scholarly journals Change in the total and independent effects of education and occupational social class on mortality: analyses of all Finnish men and women in the period 1971-2000

2007 ◽  
Vol 61 (6) ◽  
pp. 499-505 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Martikainen ◽  
J. Blomgren ◽  
T. Valkonen
Keyword(s):  
Social Class ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Occupational Social Class ◽  
Independent Effects

scholarly journals Social inequality in obesity in an Eastern Mediterranean population: a national health survey

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (Supplement_5) ◽  
Author(s):  
A Quattrocchi ◽  
O Kolokotroni ◽  
C A Demetriou ◽  
A Charalambous ◽  
A Heraclides
Keyword(s):  
Social Class ◽  
Educational Attainment ◽  
Household Income ◽  
Social Inequalities ◽  
Health Behaviours ◽  
Mediterranean Population ◽  
Obesity Prevalence ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Occupational Social Class ◽  
Gender Specific

Abstract Background This study aimed to explore socioeconomic factors associated with obesity in the Republic of Cyprus. Methods We interviewed 3021 Greek-Cypriots aged 25-64 years through a multistage survey. We collected self-reported information on demographics, health behaviours (physical activity, smoking, alcohol consumption and dietary intake), socio-economic characteristics (educational attainment, household income and occupational social class) and anthropometric measurements. Obesity was defined as body mass index ≥30 kg/m2. For the association between obesity and each socio-economic indicator, we conducted sex-specific Poisson's regression with robust variance, adjusting for all demographics and health-related behaviours, reporting adjusted prevalence ratios (aPR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). Results The prevalence of obesity was 22% and 17% among men and women, respectively. There was a significant trend of higher obesity prevalence with increasing age as well as with being widowed in both genders and being a refugee in men. Obesity prevalence decreased with increasing educational attainment (postgraduate vs. none/gymnasium: a PRmen=0.45; 95%CI=0.25-0.82; a PRwomen=0.41; 95%CI=0.18-0.95; p-trends<0.005), and household income (>€4000/month vs. ≤€1000/month: a PRmen=0.45; 95%CI=0.26-0.81; a PRwomen=0.45; 95%CI=0.22-0.92; p-trends<0.005). Occupational social class did not show any clear association with obesity. After adjustment for health-behaviours as mediators the association between income and obesity in women was attenuated. Conclusions The current study highlights striking social inequalities in obesity among Cypriot men and women, characterised by a linear decrease in obesity prevalence each step up the socioeconomic hierarchy. We recommend that comprehensive and multifaceted public health interventions are considered to address income and education-related barriers resulting in higher obesity rates among specific population sub-groups. Key messages Among Greek Cypriot adults, obesity affects almost one in five whilst obesity prevalence shows gender-specific social inequalities. When investigating social inequalities in health, the choice of socioeconomic indicators should reflect the context of the population and gender-specific differences.

Subjective social class, perceived quality of social relationships, and happiness: A case of mediation and moderation across gender

2020 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 312-335
Author(s):  
Jae-Woo Kim ◽  
Chaeyoon Lim ◽  
Christina Falci
Keyword(s):  
Social Class ◽  
Social Status ◽  
Relationship Quality ◽  
Social Relationships ◽  
Social Relationship ◽  
Perceived Quality ◽  
Mediating Effect ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Subjective Social Class

This study investigates the link between social relationship and subjective well-being in the context of social stratification. The authors examine how perceived quality of social relationships and subjective social class are linked to self-reported happiness among men and women in South Korea. The study finds that one’s perception of relative social standing is positively associated with happiness independently of objective indicators of socioeconomic status, while social relationship quality strongly predicts the happiness among both men and women. However, the mediation pathway and moderating effects vary by gender. For men, the nexus between subjective social class and happiness is partially mediated by the quality of interpersonal relationships. No similar mediating effect is found among women. The study also finds gender difference in whether the link between social relationship quality and happiness varies by subjective social class. The happiness return to positive social relationships increases as men’s subjective social status becomes higher, which is consistent with the resource multiplication hypothesis. No similar moderation effect is found among women. Combined, these results reveal potentially different pathways to happiness across gender in Korea, where social status competition, collectivistic culture, and patriarchal gender relations are salient in daily life.

scholarly journals Minority status and mental distress: a comparison of group density effects

2016 ◽  
Vol 46 (14) ◽  
pp. 3051-3059 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Schofield ◽  
J. Das-Munshi ◽  
L. Bécares ◽  
C. Morgan ◽  
V. Bhavsar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Class ◽  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Ethnic Group ◽  
Mental Distress ◽  
Attempted Suicide ◽  
Common Mental Disorders ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Minority Status ◽  
Psychotic Experiences ◽  
Occupational Social Class

