Personal historical perspective of HIV: part 11

2020 ◽  
Vol 96 (1137) ◽  
pp. 417-421
Author(s):  
Philip D Welsby
Keyword(s):  
Dynamic Equilibrium ◽  
Existence Results ◽  
New Host ◽  
Gay Males ◽  
Underlying Principle ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Genetic Mechanisms ◽  
Life On Earth ◽  
Bloodborne Viruses ◽  
Common Infections

All animal life on earth is thought to have a common origin and have common genetic mechanisms. Evolution has enabled differentiation of species. Pathogens likewise have evolved within various species and mostly come to a settled dynamic equilibrium such that co-existence results (pathogens ideally should not kill their hosts). Problems arise when pathogens jump species because the new host had not developed any resistance. These infections from related species are known as zoonoses. COVID-19 is the latest example of a virus entering another species but HIV (and various strains of influenza) were previous examples. HIV entered the human population from monkeys in Africa. These two papers outline the underlying principle of HIV and the differing epidemiologies in Africa, the USA and in Edinburgh. The underlying immunosuppression of HIV in Africa was initially hidden behind common infections and HIV first came to world awareness in focal areas of the USA as a disease seemingly limited to gay males. The epidemic of intravenous drug abuse in Edinburgh was associated with overlapping epidemics of bloodborne viruses like hepatitis B, hepatitis C and HIV.

A personal historical perspective of HIV

2020 ◽  
Vol 96 (1137) ◽  
pp. 408-411
Author(s):  
Philip D Welsby
Keyword(s):  
Related Species ◽  
Historical Perspective ◽  
Dynamic Equilibrium ◽  
Existence Results ◽  
Common Origin ◽  
Animal Life ◽  
New Host ◽  
Genetic Mechanisms ◽  
Life On Earth

All animal life on earth is thought to have a common origin and have common genetic mechanisms. Evolution has enabled differentiation of species. Pathogens likewise have evolved within various species and mostly come to a settled dynamic equilibrium such that co-existence results (pathogens ideally should not kill their hosts). Problems arise when pathogens jump species because the new host had not developed any resistance. These infections from related species are known as zoonoses. COVID-19 is the latest example of a virus entering another species but HIV (and various strains of influenza) were previous examples.

New state and host records for Agromyzidae (Diptera) in the United States, with the description of thirty new species

Zootaxa ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 4479 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
CHARLES S. EISEMAN ◽  
OWEN LONSDALE
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
New Species ◽  
North America ◽  
Host Species ◽  
The United States ◽  
Distribution Data ◽  
New Host ◽  
The Usa ◽  
New Host Species ◽  
State Records

We present rearing records of Agromyzidae (Diptera) from five years of collecting throughout the United States. We review host and distribution data, and describe leaf mines, for 93 species, plus 28 others that could not be confidently identified in the absence of male specimens. We report 147 new host species records, including the first rearing records for Agromyza bispinata Spencer, A. diversa Johnson, A. parca Spencer, A. pudica Spencer, A. vockerothi Spencer, Calycomyza michiganensis Steyskal, Ophiomyia congregata (Malloch), and Phytomyza aldrichi Spencer. Phytomyza anemones Hering and (tentatively identified) Cerodontha (Dizygomyza) iraeos (Robineau-Desvoidy) are new to North America; Agromyza albitarsis Meigen, Amauromyza shepherdiae Sehgal, Aulagromyza populicola (Walker), Liriomyza orilliensis Spencer, Phytomyza linnaeae (Griffiths), P. solidaginivora Spencer, and P. solidaginophaga Sehgal are new to the USA. We also present confirmed USA records for Calycomyza menthae Spencer (previous records were based only on leaf mines), Ophiomyia maura (Meigen) (reported from the USA in older literature but deleted from the fauna in the most recent revision (Spencer & Steyskal 1986)), and Phytomyza astotinensis Griffiths and P. thalictrivora Spencer (previously only tentatively recorded from the USA). We provide 111 additional new state records. We describe the following 30 new species: Agromyza fission, A. soka, Melanagromyza palmeri, Ophiomyia euthamiae, O. mimuli, O. parda, Calycomyza artemisivora, C. avira, C. eupatoriphaga, C. vogelmanni, Cerodontha (Dizygomyza) edithae, Cer. (D.) feldmani, Liriomyza ivorcutleri, L. valerianivora, Phytomyza actaeivora, P. aesculi, P. confusa, P. doellingeriae, P. erigeronis, P. hatfieldae, P. hydrophyllivora, P. palmeri, P. palustris, P. sempervirentis, P. tarnwoodensis, P. tigris, P. triangularidis, P. vancouveriella, P. verbenae, and P. ziziae. 

