scholarly journals Lipid profiles and determinants of total cholesterol and hypercholesterolaemia among 25–74 year-old urban and rural citizens of the Yangon Region, Myanmar: a cross-sectional study

BMJ Open ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (11) ◽  
pp. e017465 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aung Soe Htet ◽  
Marte Karoline Kjøllesdal ◽  
Wai Phyo Aung ◽  
Aye Nyein Moe Myint ◽  
Win Thuzar Aye ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Total Cholesterol ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Cluster Sampling ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Low Hdl ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas

ObjectiveThe first is to estimate the prevalence of dyslipidaemia (hypercholesterolaemia, hypertriglyceridaemia, high low-density lipoprotein (LDL) level and low high-density lipoprotein (HDL) level), as well as the mean levels of total cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL and HDL, in the urban and rural Yangon Region, Myanmar. The second is to investigate the association between urban-rural location and total cholesterol.DesignTwo cross-sectional studies using the WHO STEPS methodology.SettingBoth the urban and rural areas of the Yangon Region, Myanmar.ParticipantsA total of 1370 men and women aged 25–74 years participated based on a multistage cluster sampling. Physically and mentally ill people, monks, nuns, soldiers and institutionalised people were excluded.ResultsCompared with rural counterparts, urban dwellers had a significantly higher age-standardised prevalence of hypercholesterolaemia (50.7% vs 41.6%; p=0.042) and a low HDL level (60.6% vs 44.4%; p=0.001). No urban-rural differences were found in the prevalence of hypertriglyceridaemia and high LDL. Men had a higher age-standardised prevalence of hypertriglyceridaemia than women (25.1% vs 14.8%; p<0.001), while the opposite pattern was found in the prevalence of a high LDL (11.3% vs 16.3%; p=0.018) and low HDL level (35.3% vs 70.1%; p<0.001).Compared with rural inhabitants, urban dwellers had higher age-standardised mean levels of total cholesterol (5.31 mmol/L, SE: 0.044 vs 5.05 mmol/L, 0.068; p=0.009), triglyceride (1.65 mmol/L, 0.049 vs 1.38 mmol/L, 0.078; p=0.017), LDL (3.44 mmol/L, 0.019 vs 3.16 mmol/L, 0.058; p=0.001) and lower age-standardised mean levels of HDL (1.11 mmol/L, 0.010 vs 1.25 mmol/L, 0.012; p<0.001). In linear regression, the total cholesterol was significantly associated with an urban location among men, but not among women.ConclusionThe mean level of total cholesterol and the prevalence of hypercholesterolaemia were alarmingly high in men and women in both the urban and rural areas of Yangon Region, Myanmar. Preventive measures to reduce cholesterol levels in the population are therefore needed.

scholarly journals Associations between Fast-Food Restaurants Surrounding Kindergartens and Childhood Obesity: Evidence from China

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (17) ◽  
pp. 9334
Author(s):  
Chenyang Wang ◽  
Zhiping Zhen ◽  
Nan Zhao ◽  
Chenlin Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Childhood Obesity ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Fast Food ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Prevalence Of Obesity ◽  
Fast Food Restaurants ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
Definition Of

The prevalence of obesity among preschool children has risen dramatically due to the influx of Western fast food in China. In this study, we aimed to provide clear evidence on the associations between fast-food restaurants and childhood obesity. We collected and combined three unique cross-sectional datasets: physical fitness data, geographic information, and the financial data of each kindergarten. The two-stage least squares were used for empirical analyses. The final data including 75,730 children were from 785 kindergartens in 82 cities and 23 provinces in China in 2018. The mean age of participants was 4.94 ± 0.87; 34,249 (45.2%) females and 41,481 (54.8%) males. The number of fast-food restaurants within 1, 2, and 3 km radii had a significant and positive correlation with obesity, and this correlation decreased as the radius increased. Furthermore, the distance to the nearest fast-food restaurant had a significant and negative correlation with obesity. Western fast-food restaurants contributed more to obesity than the broader definition of fast-food restaurants. There was marked heterogeneity between urban and rural areas. Our findings documented that fast-food restaurants had a significant and positive association with childhood obesity, thus the restriction of fast-food restaurants surrounding kindergartens might be considered.

scholarly journals Urban–rural differences in the prevalence of diabetes mellitus among 25–74 year-old adults of the Yangon Region, Myanmar: two cross-sectional studies

BMJ Open ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. e020406 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wai Phyo Aung ◽  
Aung Soe Htet ◽  
Espen Bjertness ◽  
Hein Stigum ◽  
Virasakdi Chongsuvivatwong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Undiagnosed Diabetes ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Who Steps Methodology ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
Educational Groups ◽  
Cross Sectional Studies ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas

