study ◽  
Sugar Sweetened Beverage ◽  
At Home

Introduction: The frequency of eating meals prepared at home (MPAH) decreased among Americans over the last 50 years. Eating out has been associated with poor diet quality and weight gain in adolescents and adult. Few studies have examined MPAH frequency in relation to diabetes risk. Hypothesis: Having MPAH is associated with lower risk of Type 2 Diabetes (T2D). Methods: We followed 57,994 women in the Nurses’ Health Study and 41,679 men in the Health Professionals Follow-up Study from 1986 to 2012. Participants were free of diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer at baseline. Weekly frequencies of consuming MPAH were collected at baseline, and summed up as overall MPAH. Results: Participants with more MPAH had higher intake of whole grains, total and low-fat dairy products, fruits, and vegetables, and lower sugar sweetened beverage (SSB) at baseline. However, MPAH turned to be associated with more red meat and low coffee intakes. MPAH was moderately associated with less weight gain during follow-up. Compared to those with 0-6 overall MPAH/week, women with 11-14 MPAH/week had 0.45±0.08kg less weight gain over 8 years, whereas men had 0.41±0.07 kg less weight gain (P<0.001) for the same comparison. During 2.3 million person-years of follow-up, 8959 T2D cases were identified and confirmed in both cohorts. After multivariate adjustment of demographic and lifestyle factors, pooled hazard ratio (95% confidence interval) of T2D were 0.96 (0.90, 1.01), 0.96 (0.87, 1.06), 0.88 (0.83, 0.94) for participants who had 7-8, 9-10, and 11-14 MPAH/week (P for trend<0.001), comparing with those eating 0-6 MPAH/week. Each additional MPAH for lunch was associated with 2% lower risk of T2D, whereas the corresponding value was 4% for dinner (P<0.001 for both). These findings were attenuated when BMI or SSB were further adjusted: the hazard ratio comparing participants with 11-14 MPAH/week to those with 0-6 MPAH/week were 0.95 (0.90, 1.01; P for trend=0.13) with adjusting of BMI, and 0.94 (0.89, 1.00; P for trend=0.09) with adjustment of SSB. Conclusions: These findings suggest that eating more MPAH is associated with a lower risk of T2D overtime, and this relationship may be partly ascribed to less weight gain and lower SSB intake by those who prepare their own meals at home more often.

Abstract 10: Increased Consumption of Fruits and Vegetables and Weight Change Over Time

Circulation ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 129 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Monica L Bertoia ◽  
Kenneth J Mukamal ◽  
Leah E Cahill ◽  
Tao Hou ◽  
David S Ludwig ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Weight Change ◽  
Fruits And Vegetables ◽  
Weight Maintenance ◽  
Glycemic Load ◽  
Fiber Content ◽  
Dietary Guidelines ◽  
Health Study ◽  
High Fiber

Introduction: Current dietary guidelines recommend eating a variety of fruits and vegetables. However, based on nutrient composition, specific fruits and vegetables may be more or less beneficial for weight maintenance. Hypothesis: Fruits and vegetables with a higher fiber content or lower glycemic load are more strongly associated with weight maintenance and even weight loss, in part through mechanisms related to increased satiety. Methods: We examined the association between increased consumption of fruits and vegetables and change in body weight among participants <65 years of age from three large prospective cohort studies: 41,608 women in the Nurses’ Health Study (NHS) I, 20,143 men in the Health Professionals Follow-up Study, and 67,533 women in the NHS II. Beginning in 1986, these associations were examined during 24 years of follow-up within 4-year time intervals, adjusting for simultaneous changes in other lifestyle factors such as diet, smoking, and physical activity. Results: Increased consumption of one serving per day of several types of fruits was inversely associated with weight gain over 4 years, for example -1.11 lbs (95% CI, -1.43 to -0.80 lbs) for berries and -0.96 lbs (95% CI, -1.20 to -0.72 lbs) for apples/pears. Increased consumption of several vegetables was also inversely associated with weight gain, for example -2.15 lbs (95% CI, -2.58 to -1.73 lbs) for tofu/soy and -1.18 lbs (95% CI, -1.73 to -0.64 lbs) for cauliflower. On the other hand, increased consumption of some vegetables was positively associated with weight change, for example corn (1.69 lbs; 95% CI, 0.90 to 2.48 lbs) and peas (0.81 lbs; 95% CI 0.16 to 1.46 lbs). The magnitude of weight change associated with increased consumption of high fiber vegetables (-0.37 lbs; 95% CI -0.48 to -0.27 lbs) was larger than that for low fiber vegetables (-0.13 lbs; 95% CI -0.23 to -0.02 lbs). Increased consumption of low glycemic load vegetables was associated with a greater magnitude of weight change, -0.37 lbs (95% CI, -0.63 to -0.11 lbs), compared to high glycemic load vegetables, -0.01 lbs (95% CI, -0.14 to 0.11 lbs). In contrast, weight change associated with fruit consumption did not vary by fiber content or glycemic load. Conclusions: Increased consumption of total fruits and vegetables was inversely associated with weight change over 4 years, however we found wide-ranging associations for specific foods, partly due to the fiber content and glycemic load of vegetables but not fruits.

