scholarly journals Anxiety levels, precautionary behaviours and public perceptions during the early phase of the COVID-19 outbreak in China: a population-based cross-sectional survey

BMJ Open ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. e040910 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mengcen Qian ◽  
Qianhui Wu ◽  
Peng Wu ◽  
Zhiyuan Hou ◽  
Yuxia Liang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Face Mask ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Logistic Regression Models ◽  
The Public ◽  
Phone Survey ◽  
Anxiety Levels ◽  
Quota Sampling ◽  
Severe Anxiety

ObjectiveTo investigate psychological and behavioural responses to COVID-19 among the Chinese general population.Design, setting and participantsWe conducted a population-based mobile phone survey between 1 February and 10 February 2020 via random digit dialling. A total of 1011 adult residents in Wuhan (n=510), the epicentre and quarantined city, and Shanghai (n=501) were interviewed. Proportional quota sampling and poststratification weighting were used. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to investigate perception factors associated with the public responses.Primary outcome measuresWe measured anxiety levels using the 7-item Generalised Anxiety Disorder Scale (GAD-7) and asked respondents to report their precautionary behaviours before and during the outbreak.ResultsThe prevalence of moderate or severe anxiety was significantly higher (p<0.001) in Wuhan (32.8%) than Shanghai (20.5%). Around 79.6%–88.2% residents reported always wearing a face mask when they went out and washing hands immediately when they returned home, with no discernible difference across cities. Only 35.5%–37.0% of residents reported a handwashing duration above 40 s as recommended by the WHO. The strongest predictor of moderate or severe anxiety was perceived harm of the disease (OR 1.8, 95% CI 1.5 to 2.1), followed by confusion about information reliability (OR 1.7, 95% CI 1.5 to 1.9). None of the examined perception factors were associated with odds of handwashing duration above 40 s.ConclusionsPrevalence of moderate or severe anxiety and strict personal precautionary behaviours was generally high, regardless of the quarantine status. Our results support efforts for handwashing education programmes with a focus on hygiene procedures in China and timely dissemination of reliable information.

scholarly journals The relationship between socioeconomic position and health literacy among urban and rural adults in regional China

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Wei Chen ◽  
Hongfu Ren ◽  
Na Wang ◽  
Yaqing Xiong ◽  
Fei Xu
Keyword(s):  
Health Literacy ◽  
Educational Attainment ◽  
Socioeconomic Position ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Outcome Variable ◽  
Average Income ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Logistic Regression Models ◽  
Rural Adults

Abstract Background To examine associations of socioeconomic position (SEP), separately indicated by education, monthly family average income (FAI) and occupation, with health literacy (HL) among adults in regional China. Methods A cross-sectional survey was conducted among urban and rural adults (aged 25–69 years) who were randomly selected, using the probability proportionate to size sampling approach, from Nanjing municipality of China during October and December of 2016. HL, the outcome variable, was assessed using the Chinese Resident Health Literacy Scale. SEP, our independent variable, was separately measured with educational attainment, monthly family average income and occupation. Logistic regression models were introduced to examine SEP-HL association with odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI). Results Totally, 8698 participants completed the survey. The proportion of participants with unweighted and weighted adequate HL was 18.0% (95%CI = 17.2, 18.8%) and 19.9% (95%CI = 16.6, 23.6%), respectively, in this study. After adjustment for possible confounding factors, each SEP indicator was in significantly positive relation to both unweighted and weight HL level. Participants who obtained 13+ and 10–12 years educational attainment, respectively, had 2.41 (95%CI = 1.60, 3.64) and 1.68 (95%CI = 1.23, 2.29) times odds to record weighted adequate HL compared to their counterparts who were with 0–9 years education. Subjects within upper (OR = 1.92, 95%CI = 1.24, 2.98) and middle FAI tertile (OR = 1.59, 95%CI = 1.19, 2.13), respectively, were more likely to report weighted adequate HL relative to those who were within lower FAI tertile. White collars were more likely to have weighted adequate HL (OR = 1.33, 95%CI = 1.09, 1.61) than blue collars. Conclusions Each of education, FAI and occupation was positively associated with health literacy among urban and rural adults in China. The findings have important implications that different SEP indicators can be used to identify vulnerable residents in population-based health literacy promotion campaigns.

