scholarly journals Estimated disability-adjusted life years averted by free-of-charge provision of the levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system over a 9-year period in Brazil

2017 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 181-185 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica M Ferreira ◽  
Ilza Monteiro ◽  
Arlete Fernandes ◽  
Maria V Bahamondes ◽  
Ana Pitoli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Maternal Mortality ◽  
Child Mortality ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Teaching Hospitals ◽  
Disability Adjusted Life Years ◽  
Mortality And Morbidity ◽  
Live Births ◽  
Disability Adjusted Life ◽  
Life Years ◽  
Maternal Mortality And Morbidity

BackgroundThe objective was to analyse the contribution of the provision at no cost to users of the 20 µg/day levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system (LNG-IUS) towards disability-adjusted life years (DALY) averted over a 9-year period.MethodsWe analysed data from 15 030 new users of the LNG-IUS who had the device inserted at 26 Brazilian teaching hospitals between January 2007 and December 2015. The devices came from the International Contraceptive Access Foundation (ICA), a not-for-profit foundation that donates the devices to developing countries for use by low-income women who desire long-term contraception and who freely choose to use this device. Estimation of the DALY averted included live births averted, maternal morbidity and mortality, child mortality and unsafe abortions averted.ResultsA total of 15 030 women chose the LNG-IUS as a contraceptive method during the study period. Over the 9 years of evaluation, the estimated cumulative contribution of the Brazilian program in terms of DALY averted consisted of 486 live births, 14 cases of combined maternal mortality and morbidity, 143 cases of child mortality and 410 unsafe abortions.ConclusionsProvision of the LNG-IUS at no cost to low-income Brazilian women reduced unwanted pregnancies and probably averted maternal mortality and morbidity, child mortality and unsafe abortions. Family planning programs, policymakers and stakeholders based in low-resource settings could take advantage of the information that the provision of this contraceptive at no cost, or at affordable cost to a publicly-insured population, is an effective policy to help promote women’s health.

Assessing the Effects of Greenness on Disability-adjusted Life Years (DALYs) for Depressive Disorder: a Global Analysis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aji Kusumaning Asri ◽  
Hui-Ju Tsai ◽  
Hsiao-Yun Lee ◽  
Hao-Ting Chang ◽  
Pei-Yi Wong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Vegetation Index ◽  
Depressive Disorders ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Linear Mixed Model ◽  
Global Analysis ◽  
World Health ◽  
Disability Adjusted Life Years ◽  
Disability Adjusted Life ◽  
Life Years

Abstract By using country-level data collected from 183 countries worldwide, this ecological study aimed to investigate the association between greenness and depressive disorders globally. We used the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) to estimate greenness exposure. The disability-adjusted life years (DALY) provided by the World Health Organization was used as a proxy for health burden due to depressive disorders. A linear mixed model algorithm was used to assess the association after controlling for pertinent covariates. Stratified analyses were then conducted to determine the effects of greenness on different groups, stratified by age, sex, economic status, urbanization level, and continent, respectively. The main findings show a significant negative association between greenness and depressive disorders with an NDVI coefficient of -0.58 (95% CI: -1.06, -0.10) for change in DALY. The results from the subgroup analyses suggested significant beneficial effects of greenness on depressive disorders across sex, various age groups, and especially for those aged less than 49 years, with low-income and/or those living in highly urbanized countries as well as Asian, African, and American regions. In short, the findings can add additional evidence of the possible benefits of green exposure on mental health and further reduces the risk of depressive disorders.

scholarly journals Household air pollution and its effects on health

F1000Research ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 2593 ◽  
Author(s):  
Komalkirti Apte ◽  
Sundeep Salvi
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Health Effects ◽  
Air Pollutants ◽  
Construction Material ◽  
Endocrine System ◽  
Household Air Pollution ◽  
Disability Adjusted Life Years ◽  
Mortality And Morbidity ◽  
Disability Adjusted Life ◽  
Life Years