BackgroundIt has been observed that mental disorders, such as psychosis, are more common for people in some ethnic groups in areas where their ethnic group is less common. We set out to test whether this ethnic density effect reflects minority status in general, by looking at three situations where individual characteristics differ from what is usual in a locality.MethodUsing data from the South East London Community Health study (n = 1698) we investigated associations between minority status (defined by: ethnicity, household status and occupational social class) and risk of psychotic experiences, common mental disorders and parasuicide. We used a multilevel logistic model to examine cross-level interactions between minority status at individual and neighbourhood levels.ResultsBeing Black in an area where this was less common (10%) was associated with higher odds of psychotic experiences [odds ratio (OR) 1.34 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.07–1.67], and attempted suicide (OR 1.84 95% CI 1.19–2.85). Living alone where this was less usual (10% less) was associated with increased odds of psychotic experiences (OR 2.18 95% CI 0.91–5.26), while being in a disadvantaged social class where this was less usual (10% less) was associated with increased odds of attempted suicide (OR 1.33 95% CI 1.03–1.71). We found no evidence for an association with common mental disorders.ConclusionsThe relationship between minority status and mental distress was most apparent when defined in terms of broad ethnic group but was also observed for individual household status and occupational social class.

scholarly journals The path from social origins to top jobs: social reproduction via education

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alice Sullivan ◽  
Samantha Parsons ◽  
Francis Green ◽  
Richard D. Wiggins ◽  
George Ploubidis
Keyword(s):  
Social Class ◽  
Educational Attainment ◽  
Social Reproduction ◽  
Past Research ◽  
School Level ◽  
Occupational Attainment ◽  
Social Origins ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
British Cohort Study ◽  
Detailed Picture

This paper provides a comprehensive account of the way in which cognitive and educational attainment mediate the link between social origins and elite social class destinations in mid-life. Using the 1970 British Cohort Study (BCS70), we assess the roles of a range of pathways through which educational advantage may lead to occupational attainment: cognitive development; private and selective secondary schools; school level qualifications; and higher education, including institution and field of study. Whereas past research has shown a residual direct effect of social origins on class destinations, we find that, once a sufficiently detailed picture of educational attainment is taken into account, education fully explains the link between social origins and top social class destinations. In contrast, the gap between men and women in achieving top social class positions is in no part accounted for by education.

Social class based on occupation is associated with hospitalization for A(H1N1)pdm09 infection. Comparison between hospitalized and ambulatory cases

2015 ◽  
Vol 144 (4) ◽  
pp. 732-740 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. PUJOL ◽  
P. GODOY ◽  
N. SOLDEVILA ◽  
J. CASTILLA ◽  
F. GONZÁLEZ-CANDELAS ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Class ◽  
Influenza Vaccination ◽  
Protective Factor ◽  
Conditional Logistic Regression ◽  
Corticosteroid Treatment ◽  
Chronic Obstructive ◽  
Occupational Class ◽  
Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ◽  
Conditional Logistic Regression Analysis ◽  
Occupational Social Class

SUMMARYThis study aimed to analyse the existence of an association between social class (categorized by type of occupation) and the occurrence of A(H1N1)pmd09 infection and hospitalization for two seasons (2009–2010 and 2010–2011). This multicentre study compared ambulatory A(H1N1)pmd09 confirmed cases with ambulatory controls to measure risk of infection, and with hospitalized A(H1N1)pmd09 confirmed cases to asses hospitalization risk. Study variables were: age, marital status, tobacco and alcohol use, pregnancy, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, chronic respiratory failure, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, chronic liver disease, body mass index >40, systemic corticosteroid treatment and influenza vaccination status. Occupation was registered literally and coded into manual and non-manual worker occupational social class groups. A conditional logistic regression analysis was performed. There were 720 hospitalized cases, 996 ambulatory cases and 1062 ambulatory controls included in the study. No relationship between occupational social class and A(H1N1)pmd09 infection was found [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 0·97, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0·74–1·27], but an association (aOR 1·53, 95% CI 1·01–2·31) between occupational class and hospitalization for A(H1N1)pmd09 was observed. Influenza vaccination was a protective factor for A(H1N1)pmd09 infection (aOR 0·41, 95% CI 0·23–0·73) but not for hospitalization. We conclude that manual workers have the highest risk of hospitalization when infected by influenza than other occupations but they do not have a different probability of being infected by influenza.

scholarly journals Do Surveys Overestimate or Underestimate Socioeconomic Differences in Voter Turnout? Evidence from Administrative Registers

