scholarly journals General practitioner screening for melanoma: sensitivity, specificity, and effect of training

1998 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 156-161 ◽  
Author(s):  
R C Burton ◽  
C Howe ◽  
L Adamson ◽  
A L Reid ◽  
P Hersey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skin Cancer ◽  
Histopathological Examination ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Predictive Values ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Pigmented Lesions ◽  
Melanoma Diagnosis ◽  
Cancer Specialists ◽  
Sensitivity Specificity ◽  
The Cost

Objective To measure the performance of trained and untrained general practitioners (GPs) in screening men and women aged 50 or more for melanomas. Methods GPs trained in melanoma diagnosis, untrained GPs, and skin cancer specialists examined groups of volunteers, each of which included a small number of subjects with prediagnosed suspicious pigmented lesions (SPLs) that were subsequently excised for histopathological examination. Results Trained and untrained GPs achieved mean sensitivities of 0.73 and 0.71, and mean predictive values of 0.40 and 0.37, respectively, for the detection of prediagnosed SPLs. When the SPLs had been excised and examined histopathologically, reanalysis showed mean sensitivities of 0.98 and 0.95, mean specificities of 0.52 and 0.49, and mean positive predictive values of 0.24 and 0.22 for the detection of subjects with melanomas by trained and untrained GPs respectively. Trained GPs were significantly better than untrained GPs at diagnosing as melanomas SPLs that subsequently proved to be melanomas (p=0.04). Conclusions GPs in this study achieved high sensitivities in screening older Australian men and women for melanomas, but at the cost of low specificities and positive predictive values. Training in melanoma diagnosis had no significant effect on sensitivity, specificity, and positive predictive value for screening. Data from the study were tested in a model of population screening for melanomas, and costs per life year saved for men aged 50–70 ranged from $A11 852 to $A40 259 depending upon the screening interval and whether the GPs excised the SPLs diagnosed, or referred all patients to skin cancer specialists; this would be as cost effective as cervical cancer screening.

scholarly journals Comparison of saliva with healthcare workers- and patient-collected swabs in the diagnosis of COVID-19 in a large cohort

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mitnala Sasikala ◽  
Yelamanchili Sadhana ◽  
Ketavarapu Vijayasarathy ◽  
Anand Gupta ◽  
Sarala Kumari Daram ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Healthcare Workers ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Hospitalized Patients ◽  
Detection Sensitivity ◽  
Nasopharyngeal Swab ◽  
Predictive Values ◽  
Qrt Pcr ◽  
Asymptomatic Patients ◽  
Sensitivity Specificity

Abstract Background A considerable amount of evidence demonstrates the potential of saliva in the diagnosis of COVID-19. Our aim was to determine the sensitivity of saliva versus swabs collected by healthcare workers (HCWs) and patients themselves to assess whether saliva detection can be offered as a cost-effective, risk-free method of SARS-CoV-2 detection. Methods This study was conducted in a hospital involving outpatients and hospitalized patients. A total of 3018 outpatients were tested. Of these, 200 qRT-PCR-confirmed SARS-CoV-2-positive patients were recruited for further study. In addition, 101 SARS-CoV-2-positive hospitalized patients with symptoms were also enrolled in the study. From outpatients, HCWs collected nasopharyngeal swabs (NPS), saliva were obtained. From inpatients, HCWs collected swabs, patient-collected swabs, and saliva were obtained. qRT-PCR was performed to detect SARS-CoV-2 by TAQPATH assay to determine the sensitivity of saliva detection. Sensitivity, specificity and positive/negative predictive values (PPV, NPV) of detecting SARS-CoV-2 were calculated using MedCalc. Results Of 3018 outpatients (asymptomatic: 2683, symptomatic: 335) tested by qRT-PCR, 200 were positive (males: 140, females: 60; aged 37.9 ± 12.8 years; (81 asymptomatic, 119 symptomatic). Of these, saliva was positive in 128 (64%); 39 of 81 asymptomatic (47%),89 of 119 symptomatic patients (74.8%). Sensitivity of detection was 60.9% (55.4–66.3%, CI 95%), with a negative predictive value of 36%(32.9–39.2%, CI 95%).Among 101 hospitalized patients (males:65, females: 36; aged 53.48 ± 15.6 years), with HCW collected NPS as comparator, sensitivity of saliva was 56.1% (47.5–64.5, CI 95%), specificity 63.5%(50.4–75.3, CI95%) with PPV of 77.2% and NPV of 39.6% and that of self-swab was 52.3%(44–60.5%, CI95%), specificity 56.6% (42.3–70.2%, CI95%) with PPV 77.2% and NPV29.7%. Comparison of positivity with the onset of symptoms revealed highest detection in saliva on day 3 after onset of symptoms. Additionally, only saliva was positive in 13 (12.8%) hospitalized patients. Conclusion Saliva which is easier to collect than nasopharyngeal swab is a viable alternate to detect SARS-COV-2 in symptomatic patients in the early stage of onset of symptoms. Although saliva is currently not recommended for screening asymptomatic patients, optimization of collection and uniform timing of sampling might improve the sensitivity enabling its use as a screening tool at community level.