ObjectivesTo investigate the association between urban–rural location and the occurrence of diabetes mellitus (DM) in the Yangon Region, and to estimate the proportion of urban and rural participants already diagnosed with DM, and of those, the proportion under treatment and under control.DesignTwo cross-sectional studies, using the WHO STEPs methodology.SettingThe Yangon Region of Myanmar, urban and rural areas.ParticipantsMen and women, aged 25–74 years, included during the study period from September–November 2013 (urban) and 2014 (rural areas) (n=1372). Institutionalised people, physically and mentally ill person, monks and nuns were excluded.ResultsThe age-standardised prevalence of DM was 12.1% in urban and 7.1% in rural areas (p=0.039). In urban areas, the prevalence of DM was lowest in the highest educational groups (p<0.001). There were no differences in DM prevalence between gender or income levels. In rural areas, those who were physically inactive had a low intake of fruit and vegetable and were overweight/obese had a higher DM prevalence than others. In a logistic regression, the OR for DM in rural compared with urban areas was 0.38 (0.22, 0.65), adjusted for sociodemographic variables and behavioural risk factors. In urban areas, 43.1% of participants had the experience of receiving blood glucose measurements by a doctor or health worker, and 61.5% of all cases of DM were already diagnosed, 78.7% were under treatment and 45.8% were under control. The corresponding proportions in rural areas were 26.4%, 52.4%, 78.1% and 32.0%, respectively.ConclusionThe prevalence of DM in the Yangon Region was high, and significantly higher in urban than in rural areas. More health services are needed to serve this population with a large proportion of undiagnosed diabetes. Preventive measures to halt and reduce the prevalence of DM are urgently needed.

scholarly journals Geographical variation and urban-rural disparity of overweight and obesity in Chinese school-aged children between 2010 and 2014: two successive national cross-sectional surveys

BMJ Open ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. e025559 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yanhui Dong ◽  
Yinghua Ma ◽  
Bin Dong ◽  
Zhiyong Zou ◽  
Peijin Hu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Childhood Overweight ◽  
Overweight And Obesity ◽  
Chinese Children ◽  
Western China ◽  
Obesity Prevalence ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Childhood Overweight And Obesity ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas

PurposeThe urban-rural disparity for childhood overweight and obesity shows different patterns in most countries. This study aimed to examine the recent trend of urban-rural disparity for childhood overweight and obesity at national and subnational levels in Chinese children from 2010 to 2014.DesignTwo successive national cross-sectional studies. Overweight and obesity were classified using Chinese national age-specific and sex-specific body mass index reference. The prevalence of overweight and obesity was compared between urban and rural areas at national and subnational levels.SettingThirty-one provinces in China.ParticipantsData were obtained from the Chinese National Survey on Students’ Constitution and Health in 2010 and 2014 with 215 214 (107 741 in 2010 and 107 473 in 2014) children aged 7–12 years.ResultsThe overweight and obesity prevalence increased from 17.1% in 2010 to 22.5% in 2014. The overweight and obesity prevalence in both urban and rural areas was higher in the eastern provinces but lower in the western provinces. The urban-rural disparity in overweight and obesity decreased steadily from 2010 to 2014 (1.79 to 1.42 for prevalence OR). There was greater urban-rural disparity in western China than eastern China. A reversal occurred in 2014 in several eastern provinces where the overweight and obesity prevalence in rural children surpassed that of their urban peers.ConclusionsA narrowing urban-rural disparity and the reversal signal between urban and rural areas in overweight and obesity would contribute to a growing proportion of obese children in rural areas. Therefore, urgent region-specific policies and interventions with a forward-looking approach should be considered for Chinese children, especially in rural areas.

scholarly journals Nutrition gap in children, urban-rural

2020 ◽  
Vol 54 ◽  
pp. 111
Author(s):  
Jhael N. Bermúdez ◽  
Daniel Ayala ◽  
Oscar F. Herrán
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Geographic Area ◽  
Acute Malnutrition ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Stunted Growth ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
Economic Developement ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
Access To Food ◽  
And Control

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the nutritional situation of children under five years old from both urban and rural areas of Colombia. METHOD: Analytical study, based on cross-sectional data, collected from ENSIN-2015. The sample consisted of 12,256 children aged between 0 and 4 years old. We calculated the prevalence ratios (PR) with their respective 95% confidence interval (95%CI). PR were assessed by binomial regression models with malnutrition or overweight as the dependent variable and geographic area as the explanatory variable. We used context variables to adjust the estimated PR and control the confounder within. RESULTS: Acute malnutrition (weight-for-height) had a prevalence of 1.6%, while overweight had a 5.6% rate. No differences per geographic zone in the weight-for-height indicator were found. Stunted growth – chronic malnutrition – was higher in the rural area (PR = 1.2; 95%CI 1–1.53; p = 0.050). Prevalences adjusted by variables related to structural, social and economic developement showed that both the household chief’s educational level and the food insecurity of the area account for malnutrition. CONCLUSION: The height-for-age indicator works better to establish development level. Measures against coverage, relevance and quality of education and access to food can harm the nutritional status of the children.