scholarly journals SAT-436 Long-Term Analysis of Weight Change Following Thyroidectomy

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Reece Moore ◽  
Parker McDuffie ◽  
Keri Broadley ◽  
Denise Carneiro-Pla ◽  
Mahsa Javid
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Weight Change ◽  
Weight Increase ◽  
Common Source ◽  
Weight Changes ◽  
Thyroid Cancer Patient ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Post Operation

Abstract Introduction: Weight gain is a common source of apprehension for patients undergoing thyroidectomy. However, contradictory reports exist regarding the presence and degree of weight gain following thyroid surgery and all known studies have short term follow-up This study evaluated weight changes following total thyroidectomy (TT) and lobectomy (L) over an extended time period. Methods: Retrospective analysis was performed of weight changes following surgery for patients who underwent TT or L (n=387) as compared with those undergoing parathyroidectomy for primary hyperparathyroidism (n=201) in a tertiary referral hospital between 2007-2012. Clinical, demographic and pre- and postoperative weight data was collected with a median follow-up of 55.6 months. Results: Postoperative weight change was observed at 1, 6, 12, and 36-months in patients who underwent TT (μ=+0.21kg, μ=+1.33kg, μ=+0.59kg, μ=+0.60kg; p&lt;0.05) and at 6-months for patients who underwent L (μ=+0.93kg, p&lt;0.05) compared with those who underwent parathyroidectomy. Patients having TT and L showed a general trend of weight gain compared to the control group up to 108-months post-operation; however, this weight gain was non-significant (p&lt;0.05). Significant postoperative weight gain was observed in patients who had TT (1-month μ=+0.40kg, 6-months μ=+2.14kg, and 12-months μ=+1.40kg) and L (6-months μ=+1.04kg) for benign conditions compared with the parathyroidectomy group. Patients who had TT gained 0.40kg more than L patients at 12-months post-op (p&lt;0.05), but no significant difference existed at other time points up to 108-months. Tukey HSD post-hoc analysis showed weight gain in benign, thyroiditis, and thyroid cancer patient groups was not significantly different from 6-months to 108-months post-operation. Furthermore, neither race nor sex was correlated with weight gain. Relative risks with 95% CI for weight gain following TT and L compared to control are: 1-month TT=1.74, 0.96-3.14, L=1.59, 0.58-2.58; 6-month TT=1.27, 0.85-1.89, L=1.42, 0.85-2.11; 12-month TT=1.44, 0.92-2.28, L=1.34, 0.86-2.36; 24-month TT=1.17, 0.82-1.67, L=1.22, 0.69-1.60. In the group of patients who gained greater than 2kg, those who underwent TT had significant weight increase compared to the parathyroidectomy group at 6-months postoperatively (Mann-Whitney U, p=0.011). In the subgroup of patients with weight gain greater than 2kg, those who had L did not have significant weight increase at any time point. Conclusion: Weight change following TT when compared with parathyroidectomy is significant shortly after surgery. However, these changes are not significant at long-term follow-up.

scholarly journals Long-Term Weight Change and Glycemic Control in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Treated vs. Untreated Sleep-Disordered Breathing—Analysis From the DIAbetes COhoRtE

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Louisa Schaller ◽  
Michael Arzt ◽  
Bettina Jung ◽  
Carsten A. Böger ◽  
Iris M. Heid ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Weight Change ◽  
Sleep Disordered Breathing ◽  
Observation Period

Hypothesis: Positive airway pressure (PAP) is the standard treatment for sleep-disordered breathing (SDB), a prevalent condition in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2). Recent studies showed that short-term PAP treatment may cause weight gain. However, long-term data for patients with DM2 are scarce. Therefore, the aim of the present analysis was to assess changes in weight and glycemic control in patients with DM2 and treated vs. untreated SDB.Methods: The DIAbetes COhoRtE (DIACORE) study is a prospective population-based cohort study in patients with DM2. At baseline, patients of the DIACORE-SDB sub-study were tested for SDB [defined as apnea-hypopnea-index (AHI) ≥ 15/h] using a two-channel ambulatory SDB-monitoring device. In this observational study, PAP treatment was initiated in a subgroup of patients with SDB (SDB PAP) within clinical routine between the baseline and first follow-up visit [median observation period of 2.3 (2.2; 2.4) years], whereas the other patients with SDB did not receive PAP (SDB untreated). At baseline and first follow-up visit, weight and HbA1c were assessed.Results: Of the 346 patients with SDB [mean age 68 years, 71% male, body-mass index (BMI) 31.9 kg/m2], 17% were in the SDB PAP and 83% in the SDB untreated group. Weight change within the observation period was similar in both groups (−0.2 and −0.9 kg; p = 0.322). The percentage of patients with severe weight gain (≥ 5 kg) within the observation period was significantly higher in the SDB PAP group compared to the SDB untreated group (15.0 vs. 5.6%; p = 0.011). Multivariable regression analysis, accounting for baseline HbA1c, insulin substitution, BMI, waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), physical activity, and AHI, showed that PAP treatment was significantly associated with a weight gain ≥ 5 kg [odds ratio (OR) = 3.497; 95% CI (1.343; 9.106); p = 0.010] and an increase in HbA1c [B = 2.410; 95% CI (0.118; 4.702); p = 0.039].Conclusion: Median weight change was similar in patients with SDB with and without PAP treatment. However, patients with DM2 and PAP treatment have an increased risk of severe long-term weight gain and an increase in HbA1c.Clinical Trial registration: DRKS00010498