scholarly journals Urea-Fibrinogen Slide Coagulase Test – A Simple Alternative Method for the Rapid Identification of Staphylococcus aureus

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-10
Author(s):  
Binita Koirala Sharma ◽  
S Gokhale ◽  
K Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Sensitivity And Specificity ◽  
Reference Method ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Rapid Identification ◽  
Accurate Identification ◽  
Predictive Values ◽  
Negative Results ◽  
Animal Pathogens ◽  
Sensitivity Specificity

Introduction: The accurate identification of Staphylococcus aureus clinical isolates requires a series of tests. Morphological features and slide coagulase test are two criteria on which S. aureus are identified. Resort to tube coagulase test is sought when results of slide coagulase test are equivocal or doubtful. Both coagulase tests detect the enzymes that convert fibrinogen into fibrin. Human, rabbit or sheep pooled plasma is used as substrate for both tests. Slide coagulase test is simpler and faster as compared to tube coagulase test. The plasma could be carrier of many human and animal pathogens like HIV, HBV, HCV etc. Storage of plasma for longer duration is fraught with chances of contamination. Improperly stored plasma can lead to false positive or negative results. Citrated plasma may be unsuitable for this test if contaminated with citrate utilizing bacteria. Considering the role of S. aureus as a common etiological agent in nosocomial and community infections, there is a need of implementing rapid, easy and cost-effective phenotypic test.Objectives: Considering the disadvantages and risks associated with fresh plasma, this study aims to launch for safer, more reliable substitute with longer shelf life that may provide reliable results for prompt identification of S. aureus by slide coagulase test.Methods: The present work evaluates slide coagulase test (SCT), and urea fibrinogen slide coagulase test (UF-SCT) for S. aureus detection considering Tube coagulase test (TCT) as the reference method. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive values of SCT and UF-SCT were calculated using TCT as gold standard. Results: A total of 150 staphylococcal isolates from different clinical specimens ere selected for the evaluation of coagulase tests. All the specimens were subjected to SCT, UF-SCT and TCT. The UF-SCT showed better sensitivity (95.04%), specificity (100%), PPV (100%), and NPV (82.85%) with reference to TCT. UF-SCT showed similar sensitivity and specificity to SCT. None of the isolates were negative in UF-SCT and positive in SCT. Since UF-SCT does not incorporate plasma directly and at the same time has a very good sensitivity and specificity, it is recommended that UF-SCT could replace SCT for identification of S. aureus.Conclusion: The findings of present study shall encourage laboratories to use the urea-fibrinogen slide coagulase test routinely for the rapid identification of S aureus.Journal of Gandaki Medical College  Vol. 10, No. 1, 2017, Page: 5-10

scholarly journals Dermoscopy Improves Accuracy of Primary Care Physicians to Triage Lesions Suggestive of Skin Cancer