Household air pollution is a leading cause of disability-adjusted life years in Southeast Asia and the third leading cause of disability-adjusted life years globally. There are at least sixty sources of household air pollution, and these vary from country to country. Indoor tobacco smoking, construction material used in building houses, fuel used for cooking, heating and lighting, use of incense and various forms of mosquito repellents, use of pesticides and chemicals used for cleaning at home, and use of artificial fragrances are some of the various sources that contribute to household air pollution. Household air pollution affects all stages of life with multi-systemic health effects, and its effects are evident right from pre-conception to old age. In utero exposure to household air pollutants has been shown to have health effects which resonate over the entire lifetime. Exposures to indoor air pollutants in early childhood also tend to have repercussions throughout life. The respiratory system bears the maximum brunt, but effects on the cardiovascular system, endocrine system, and nervous system are largely underplayed. Household air pollutants have also been implicated in the development of various types of cancers. Identifying household air pollutants and their health implications helps us prepare for various health-related issues. However, the real challenge is adopting changes to reduce the health effects of household air pollution and designing innovative interventions to minimize the risk of further exposure. This review is an attempt to understand the various sources of household air pollution, the effects on health, and strategies to deal with this emergent risk factor of global mortality and morbidity.

scholarly journals SOCIO-ECONOMIC AND ECOLOGICAL IMPACT OF MALARIA – A CASE STUDY OF NEEMUCH, MADHYA PRADESH

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (9SE) ◽  
pp. 1-4
Author(s):  
Sadhana Sewak
Keyword(s):  
Ecological Impact ◽  
Communicable Diseases ◽  
Morbidity Rate ◽  
Disability Adjusted Life Years ◽  
Mortality And Morbidity ◽  
Disability Adjusted Life ◽  
Life Years ◽  
Vector Borne ◽  
Sub Saharan

Malaria is one of the oldest chronic, most dreaded killer diseases. It is a protozoan Plasmodium borne disease which is transmitted in humans by very efficient mosquito Anopheles. Out of four plasmodium genus, vivax is more dominant and falciparum species likely to cause severe lethal malaria.According to WHO, malaria killed 627000 people in 2012, majority of them sub-Saharan African children under the age of 5. This preeminent tropical parasite disease is one of the top 3 killers among communicable diseases. It is the only vector borne disease to be placed on WHO- DALY’s (disability adjusted life years) list, as it affects the mortality and morbidity rate as well as economy of any country.

Identifying Public Health Problems

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott Burris ◽  
Micah L. Berman ◽  
Matthew Penn, and ◽  
Tara Ramanathan Holiday
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Health Problems ◽  
Health Priorities ◽  
Disability Adjusted Life Years ◽  
Quality Adjusted Life Years ◽  
Disability Adjusted Life ◽  
Life Years ◽  
Study Designs ◽  
Quality Adjusted Life

Chapter 5 discusses the use of epidemiology to identify the source of public health problems and inform policymaking. It uses a case study to illustrate how researchers, policymakers, and practitioners detect diseases, identify their sources, determine the extent of an outbreak, and prevent new infections. The chapter also defines key measures in epidemiology that can indicate public health priorities, including morbidity and mortality, years of potential life lost, and measures of lifetime impacts, including disability-adjusted life years and quality-adjusted life years. Finally, the chapter reviews epidemiological study designs, differentiating between experimental and observational studies, to show how to interpret data and identify limitations.

scholarly journals Sex-Dependent End-of-Life Mental and Vascular Scenarios for Compensatory Mechanisms in Mice with Normal and AD-Neurodegenerative Aging

Biomedicines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 111
Author(s):  
Aida Muntsant ◽  
Francesc Jiménez-Altayó ◽  
Lidia Puertas-Umbert ◽  
Elena Jiménez-Xarrie ◽  
Elisabet Vila ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life Expectancy ◽  
End Of Life ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Disability Adjusted Life Years ◽  
Pharmacological Interventions ◽  
Compensatory Mechanisms ◽  
Healthy Life ◽  
Disability Adjusted Life ◽  
Life Years ◽  
Bidirectional Interactions