Women’s Autonomy and Support for Wife Beating: Findings From a Population-Based Survey in Jordan

2010 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 409-419 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalia Linos ◽  
Marwan Khawaja ◽  
Mohannad Al-Nsour
Keyword(s):  
Regression Models ◽  
Binary Logistic Regression ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Married Women ◽  
Wife Beating ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Logistic Regression Models ◽  
Hypothetical Scenario ◽  
Population Based Survey

The aim of this study is to examine attitudes among married women toward wife beating and to investigate the hypothesis that female individual empowerment is associated with such attitudes within a broader context of societal patriarchy in Jordan. The study uses data from a cross-sectional survey of a representative sample of married women (n = 5,390) conducted in 2002. Associations between acceptance of wife beating and several women’s empowerment variables, including decision-making power, as well as other risk factors were assessed, using odds ratios from binary logistic regression models. The key finding is that the vast majority (87.5%) of Jordanian women believe that wife beating is justified in at least one hypothetical scenario, and justification is negatively associated with empowerment variables and some demographic, geographic, and socioeconomic factors.

scholarly journals Characterization of non-adopters of COVID-19 non-pharmaceutical interventions through a national cross-sectional survey to assess attitudes and behaviours

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Raynell Lang ◽  
Omid Atabati ◽  
Robert J. Oxoby ◽  
Mehdi Mourali ◽  
Blake Shaffer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sociodemographic Factors ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Public Health Response ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Logistic Regression Models ◽  
The Public ◽  
Lower Education Level ◽  
Health Response ◽  
Targeted Marketing ◽  
Pharmaceutical Interventions

AbstractAdoption of non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) remains critical to curtail the spread of COVID-19. Using self-reported adherence to NPIs in Canada, assessed through a national cross-sectional survey of 4498 respondents, we aimed to identify and characterize non-adopters of NPIs, evaluating their attitudes and behaviours to understand barriers and facilitators of adoption. A cluster analysis was used to group adopters separately from non-adopters of NPIs. Associations with sociodemographic factors, attitudes towards COVID-19 and the public health response were assessed using logistic regression models comparing non-adopters to adopters. Of the 4498 respondents, 994 (22%) were clustered as non-adopters. Sociodemographic factors significantly associated with the non-adoption cluster were: (1) being male, (2) age 18–34 years, (3) Albertans, (4) lower education level and (5) higher conservative political leaning. Participants who expressed low concern for COVID-19 and distrust towards several institutions had greater odds of being non-adopters. This information characterizes individuals at greatest odds for non-adoption of NPIs to inform targeted marketing interventions.

scholarly journals Associations of Delay in Doctor Consultation With COVID-19 Related Fear, Attention to Information, and Fact-Checking

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Agnes Yuen-Kwan Lai ◽  
Shirley Man-Man Sit ◽  
Socrates Yong-Da Wu ◽  
Man-Ping Wang ◽  
Bonny Yee-Man Wong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hong Kong ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Sociodemographic Characteristics ◽  
Chinese Adults ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The Public ◽  
Related Information ◽  
Fact Checking