2006 ◽  
Vol 24 (12) ◽  
pp. 1877-1882 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giuseppe Argenziano ◽  
Susana Puig ◽  
Iris Zalaudek ◽  
Francesco Sera ◽  
Rosamaria Corona ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Primary Care ◽  
Skin Cancer ◽  
Primary Care Physicians ◽  
Randomized Study ◽  
Skin Lesions ◽  
Skin Cancer Screening ◽  
Predictive Values ◽  
Naked Eye ◽  
Pigmented Lesions ◽  
Malignant Skin Tumors

Purpose Primary care physicians (PCPs) constitute an appropriate target for new interventions and educational campaigns designed to increase skin cancer screening and prevention. The aim of this randomized study was to determine whether the adjunct of dermoscopy to the standard clinical examination improves the accuracy of PCPs to triage lesions suggestive of skin cancer. Patients and Methods PCPs in Barcelona, Spain, and Naples, Italy, were given a 1-day training course in skin cancer detection and dermoscopic evaluation, and were randomly assigned to the dermoscopy evaluation arm or naked-eye evaluation arm. During a 16-month period, 73 physicians evaluated 2,522 patients with skin lesions who attended their clinics and scored individual lesions as benign or suggestive of skin cancer. All patients were re-evaluated by expert dermatologists at clinics for pigmented lesions. Referral accuracy of both PCP groups was calculated by their scores, which were compared to those tabulated for dermatologists. Results Referral sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values were 54.1%, 71.3%, 11.3%, and 95.8%, respectively, in the naked-eye arm, and 79.2%, 71.8%, 16.1%, and 98.1%, respectively, in the dermoscopy arm. Significant differences were found in terms of sensitivity and negative predictive value (P = .002 and P = .004, respectively). Histopathologic examination of equivocal lesions revealed 23 malignant skin tumors missed by PCPs performing naked-eye observation and only six by PCPs using dermoscopy (P = .002). Conclusion The use of dermoscopy improves the ability of PCPs to triage lesions suggestive of skin cancer without increasing the number of unnecessary expert consultations.

Magnetic Resonance Imaging in the Diagnosis of Glomus Tumours of the Hand

2005 ◽  
Vol 30 (5) ◽  
pp. 535-540 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. M. AL-QATTAN ◽  
A. AL-NAMLA ◽  
A. AL-THUNAYAN ◽  
F. AL-SUBHI ◽  
A. F. EL-SHAYEB
Keyword(s):  
Predictive Value ◽  
Final Diagnosis ◽  
Senior Author ◽  
Glomus Tumour ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Predictive Values ◽  
Final Histological Diagnosis ◽  
Sensitivity Specificity ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Negative Imaging

This paper studies the sensitivity, specificity and predictive values of MRI in the diagnosis of glomus tumours of the hand and investigates the final diagnosis and outcome in cases with false positive or negative imaging tests. A total of 42 cases with the clinical diagnosis of a glomus tumour were included in the study. All patients underwent MRI and the results of MRI were correlated with the final histological diagnosis of the excised lesion. MRI had a sensitivity of 90%, a specificity of 50%, a positive predictive value of 97% and a negative predictive value of 20%. The four cases in which the MRI was negative all proved histologically to be glomus tumours. All four tumours were small (2–3 mm in diameter) and the lack of delineation of the lesions by MRI was attributed to their small size. Despite negative MRIs, surgical exploration identified the glomus tumours. Based on the results of the current study and the cost of MRI, the senior author has stopped ordering pre-operative MRIs in patients clinically diagnosed with a glomus tumour.

scholarly journals Diagnostic yield of transbronchial needle aspiration for lymphoma

2016 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 67
Author(s):  
B Sonnekus ◽  
J Steenkamp ◽  
M Louw ◽  
C F N Koegelenberg
Keyword(s):  
Predictive Value ◽  
Diagnostic Yield ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Final Diagnosis ◽  
Needle Aspiration ◽  
Tracheobronchial Tree ◽  
Transbronchial Needle Aspiration ◽  
Predictive Values ◽  
Hilar Adenopathy ◽  
Sensitivity Specificity