New records of Ichthyostraca Zrzavý, Hypša & Vlášková, 1997 (Pancrustacea) from Mexico with an annotated checklist of North America

Zootaxa ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 4755 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-55
Author(s):  
OMAR LAGUNAS-CALVO ◽  
LUIS GARCÍA-PRIETO ◽  
DAVID OSORIO-SARABIA ◽  
VIRGINIA LEÓN-RÈGAGNON ◽  
ALEJANDRO OCEGUERA-FIGUEROA
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Base Line ◽  
New Host ◽  
Specific Level ◽  
New Localities ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Scientific Collections ◽  
Annotated Checklist ◽  
First Time ◽  
New Host Records

In this work, we document for the first time four species of Ichthyostraca in Mexico, one Branchiura: Argulus foliaceus (fish parasite), and three Pentastomida: Porocephalus clavatus (reptile parasite), Raillietiella hebitihamata (reptile parasite) and Raillietiella orientalis (frog parasite). In addition, a total of 11 new host records and 16 new localities are presented for Ichthyostraca in Mexico. Based on the compilation of published information and on specimens deposited in scientific collections, the first checklist of Ichthyostraca from North America (Canada, United States of America and Mexico) is compiled. To March 2019, records of Ichthyostraca from North America include 64 species and 8 undetermined taxa, parasitizing 293 host species (64 of them identified only to a supra-specific level) in 77 provinces and states (8 from Canada, 47 from the USA, and 22 from Mexico). The subclass Branchiura is represented by 1 order, 1 family, 1 genus, 35 species and 1 undetermined taxa; the subclass Pentastomida includes records of 4 orders, 9 families, 14 genera, 29 species and 7 undetermined taxa. Ten species reported in this work are thought to be introduced into North America with only a few records of them parasitizing native hosts. This checklist summarizes the available records of this class of crustaceans in North America and represents a base line for future studies. 

The impact of age on gay consumers’ reaction to the physical and social servicescape in gay bars

2019 ◽  
Vol 31 (9) ◽  
pp. 3683-3701 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric Olson ◽  
Heelye (Jason) Park
Keyword(s):  
Design Methodology ◽  
Mediation Effect ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Gay Males ◽  
Independent Variables ◽  
Age Cohort ◽  
Gay Bars ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Hospitality Managers ◽  
The Impact

Purpose The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of physical servicescape, social servicescape and age on gay consumers’ evaluations of a LGBT advertisement of a gay bar of a gay bar. Design/methodology/approach A 2 × 2 × 2 experimental design was used to test the effects with a sample of gay males in the USA. Data were analyzed using ANCOVA and bootstrapping mediation. Findings Results of this study indicate a statistically significant three-way interaction effect of the two independent variables and age on the gay bar’s perceived LGBT (lesbian/gay/bisexual/transgender)-friendliness. Perceived friendliness mediated the effects of the independent variables on behavioral intentions. Furthermore, the mediation effect was moderated by the age cohort. Research limitations/implications The findings indicate a changing perception of gay servicescape between the older and younger gay men. Implications for hospitality managers are provided. Originality/value This research contributes to the servicescape literature by expanding the realm of research to gay servicescape and gay consumers, an emergent and more visible hospitality segment.