Background: Delaying doctor consultation is harmful. Fear of COVID-19 leads to delays in seeking medical care at a time when pandemic information overflows. However, little is known about the role of COVID-19 related fear, attention to information, and fact-checking in such delay.Objective: Under the Hong Kong Jockey Club SMART Family-Link Project, we examined the associations of delay in doctor consultation amidst the pandemic with sociodemographic characteristics, COVID-19 related fear, attention to information, and fact-checking.Methods: We conducted a population-based online cross-sectional survey in May 2020 on Hong Kong Chinese adults. Respondents reported whether the pandemic caused any delay in doctor consultation (yes/no), level of COVID-19 related fear, attention to information and fact-checking (all on a scale of 0 to 10 and recoded into tertiles of low, moderate, high). Regression analyses were used to examine the associations of delay and fear with sociodemographic characteristics, attention and fact-checking, adjusting for covariates. Data were weighted by sex, age and education level of the population.Results: Of 4,551 respondents (46.5% male, 59.7% aged over 45 years), 10.1% reported delay in doctor consultation. The mean score was 6.4 for fear, 8.0 for attention and 7.4 for fact-checking. Delay was more common in males and increased with age and fear. High vs. low level of fear was associated with delay [adjusted odd ratios (AOR) 2.68, 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.08, 3.47]. Moderate level of fact-checking was negatively associated with delay (AOR 1.28, 95% CI 0.98, 1.67). Females reported greater fear and fear decreased with age. Fear increased with attention to information and decreased with fact-checking. Fear substantially mediated the association of delay with attention (96%) and fact-checking (30%).Conclusions: We have first shown that delay in doctor consultation increased with fear of COVID-19 and decreased with fact-checking amidst the pandemic. Fear also increased with attention to COVID-19 related information and decreased with fact-checking. Understanding these associations can help policymakers develop targeted communication and support to the public to reduce delayed doctor consultations and the associated COVID-19-related or unrelated morbidity and mortality in the community.

scholarly journals Face Mask Utilization in the Era of COVID-19: Nigeria Experience

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clement Kevin Edet ◽  
Agiriye M. Harry ◽  
Anthony Ike Wegbom ◽  
Olatunde Raimi ◽  
Adeniyi Francis Fagbamigbe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tertiary Education ◽  
Public Awareness ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Face Mask ◽  
Suspected Case ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The Public ◽  
Awareness Campaigns ◽  
The Government

Abstract Background: The use of face masks has been accepted and recommended globally as a tool for COVID-19 protection. The government of Nigeria made wearing of face masks compulsory in public places. However, no evidence has shown user compliance or knowledge. This study investigated the knowledge and utilization of face masks among the Nigerian population. Methods: This was a web-based cross-sectional survey conducted from July 2 to August 28, 2020 using a convenience sampling technique. This was in adherence to the Nigeria Centre for Disease Control (NCDC) guideline of physical/social distancing. Data was collected using a pre-tested questionnaire. Descriptive statistics of frequency with percentage were used to present responses.Results: A total of 811 respondents participated in the survey with the mean age of 36.93±12.17 years, out of which 43.8% were male and 56.2% were female. Christians were 94.6%, those employed were 84.7%, 61.1% attained tertiary education and 50.8% belonged to a household size of 3-5 persons. Almost all the respondents 91.9% and 94% were aware that face masks can reduce the spread of COVID-19 and should be worn in the public respectively. 95.3% of the participants had used a face mask as a protection against COVID-19. Furthermore, 90.2% used face masks in the public, 53% used it when entering restricted places, 45.5% when with a suspected case and 30.7% used a mask due to fear of arrest/punishment. The majority of respondents used homemade masks (70%) and 71.2% reused their masks.Conclusion: This study demonstrated adequate knowledge and utilization of face masks among the population. The homemade mask was mostly used. However, there was a poor cleaning culture of the mask among the population. There should be intensive public awareness campaigns through social and mass media on how to clean reusable face masks.

scholarly journals Anxiety of Health Workers in the Prevention and Management of Covid-19 in Sidrap Regency

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 91-97
Author(s):  
Fadli Fadli ◽  
Andi Sastria Ahmad ◽  
Safruddin Safruddin ◽  
Sumbara Sumbara ◽  
Rohandi Baharuddin
Keyword(s):  
Health Workers ◽  
Survey Design ◽  
Protective Equipment ◽  
Sampling Techniques ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Anxiety Levels ◽  
Severe Anxiety ◽  
Cluster Random Sampling ◽  
Average Health