<p>Background. Transbronchial needle aspiration (TBNA) is a minimally invasive bronchoscopic technique that is cost-effective and safe for diagnosing mediastinal and hilar adenopathy in lung cancer, other malignancies, sarcoidosis and infectious processes such as tuberculosis. Few studies have analysed the sensitivity, specificity and predictive values of TBNA for diagnosing lymphoma.</p><p>Objective. To evaluate the diagnostic yield of TBNA for diagnosing mediastinal and hilar adenopathy in suspected lymphoma.</p><p>Methods. We performed a retrospective analysis of collected data of patients with mediastinal and hilar adenopathy adjacent to the tracheobronchial tree detected by thoracic computed tomography, who underwent TBNA at Tygerberg Hospital between July 2010 and June 2013. We included 25 patients with suspected or proven lymphoma. Histology was used as the gold standard.</p><p>Results. Adequate samples for cytological evaluation were obtained for 22 (88%) patients. Cytological diagnosis was possible for 8 (32%). For 17 (68%) who could not be diagnosed by TBNA alone, histology provided final diagnosis. Rapid on-site examination (ROSE) was performed in 23 (92%). In 17/23 (74%) cases, these had similar results to formal cytology. Only 4 (16%) had flow cytometry requested. Twelve (48%) had lymphoma confirmed on histology. TBNA cytology had 100% specificity and positive predictive value for suspicion of lymphoma. Sensitivity was 33% and negative predictive value 62%.</p><p>Conclusion. TBNA is an appropriate first-line diagnostic procedure in evaluating mediastinal and hilar lymphadenopathy in suspected lymphoma. Biopsy should be the immediate second-line procedure when ROSE/cytology is suspicious of lymphoma or shows atypical cells. Patients with negative TBNA cytology, but high clinical or radiological suspicion of lymphoma, should be further investigated.</p>

Haematological Parameters in Early Diagnosis of Clinically Suspected Neonatal Septicemia

2019 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-71
Keyword(s):  
Early Diagnosis ◽  
Late Onset ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Haematological Parameters ◽  
Predictive Values ◽  
Neonatal Septicemia ◽  
Mature Neutrophil ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
Low Sensitivity ◽  
Sensitivity Specificity

Neonatal septicemia is a life-threatening yet treatable condition. It is one of the major health problems throughout the world. Blood culture is the gold standard for diagnosis of neonatal septicemia and should be performed in all cases of suspected septicemia prior to starting antibiotics. But in the present study, the use of the haematological parameters was evaluated to determine the early diagnosis of neonatal septicemia. It was carried out in the neonatal unit of Mandalay Children’s Hospital from September 2012 to August 2013. Out of 68 cases of clinically suspected neonatal septicemia, bacterial pathogens were isolated from 33 cases. Early onset neonatal septicemia was more common than late onset. Among 33 cases of culture-proven neonatal septicemia, septicemia is not likely in 1 case (3%) while borderline for septicemia and septicemia in 6 cases (18.2%) is very likely in 26 cases (78.8%) according to haematological scoring system (HSS). HSS assigns a score of one for each of seven haematological parameters. Out of the seven haematological parameters, immature to total neutrophil ratio (I:T) and immature to mature neutrophil ratio (I:M) were the most reliable test for the neonatal septicemia. Thrombocytopenia had low sensitivity. The haematolgical parameters are simple, quick, cost effective and readily available. The sensitivity, specificity and the predictive values of haematological parameters could be enhanced by combination of these parameters rather than the use of single parameter.

Abstract 4651: Local Bipolar Electrogram-Based Criteria to Evaluate the Transmurality of the Atrial Ablation Lesion

Circulation ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 118 (suppl_18) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kiyoshi Otomo ◽  
Kikuya Uno ◽  
Yoshito Iesaka
Keyword(s):  
Morphological Change ◽  
Histopathological Examination ◽  
Radiofrequency Energy ◽  
Ablation Procedure ◽  
Predictive Values ◽  
Energy Applications ◽  
Energy Delivery ◽  
Atrial Ablation ◽  
Atrial Electrogram ◽  
Sensitivity Specificity