2019 ◽  
Vol 83 (2) ◽  
pp. 363-385 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hannu Lahtinen ◽  
Pekka Martikainen ◽  
Mikko Mattila ◽  
Hanna Wass ◽  
Lauri Rapeli
Keyword(s):  
Social Class ◽  
Social Desirability ◽  
Voter Turnout ◽  
Socioeconomic Inequality ◽  
Nonresponse Bias ◽  
Socioeconomic Differences ◽  
Parliamentary Elections ◽  
Previous Evidence ◽  
Survey Techniques ◽  
Occupational Social Class

Abstract Surveys generally overestimate the overall level of voter turnout in elections due to both the misreporting of voting and nonresponse. It is sometimes argued that socioeconomic differences in turnout are exaggerated in surveys because social desirability has a more pronounced effect on eligible voters in more advantaged socioeconomic positions. However, the contribution of nonresponse bias has not been taken into consideration in these assessments. Using a register-linked survey with information on the education, occupational social class, income, and voting in the 2015 Finnish parliamentary elections of both respondents and nonrespondents, this study shows that nonresponse bias leads to not only a larger overestimation of the overall level of turnout than social desirability, but also an underestimation of educational, social class, and income-related differences in the propensity to vote. Socioeconomic differences in the probability of voting in register-based data were at least two-thirds larger than differences obtained when using standard survey techniques. This finding implies that socioeconomic inequality in electoral participation is a more pressing social problem than previous evidence might indicate.

scholarly journals Poor health, physical workload and occupational social class as determinants of health-related job loss: results from a prospective cohort study in the UK

BMJ Open ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. e026423 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ranu Sewdas ◽  
Allard J van der Beek ◽  
Cecile R L Boot ◽  
Stefania D’Angelo ◽  
Holly E Syddall ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cohort Study ◽  
Social Class ◽  
Older Workers ◽  
Job Loss ◽  
Poor Health ◽  
Physical Workload ◽  
Perceived Health Status ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Health Related ◽  
Occupational Social Class

ObjectivesThe aims of the present study were to assess the association and interactions of physical workload and poor health with health-related job loss (HRJL) among older workers, and the association and interactions of occupational social class and poor health with HRJL.MethodsData were used from an existing prospective cohort study, Health and Employment after Fifty, where employed or self-employed workers aged 50–64 years (n=4909) were followed-up between 2014 and 2016. Associations between potential determinants (self-perceived health status, physical workload and occupational social class) and 2-year HRJL were examined by Cox regression analyses. To study whether physical workload or occupational social class moderates the influence of poor health on HRJL, additive and multiplicative interactions were calculated.ResultsOlder workers with poor self-perceived health status had increased risk of HRJL during the 2-year follow-up period (men: HR 2.57 (95%CI: 1.68 to 3.92); women: HR 3.26 (95%CI: 2.33 to 4.55)). Furthermore, men with high physical workload were at increased risk for HRJL (HR 1.63 (95%CI: 1.09 to 2.43)). No significant interactions (p<0.05) were identified between poor health and high physical workload, nor between poor health and lower occupational social class.ConclusionOur study indicates that older workers in poor health, and older workers with a physically demanding job, are at increased risk of HRJL. Having a physically demanding job or working in routine/manual occupations does not moderate the association between poor health and HRJL.

scholarly journals Intake of sugar sweetened soft drinks among adolescents: Trends and social inequality in Denmark 2002-2018

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-8
Author(s):  
Bjørn E. Holstein ◽  
Mogens Trab Damsgaard ◽  
Pernille Due ◽  
Rikke Fredenslund Krølner ◽  
Trine Pagh Pedersen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Class ◽  
Social Inequality ◽  
Health Behaviour ◽  
Odds Ratio ◽  
Soft Drinks ◽  
School Aged Children ◽  
Occupational Social Class ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Representative Samples

Background: Intake of sugar sweetened soft drinks (SSSD) has decreased among adolescents, but trends in social inequality in SSSD intake are unknown. Aim: Examine trends in social inequality in SSSD intake among adolescents in Denmark during 2002–2018. Methods: Five Health Behaviour in School-aged Children surveys with data on SSSD intake and parents’ occupational social class (OSC) from nationally representative samples of 11, 13 and 15 year olds, n =20,112. Results: The overall prevalence of daily SSSD intake decreased from 10.1% in 2002 to 6.4% in 2018. The prevalence decreased in both high OSC (from 8% to 5%) and middle OSC (from 10% to 6%) but remained around 12% in low OSC. The odds ratio (OR) estimates of low compared with high OSC increased over the years around an overall OR of 2.01 (1.74–2.34). Conclusions: Danish adolescents’ SSSD intake decreased during 2002–2018 and was higher the lower the parents’ OSC. Thus, social inequality increased during 2002–2018.

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