The spread of Covid-19 disease has reached epidemiological criteria which need to be declared a pandemic because it has infected more than 100,000 people in 100 countries. The purpose of this study was to determine the criteria for anxiety levels in health workers in the prevention of covid-19. In carrying out their duties, most of health workerd experienced anxiety due to lack of personal protective equipments and family safety. This study uses a a cross sectional survey design and cluster random sampling techniques with 80 respondents. The results showed that the average health workers 52 respondets (65.0%) had experienced mild anxiety, 11 respondents (13.8%) had experienced moderate anxiety, and 2 respondents (2.5%) had experienced severe anxiety and 15 respondents (18.8%) who didn’t experienced anxiety.The contributing factor is the lack of personal protective equipment, so the health workers worried to transmited the corona virus to their family. They also felt stigmatized because they felt related to patients infected by the virus. In addition, the patients honesty when visited health services, many of them keep it a secret of a visit history to the plague area or areas that have suffered many cases of Covid-19.

scholarly journals Socio-demographic factors modify awareness, knowledge, and perceived risk of glaucoma in rural and urban residents in Ghana: a population-based survey

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
pp. 251584142199809
Author(s):  
Stephen Ocansey ◽  
Emmanuel K. Abu ◽  
Carl Halladay Abraham ◽  
Andrews Owusu-Ansah ◽  
Caleb Acheampong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Perceived Risk ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Odds Ratio ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Logistic Regression Models ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Eye Examination

Purpose: To evaluate the awareness, knowledge and the perception of risks of glaucoma among rural and urban dwellers in Ghana, a high prevalent country, in order to provide information for health promotion planning. Method: In a population-based descriptive cross-sectional survey, 1200 adults were selected from household settings, using a two-stage cluster and simple systematic random sampling. Quantitative data collection, using interviewer-administered questionnaire, was employed. Descriptive statistics were performed using chi-square, ordinal univariate, multinomial and multivariate logistic regression models used to calculate odds ratio with 95% confidence interval (CI) to identify predictive factors. Results: Overall, only 326 (27.2%, 95% CI = 24.6–29.7) indicated they were aware of glaucoma, whereas 331 (27.6%, 95% CI = 24.6–29.7) had ever undergone an eye screening. Low knowledge was demonstrated in 152 (46.6%, 95% CI = 41.2–52.0) and high knowledge in 99 (30.4%, 95% CI = 25.4–35.4) glaucoma-aware participants. Only 238 (19.8%, 95% CI = 17.6–22.1) of respondents presumed themselves to be at risk of developing glaucoma. Having eye examination (within the last 6 months) was positively associated with knowledge (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 1.413; 95% CI = 0.9–1.896) and awareness (AOR = 1.13; 95% CI = 0.938–2.449). Three levels of education (no education (AOR = 0.041; 95% CI = 0.016–0.11), primary (AOR = 0.057; 95% CI = 0.018–0.179), and middle school (AOR = 0.254; 95% CI = 0.127–0.51)) were associated with low knowledge while all levels of education were inversely associated with awareness. Perceived risk of glaucoma was also influenced by area of residence (rural (AOR = 0.344; 95% CI = 0.21–0.57)), being young (18–24 years (AOR = 4.308; 95% CI = 2.36–7.88)) and having previously undergone screening for glaucoma (AOR = 13.200; 95% CI = 5.318–32.764). Conclusion: The main modifiers of glaucoma awareness and knowledge were education and previous eye examination, but awareness had additional factor of area of residence. Perceived risk of glaucoma was influenced by being young and living in urban areas.

scholarly journals Face Mask Utilization in the Era of COVID-19: Nigeria Experience