scholarly journals Prevalence and factors associated with dyslipidemia after liver transplantation

2014 ◽  
Vol 60 (4) ◽  
pp. 365-372 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hélem de Sena Ribeiro ◽  
Lucilene Rezende Anastácio ◽  
Lívia Garcia Ferreira ◽  
Érika Barbosa Lagares ◽  
Agnaldo Soares Lima ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Liver Transplantation ◽  
Total Cholesterol ◽  
Low Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Multivariate Statistical ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Modifiable Factors ◽  
Low Hdl

Objective: to determine the prevalence of abnormal total cholesterol (TC), low density lipoprotein (LDL), high density lipoprotein (HDL) and triglycerides in patients undergoing liver transplantation (LTx) and to identify predictors of these disorders. Methods: cross-sectional study to assess the prevalence of dyslipidemia in patients undergoing LTx. Demographic, socioeconomic, clinical, anthropometric and dietetic data were collected to determine the association with dyslipidemia using univariate and multivariate statistical analysis. Results: 136 patients were evaluated, 68.1% of which had at least one type of dyslipidemia. The triglyceride level was high in 32.4% of cases, with low HDL in 49.3% of patients and high LDL levels in only 8.8%. High total cholesterol was observed in 16.2% of the study population and was associated with the recommendation for transplantation due to ethanolic cirrhosis (OR = 2.7) and a greater number of hours slept per night (OR = 1.5). Conclusion: many patients presented dyslipidemia after transplantation, demonstrating the need for interventions in relation to modifiable factors associated with dyslipidemias that can mitigate or prevent these disorders.

scholarly journals Domestic violence victimisation and its association with mental distress: a cross-sectional study of the Yangon Region, Myanmar

BMJ Open ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. e037936
Author(s):  
Win Thuzar Aye ◽  
Lars Lien ◽  
Hein Stigum ◽  
Berit Schei ◽  
Johanne Sundby ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Domestic Violence ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Mental Distress ◽  
Wald Test ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Hopkins Symptom Checklist ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas

ObjectivesTo estimate the prevalence of domestic violence, with subgroups of physical, sexual and emotional violence, among men and women and to assess the association between any lifetime domestic violence (DV) and mental distress among ever-married men and women.DesignWe conducted a cross-sectional study from October to November 2016 using a multistage sampling design. DV questionnaire was adopted from the Demographic and Health Survey programme. Mental distress was estimated using the Hopkins Symptom Checklist-10 (HSCL-10). HSCL-score and DV were the outcome and exposure variables, respectively, in multiple linear regression. Prevalence estimates and associations were presented with a 95% CI and the Wald test.SettingUrban and rural areas of the Yangon region, Myanmar.ParticipantsMen and women ages 18 to 49 years were included. Institutionalised people, monks, nuns and individuals deemed too ill physically and/or mentally to participate were excluded.ResultsA random sample of 2383 people was included in the analyses. Among ever-married participants, lifetime (LT) and past-12-month (12M) prevalence of any domestic violence victimisation was higher in women compared with men: LT women: 61.8% (95% CI: 54.3 to 68.9) versus LT men: 42.4% (95% CI: 37.5 to 47.5) and 12M women: 51.2% (95% CI: 44.9 to 57.5) versus 12M men: 37.7% (95% CI: 32.9 to 42.7). Among never-married participants, lifetime physical and sexual violence victimisation rates was higher in men (34.3% and 7.9%) compared with women (19.1% and 6.4%). Mental distress was significantly associated with lifetime DV in women who were afraid of their husbands and men who had wives who exhibited controlling behaviours.ConclusionsDomestic violence is prevalent among both men and women and is associated with mental distress. The findings highlight an urgent need to prevent domestic violence in both sexes, including through legal and policy reform and improved mental health services for DV victims.

scholarly journals Women’s Reproductive Empowerment: A Comparative Study of Urban and Rural Females in Iran

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 294-300 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arezo Alishah ◽  
Jila Ganji ◽  
Rezaali Mohammadpour ◽  
Zahra Kiani ◽  
Zohreh Shahhosseini
Keyword(s):  
Family Planning ◽  
Rural Women ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Employment Status ◽  
Sampling Method ◽  
Cluster Sampling ◽  
Educational Levels ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
Health Care Centers