Life expectancy decreases with aging, with cardiovascular, mental health, and neurodegenerative disorders strongly contributing to the total disability-adjusted life years. Interestingly, the morbidity/mortality paradox points to females having a worse healthy life expectancy. Since bidirectional interactions between cardiovascular and Alzheimer’s diseases (AD) have been reported, the study of this emerging field is promising. In the present work, we further explored the cardiovascular–brain interactions in mice survivors of two cohorts of non-transgenic and 3xTg-AD mice, including both sexes, to investigate the frailty/survival through their life span. Survival, monitored from birth, showed exceptionally worse mortality rates in females than males, independently of the genotype. This mortality selection provided a “survivors” cohort that could unveil brain–cardiovascular interaction mechanisms relevant for normal and neurodegenerative aging processes restricted to long-lived animals. The results show sex-dependent distinct physical (worse in 3xTg-AD males), neuropsychiatric-like and cognitive phenotypes (worse in 3xTg-AD females), and hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis activation (higher in females), with higher cerebral blood flow and improved cardiovascular phenotype in 3xTg-AD female mice survivors. The present study provides an experimental scenario to study the suggested potential compensatory hemodynamic mechanisms in end-of-life dementia, which is sex-dependent and can be a target for pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions.

Examination of incidence, mortality and disability-adjusted life years and risk factors of breast cancer in 49 Asian countries, 1990–2019: estimates from Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rajesh Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Burden Of Disease ◽  
Global Burden ◽  
Disability Adjusted Life Years ◽  
Asian Countries ◽  
Disability Adjusted Life ◽  
Life Years ◽  
Standardized Mortality Rate

Abstract Background This study presents an up-to-date, comprehensive and comparative examination of breast cancer’s temporal patterns in females in Asia in last three decades. Methods The estimates of incidence, mortality, disability-adjusted-life-years and risk factors of breast cancer in females in 49 Asian countries were retrieved from Global Burden of Disease 2019 study. Results In Asia, female breast cancer incidence grew from 245 045[226 259–265 260] in 1990 to 914 878[815 789–1025 502] in 2019 with age-standardized incidence rate rising from 21.2/100 000[19.6–22.9] to 35.9/100 000[32.0–40.2] between 1990 and 2019. The death counts more than doubled from 136 665[126 094–148 380] to 337 822[301 454–375 251]. The age-standardized mortality rate rose marginally between 1990 and 2019 (1990: 12.1[11.0–13.1]; 2019: 13.4[12.0–14.9]). In 2019, age-standardized incidence rate varied from 17.2/100 000[13.95–21.4] in Mongolia to 122.5[92.1–160.7] in Lebanon and the age-standardized mortality rate varied 4-fold from 8.0/100 000 [7.2–8.8] in South Korea to 51.9[39.0–69.8] in Pakistan. High body mass index (5.6%), high fasting plasma glucose (5.6%) and secondhand smoke (3.5%) were the main contributory risk factors to all-age disability-adjusted-life-years due to breast cancer in Asia. Conclusion With growing incidence, escalating dietary and behavioural risk factors and lower survival rates due to late-disease presentation in low- and medium-income countries of Asia, breast cancer has become a significant public health threat. Its rising burden calls for increasing breast cancer awareness, preventive measures, early-stage detection and cost-effective therapeutics in Asia.

Assessing antiretroviral therapy success in HIV/AIDS morbidity and mortality trends in Brazil, 1990–2017: an interrupted time series study

2020 ◽  
pp. 095646242095298
Author(s):  
Augusto Cesar Lara de Sousa ◽  
Tatiana de Araujo Eleuterio ◽  
José Victor Afonso Coutinho ◽  
Raphael Mendonça Guimarães
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Burden Of Disease ◽  
Interrupted Time Series ◽  
People Living With Hiv ◽  
Disability Adjusted Life Years ◽  
Disability Adjusted Life ◽  
Life Years ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Hiv Aids

To describe the trends of HIV/AIDS metrics related to the burden of disease for Brazil between 1990 and 2017 we conducted a timeseries analysis for HIV/AIDS indicators by extracting data from the Global Burden of Disease study. We calculated traditional prevalence, incidence and mortality rates, the number of years lost by HIV-related deaths (YLL) and disability (YLD), and disability-adjusted life years (DALY). We estimated time series models and assessed the impact of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) on the same indicators. In the set of disability-adjusted life years (DALY), the highest weight of its magnitude was due to YLL. There was a decline, especially after 1996, of DALY, mortality and YLL for HIV/AIDS. However, YLD, incidence, and prevalence increased over the same period. Also, the analysis of interrupted time series showed that the introduction of HAART into health policy had a significant impact on indicators, especially for DALY and YLL. We need to assess the quality of life of people living with HIV, especially among older adults. In addition, we need to focus on primary prevention, emphasizing methods to avoid infection and public policies should reflect this.

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