Interferon-free cure of chronic Hepatitis C is associated with weight gain during long-term follow-up

2017 ◽  
Vol 55 (09) ◽  
pp. 848-856 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernhard Schlevogt ◽  
Katja Deterding ◽  
Kerstin Port ◽  
Christoph Siederdissen ◽  
Lisa Sollik ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Hepatitis ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Hepatitis C ◽  
Chronic Hepatitis C ◽  
Weight Change ◽  
Antiviral Treatment ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Long Term Follow Up

Abstract Background and aim The advent of direct-acting antivirals has revolutionized treatment of chronic hepatitis C with very high cure rates and excellent tolerability compared to interferon-based hepatitis C virus (HCV) treatment. However, long-term effects of interferon-free cure of HCV infection on the metabolic condition of patients have not been investigated so far. Methods We investigated weight development during and after antiviral treatment of hepatitis C. In a prospective single-center cohort study, interferon-free antiviral treatment was initiated in 284 patients. Each patient’s weight was monitored 1 year before the start of treatment, at baseline (BL), end of treatment (EOT), follow-up week 24 (FU24), and follow-up week 48 (FU48). Results Weight gain after HCV cure was observed in 20 %, 33 %, and 44 % of patients at EOT, FU24, and FU48, respectively. The mean overall weight change at FU48 compared to baseline was 1.45 kg (95 % CI 0.44; 2.46, p = 0.02, compared to the pretreatment period). Multivariate regression revealed age as the only factor predicting weight change at FU48 (B − 0.107, 95 % CI, − 0.202 to − 0.011, p = 0.03), while gender, cirrhosis, diabetes mellitus, ribavirin, and body mass index had no influence. In the subgroup of patients younger than 60 years, mean weight gain at FU48 compared to baseline was 2.8 kg (95 % CI, 1.23 – 4.4). In contrast, patients 60 years and older had a mean weight change of − 0.04 kg (95 % CI, − 1.12 to 1.03, p = 0.005). Conclusions Cure of HCV by interferon-free antiviral treatment was associated with weight gain in up to 44 % of patients during long-term follow-up. Weight gain occurred predominantly in patients younger than 60 years. The precise mechanism of weight gain remains to be elucidated.

scholarly journals Changes in intake of plant-based diets and weight change: results from 3 prospective cohort studies

2019 ◽  
Vol 110 (3) ◽  
pp. 574-582 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ambika Satija ◽  
Vasanti Malik ◽  
Eric B Rimm ◽  
Frank Sacks ◽  
Walter Willett ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Cohort Studies ◽  
Weight Change ◽  
The United States ◽  
Health Study ◽  
Healthy Plant ◽  
Plant Foods ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Adult Men

ABSTRACT Background Studies have found beneficial effects of plant-based diets on weight. However, not all plant foods are necessarily beneficial. Objectives The aim of this study was to examine associations of changes in intake of 3 variations of plant-based diet indices (overall, healthful, and unhealthful) with weight change over 4-y intervals spanning >20 y. Methods Data from 3 ongoing prospective observational cohort studies in the United States were used, namely the Nurses’ Health Study (NHS), NHS2, and the Health Professionals Follow-up Study (HPFS), with 126,982 adult men and women. Self-reported diet data were collected every 4 y, and self-reported weight data were used to compute weight change every 4 y over >20 y of follow-up. Results On average, participants gained a mean of 0.90 kg (HPFS) to 1.98 kg (NHS2) over 4-y intervals. Different types of plant-based diet indices were associated with different amounts of weight gain. After adjusting for several potential confounders, including concomitant changes in other lifestyle factors, a 1-SD increase in intake of an overall plant-based diet index was associated with 0.04 kg less weight gain over 4-y periods (95% CI: 0.05, 0.02 kg; P < 0.001). A 1-SD increase in intake of a healthful version of a plant-based diet index (emphasizing whole grains, fruits/vegetables, nuts/legumes, vegetable oils, tea/coffee) was associated with 0.68 kg less weight gain over 4-y periods (95% CI: 0.69, 0.66 kg; P < 0.001). Conversely, a 1-SD increase in an unhealthful version of a plant-based diet index (emphasizing refined grains, potato/fries, sweets, sweetened drinks/juices) was associated with 0.36 kg more weight gain (95% CI: 0.34, 0.37 kg, P < 0.001). Conclusion Plant-based diets, especially when rich in healthier plant foods, are associated with less weight gain over 4-y intervals. This supports current recommendations to increase intake of healthy plant foods, and reducing intake of less-healthy plant foods and animal foods, for improved health outcomes.

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