It is important to recognize whether a transmural lesion (TL) was created by ablation in each ablation site during atrial ablation procedures. The local bipolar atrial electrogram (LBAE)-based criteria to diagnose TL formation, however, remain to be established. This study was performed to define LBAE-based criteria for local TL formation. In 13 anesthetized adult porcines, point-by-point radiofrequency energy applications (30W/55°C/30sec) were performed using a conventional 4-mm tip ablation catheter in the atria (right/left3150/91 sites) during sinus rhythm. After the ablation procedure, the hearts were extracted and the ablation lesions were macroscopically identified. The hearts were fixed with formalin, and each section (0.5 mm interval) was stained with Masson’s trichrome stain and examined under light microscopy. Histopathological examination revealed TLs in 111 and non-transmural lesions (NTLs) in the remaining 130 sites. The LBAEs recorded from the TLs exhibited predominant attenuation in the positive deflection with a morphological change to the QS, Qr or rS pattern, while those recorded from the NTLs exhibited the RS or QR pattern without an abbreviation of the positive deflection (ratio of the amplitude of the positive (Ap) and negative deflection (An) after ablation (=Ap/An) in the TL vs NTL: 0.2±0.3 vs 0.9±1.0; P<0.0001, the Ap after ablation in the TL vs NTL: 0.07±0.6 mV vs 0.5±0.4 mV; P <0.0001). The percent reduction in the Ap (Rp), An (Rn) and total amplitude (Rt) after ablation was significantly larger in the TLs than in the NTLs (Rp:94±6% vs 48±30%; P<0.0001, Rn: 25±48% vs 14±41%; P=0.04, Rt:65±24% vs 35±25%; P<0.0001). A cut-off value of Rp≥80% best discriminated the TL from the NTL with a sensitivity, specificity and positive and negative predictive values of 100%, 85%, 84% and 100%, respectively. The cut-off value of the Rp≥80% with the morphological change of the LBAE to the QS, Qr or rS pattern could discriminate the TLs from the NTLs with high accuracy. This criterion can be one of the practical endpoints for energy delivery at each ablation site during ablation procedures.

Abstract 319: Potential Lifetime Cost-Effectiveness of Catheter-Based Renal Sympathetic Denervation in Patients with Resistant Hypertension

Hypertension ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 60 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marc Dorenkamp ◽  
Klaus Bonaventura ◽  
Alexander W Leber ◽  
Julia Schulze ◽  
Christian Sohns ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Incremental Cost ◽  
Resistant Hypertension ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Sympathetic Denervation ◽  
Renal Sympathetic Denervation ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Life Years ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Renal Sympathetic

Aims - Recent studies have demonstrated the safety and efficacy of catheter-based renal sympathetic denervation (RD) for the treatment of resistant hypertension. We aimed to determine the cost-effectiveness of this approach separately for men and women of different ages. Methods and results - A Markov state-transition model accounting for costs, survival, quality of life, and incremental cost-effectiveness was developed to compare RD with best medical therapy (BMT). The model ran from age 30 to 100 years or death, with a Markov cycle length of 1 year. All patients entered the model with elevated systolic blood pressure (SBP, 180 mmHg), but free from prior cardiovascular disease (CVD) events. Patients could remain in this disease-free state or could have one of the following primary CVD events: myocardial infarction, angina, stroke or heart failure. After an event, patients transitioned into chronic disease states and/or could suffer from secondary CVD events. In the base case scenario, RD resulted in a sustained SBP reduction of 20 mmHg and in a corresponding relative risk reduction of adverse CVD events and death. The cost analysis was conducted from a health care payer perspective. Effectiveness was expressed as quality-adjusted life-years (QALY) gained. Costs and effects were discounted at 3% per annum, respectively. Deterministic and probabilistic sensitivity analyses were conducted to evaluate the robustness of the results. As compared with BMT, RD gained 0.99 QALYs in men and 0.91 QALYs in women 60 years of age at an additional cost of $3,265 and $2,594, respectively. As the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio increased with patient age, RD consistently yielded more QALYs at lower costs in lower age groups. Considering a willingness to pay threshold of $50,000/QALY, there was a 95% probability that RD would remain cost-effective up to an age of 82 and 80 years in men and women, respectively. Cost-effectiveness was influenced most by the extent of SBP lowering by RD, the rate of RD non-responders, and the costs associated with the RD procedure. Conclusion - RD offers a cost-effective treatment option for the prevention of CVD events in patients with resistant hypertension. An earlier intervention produces better cost-effectiveness ratios.