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Clement Kevin Edet ◽  
Agiriye M. Harry ◽  
Anthony Ike Wegbom ◽  
Olatunde Raimi ◽  
Adeniyi Francis Fagbamigbe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Awareness ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Face Mask ◽  
Suspected Case ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The Public ◽  
Awareness Campaigns ◽  
Adequate Knowledge ◽  
The Government

Background: The use of face masks has been accepted and recommended globally as a tool for COVID-19 protection. The government of Nigeria made wearing of face masks compulsory in public places. However, no evidence has shown user compliance or knowledge. This study investigated the knowledge and utilization of face masks among the Nigerian population. Methods: This was a web-based cross-sectional survey conducted from July 2 to August 28, 2020, using a convenience sampling technique. This was in adherence to the Nigeria Centre for Disease Control (NCDC) guideline of physical/social distancing. Data was collected using a pre-tested questionnaire. Descriptive statistics were used to present the results. Results:  A total of 811 respondents participated in the survey with the mean age of 36.93±12.17 years. Almost all the respondents 91.9% and 94% were aware that face masks can reduce the spread of COVID-19 and should be worn in the public respectively.  95.3% of the participants had used a face mask as a protection against COVID-19. Furthermore, 90.2% used face masks in the public, 53% used it when entering restricted places, 45.5% when with a suspected case and 30.7% used a mask due to fear of arrest/punishment. The majority of respondents used homemade masks (70%) and 71.2% reused their masks, but maintained poor cleaning culture. Conclusion: This study demonstrated adequate knowledge and utilization of face masks among the population. The homemade mask was mostly used. However, there was a poor mask cleaning culture among the population. There should be intensive public awareness campaigns through social and mass media on how to clean reusable face masks.

scholarly journals Psychological responses, behavioral changes and public perceptions during the early phase of the COVID-19 outbreak in China: a population based cross-sectional survey

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mengcen Qian ◽  
Qianhui Wu ◽  
Peng Wu ◽  
Zhiyuan Hou ◽  
Yuxia Liang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Behavioral Responses ◽  
Personal Characteristics ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Surface Cleaning ◽  
Public Perceptions ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Information Reliability ◽  
Severity Of The Disease ◽  
Severe Anxiety

AbstractObjectiveTo investigate psychological and behavioral responses to the threat of SARS-CoV-2 infections and their associations with public perceptions in ChinaDesignCross sectional population-based telephone survey via random digital dialing between 1 and 10 February, 2020SettingWuhan (the epicentre and quarantined city), and Shanghai (a typical major city with close transportation link with Wuhan)ParticipantsRandom sample of 510 residents in Wuhan and 501 residents in Shanghai aged above 18Main outcome measuresAnxiety (measured by the 7-item generalized anxiety disorder [GAD-7] scale), recommended and avoidance behaviors (engaged in all six behaviors such as increasing surface cleaning and reducing going out).ResultsThe prevalence rates of moderate or severe anxiety (score ≥10 on GAD-7) were 32.7% (n=167) among Wuhan participants and 20.4% (n=102) among Shanghai participants. 78.6% (n=401) of Wuhan participants and 63.9% (n=320) of Shanghai participants had carried out all six precautionary behaviors. For both measures, Wuhan participants were more responsive to the outbreak (p<0.001). Controlling for personal characteristics, logistic regression results suggested that risks of moderate or severe anxiety were positively associated with perceived susceptibility (odds ratio 1.6, 95% confidence interval 1.3-1.8) and severity of the disease (1.6, 1.4-1.9) and confusion about information reliability (1.6, 1.5-1.9). Having confidence in taking measures to protect oneself against the disease was associated with a lower risk (0.6, 0.5-0.7). The strongest predictor of behavioral change was perceived severity (1.2, 1.1-1.4), followed by confusion about information reliability (1.1, 1.0-1.3).ConclusionsPsychological and behavioral responses to COVID-19 have been dramatic during the rising phase of the outbreak. Our results support efforts for timely dissemination of accurate and reliable information to address the high anxiety level.

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