Objectives: Women’s reproductive empowerment is an essential issue for good reproductive health which is affected by various socioeconomic and cultural factors. This study was designed to compare women’s reproductive empowerment in urban and rural areas. Materials and Methods: In this descriptive-analytical and correlational-type study, 810 women referring to health care centers in Sari were recruited through proportional cluster sampling method. Data were collected using a questionnaire on women’s reproductive empowerment including cultural, individual-family, social, and family planning domains. Finally, the obtained data were analyzed using descriptive and analytical tests. Results: The mean (standard deviation) of women’s reproductive empowerment score was 91.46±13.14 (a 95% CIof 90.55-92.36) and no statistical difference was observed between the urban and rural women in this respect (P = 0.59). In addition, cultural and family planning domains obtained the highest 29.12 (5.80) and the lowest 17.55 (4.25) scores concerning reproductive empowerment, respectively. Therefore, women’s reproductive empowerment score was significantly correlated with the females’ employment status (P = 0.006) and their husbands’ levels of education (P < 0.001). Conclusions: Overall, the finding contributes to the discourse on women’s reproductive empowerment based on their residential area and thus adds to the limited literature on this issue in developing countries and Iran, in particular. Therefore, appropriate planning is required for women with various employment statuses and their spouses with different educational levels in order to improve their empowerment in terms of reproductive issues.

Urban–rural differences in related factors of second-hand smoke exposure: a cross-sectional study of adult non-smokers in Northeast China

2018 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 321-328 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chunshi Gao ◽  
Yan Yao ◽  
Huikun Niu ◽  
Lu Li ◽  
Meiqi Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Northeast China ◽  
Function Analysis ◽  
Second Hand Smoke ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
Shs Exposure ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas

Abstract Background this study aims to examine the different factors associated with exposure to second-hand smoke (SHS) between urban and rural areas and to facilitate a reduction in SHS exposure in Northeast China. Methods a multistage stratified random cluster sampling design was used in this 2012 cross-sectional survey in Jilin Province, Northeast China. A total of 13 056 non-smokers were included in this study. The Rao–Scott χ2 test, multiple regression analysis and discriminant function analysis were used. Results the SHS prevalence among adult non-smokers was 60.2% in urban areas and 61.8% in rural areas. In urban areas, males were more likely to be exposed to SHS, while in rural areas, females were more likely to be exposed to SHS (P < 0.05). Increasing age was a protective factor against SHS exposure both in urban and rural areas (P < 0.05). Tobacco-relevant knowledge was positively associated with SHS exposure. Among urban non-smokers, high education level and engagement in manual work were risk factors for SHS exposure, and retired subjects were less likely to be exposed to SHS (P < 0.01). Conclusions non-smokers from urban and rural areas differ in the factors associated with SHS exposure, and urban–rural differentials, especially with regard to gender, should be considered in tobacco control.

PREVALENCE OF CONSANGUINEOUS MARRIAGES IN SYRIA

2009 ◽  
Vol 41 (5) ◽  
pp. 685-692 ◽  
Author(s):  
HASAN OTHMAN ◽  
MOSTAFA SAADAT
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Consanguineous Marriage ◽  
Common Type ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Consanguineous Marriages ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
Coefficient Of Inbreeding

SummaryConsanguineous marriage is the union of individuals having at least one common ancestor. The present cross-sectional study was done in order to illustrate the prevalence and types of consanguineous marriages in the Syrian Arab Republic. Data on consanguineous marriages were collected using a simple questionnaire. The total number of couples in this study was 67,958 (urban areas: 36,574 couples; rural areas: 31,384 couples) from the following provinces: Damascus, Hamah, Tartous, Latakia, Al Raqa, Homs, Edlep and Aleppo. In each province urban and rural areas were surveyed. Consanguineous marriage was classified by the degree of relationship between couples: double first cousins (F=1/8), first cousins (F=1/16), second cousins (F=1/64) and beyond second cousins (F<1/64). The coefficient of inbreeding (F) was calculated for each couple and the mean coefficient of inbreeding (α) estimated for the population of each province, stratified by rural and urban areas. The results showed that the overall frequency of consanguinity was 30.3% in urban and 39.8% in rural areas. Total rate of consanguinity was found to be 35.4%. The equivalent mean inbreeding coefficient (α) was 0.0203 and 0.0265 in urban and rural areas, respectively. The mean proportion of consanguineous marriages ranged from 67.5% in Al Raqa province to 22.1% in Latakia province. The α-value ranged from 0.0358 to 0.0127 in these two provinces, respectively. The western and north-western provinces (including Tartous, Lattakia and Edlep) recorded lower levels of inbreeding than the central, northern and southern provinces. The overall α-value was estimated to be about 0.0236 for the studied populations. First cousin marriages (with 20.9%) were the most common type of consanguineous marriages, followed by double first cousin (with 7.8%) and second cousin marriages (with 3.3%), and beyond second cousin was the least common type.

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