scholarly journals Sex Equitable Prehospital Stroke Triage Using Symptom Severity and Teleconsultation

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elin Wiebert ◽  
Annika Berglund ◽  
Christina Sjöstrand ◽  
Einar E. Eriksson ◽  
Michael V. Mazya
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Clinical Characteristics ◽  
Predictive Performance ◽  
Artery Occlusion ◽  
Large Artery ◽  
Predictive Values ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Ambulance Transport ◽  
Severe Motor ◽  
Sensitivity Specificity

Objectives: We aimed to determine whether there are sex differences in prehospital accuracy of the Stockholm Stroke Triage System (SSTS) to predict large artery occlusion (LAO) stroke, and endovascular thrombectomy (EVT), and whether clinical characteristics differ between men and women undergoing “code stroke” ambulance transport.Materials and Methods: This prospective observational study collected data between October 2017 and October 2018. We included 2,905 patients, transported as “code stroke,” by nurse-staffed ground ambulance, to a Stockholm Region hospital. Exclusion criteria were private or helicopter transport, onset outside Stockholm, and in-hospital stroke. We compared overall accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values, and clinical characteristics between sexes.Results: No significant sex differences in SSTS predictive performance for LAO or EVT were found, overall accuracy for LAO 87.3% in women vs. 86.7% in men. Women were median 4 years older and more frequently had stroke mimics (46.2 vs. 41.8%). Women more commonly had decreased level of consciousness (14.0 vs. 10.2%) and moderate-to-severe motor symptoms (by 2.7–3.8 percentage points), and less commonly limb ataxia (7.2 vs. 9.7%).Conclusions: The SSTS had equal predictive performance for LAO and EVT among men and women, despite minor sex differences in the clinical characteristics in patients undergoing ambulance transport for suspected stroke.

scholarly journals Correlation of Imprint and Crush cytology with Bronchoscopic biopsy in the diagnosis of Bronchogenic carcinoma

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 60-66
Author(s):  
Pratikchya Karki ◽  
Samir Neupane ◽  
Ashesh Dhungana ◽  
Sumida Tiwari
Keyword(s):  
Histopathological Examination ◽  
Diagnostic Yield ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Pulmonary Medicine ◽  
Male Predominance ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
Resource Setting ◽  
Common Location ◽  
Sensitivity Specificity ◽  
A Prospective Study

Introduction: Lung carcinoma is the most common cancer with 2.1 million (11.6%) newly diagnosed cases in 2018. Over the years, many cytotechniques have been developed but their combination with histology is still an area of controversy. Imprint and crush cytology are considered simple, rapid and cost effective for a low resource setting in the early diagnosis and management of lung cancer. Here, we aimed to assess the diagnostic accuracy of imprint and crush cytology and compare them with histopathology.  Method: A prospective study was conducted from May 2017 to April 2018 at the Pulmonary medicine unit and Department of Pathology at National Academy of Medical Sciences (NAMS), Bir Hospital. A total of 53 patients were enrolled in the study who showed visible mass on bronchoscopy. Three to five bits of tissue were obtained, imprint and crush smear were prepared from them and the tissue were then sent for histopathological examination. The level of significance selected was p < 0.005.  Results: The most common age group affected was 60-69 years. 91% cases were smokers, with a male predominance. The most common location of endobronchial growth was left upper lobe. 43 cases were malignant in biopsy. The sensitivity, specificity, accuracy and positive predictive value of imprint cytology was 71.05%, 87.50%, 73.91% and 96.43% respectively while that for crush cytology was 74.36%, 75%, 74.47% and 93.55% respectively. The diagnostic yield of imprint, crush smear and forceps biopsy were 52.8%, 58.4% and 81.1% respectively. Squamous cell carcinoma was the most common carcinoma in this study.  Conclusion: Imprint and crush cytology yield additional information that can be complementary to endobronchial biopsy. They are convenient, do not burden the patients and thus can be carried out wherever possible during bronchoscopy. 

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