Critical Elections and Political Realignments in the USA: 1860–2000

2003 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 217-240 ◽  
Author(s):  
Norman Schofield ◽  
Gary Miller ◽  
Andrew Martin
Keyword(s):  
Civil Rights ◽  
Presidential Elections ◽  
Dynamic Equilibrium ◽  
Two Dimensions ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Economic Rights ◽  
Presidential Candidates ◽  
Dominant Party ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Political Realignment

The sequence of US presidential elections from 1964 to 1972 is generally regarded as heralding a fundamental political realignment, during which time civil rights became as important a cleavage as economic rights. In certain respects, this realignment mirrored the transformation of politics that occurred in the period before the Civil War. Formal models of voting (based on assumptions of rational voters, and plurality-maximizing candidates) have typically been unable to provide an account of such realignments. In this paper, we propose that US politics necessarily involves two dimensions of policy. Whatever positions US presidential candidates adopt, there will always be two groups of disaffected voters. Such voters may be mobilized by third party candidates, and may eventually be absorbed into one or other of the two dominant party coalitions. The policy compromise, or change, required of the successful presidential candidate then triggers the political realignment. A formal activist-voter model is presented, as a first step in understanding such a dynamic equilibrium between parties and voters.

scholarly journals Sustainable Cities: Some Reflections on Companies’ Settlements

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (22) ◽  
pp. 12622
Author(s):  
Stefano De Falco ◽  
Alberto Corbino
Keyword(s):  
Urban Policy ◽  
Dynamic Equilibrium ◽  
Urban Centers ◽  
Urban Dynamics ◽  
The Public ◽  
Commercial Space ◽  
Urban Settlements ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The City

Urban dynamics in recent years show a tendency that cannot be ignored in terms of the impacts that they induce, with regard to many companies, especially big companies, that are settled in the downtown districts of the main cities, where economic spaces are blended with urban spaces. This study, therefore, aims to investigate the sustainability of cities by using the specific perspective of their relationship with the companies’ urban settlements. Some questions in the present work are discussed: What advantages derive from the firms’ settlements in downtown areas? What is the impact on urban geographies? What role does urban policy play in this process? How do cities perceive this large business settlement? To answer to these questions, a model of dynamic equilibrium, referred to as the public–private relationship, is provided. The analysis starts from the context of the city as a commercial space, then identifies the determinants of the establishment of businesses in the city centers and the mediating function of politics in this urban morphogenesis. Case studies from the USA on large companies returning to urban centers complete the analysis.

scholarly journals ENHANCING PEDAGOGY WITH CONTEXT AND PARTNERSHIPS: SCIENCE IN HAND

2013 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-13
Author(s):  
Andrea Burrows ◽  
Gabriel Wickizer ◽  
Helen Meyer ◽  
Mike Borowczak
Keyword(s):  
Student Engagement ◽  
Real World ◽  
Dynamic Equilibrium ◽  
Context Learning ◽  
Core Content ◽  
Career Opportunities ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Stem Students ◽  
And Mathematics ◽  
K 12

Two activities, one on heat/work and one on dynamic equilibrium, are described for three high school classes (n=55) in the USA. The curriculum addressed showcases strategies to use with science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) students. The two lessons described follow the context ACS method (Application, Career opportunities, and Societal impact). ACS, or real-world context application, relies on a strong foundation of teaching concepts while developing enhanced learning experiences for K-12 students. The research described probes the problem of student engagement and content learning in STEM coursework and provides evidence for the potential of utilizing context ACS. The activities demonstrate how to use ACS to maximize student engagement and emphasize formative assessment during lesson implementation. Analysis of the data shows that students exposed to ACS lessons drawing from partnerships to connect real-world applications to core content make gains of 17% in aggregate. Key words: context learning, engineering, partnerships, science education, STEM education.

Nine new species of Agromyzidae from North Carolina, USA, with new host and distribution records for additional species

Zootaxa ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 4571 (3) ◽  
pp. 301
Author(s):  
CHARLES S. EISEMAN ◽  
OWEN LONSDALE ◽  
TRACY S. FELDMAN
Keyword(s):  
North Carolina ◽  
New Species ◽  
North America ◽  
Host Plants ◽  
Distribution Data ◽  
Additional Species ◽  
New Host ◽  
The Usa ◽  
First Time ◽  
New Host Records

We present novel rearing records of Agromyzidae (Diptera) from three years of collecting in North Carolina, USA. These include the first reported host for Calycomyza novascotiensis Spencer (new to the USA) and new host records for Ophiomyia beckeri (Hendel) (new to North America), Liriomyza helianthi Spencer, L. schmidti (Aldrich), and Phytomyza plantaginis Robineau-Desvoidy, all of which are reported from North Carolina for the first time. We review host and distribution data for each of these species and describe their leaf mines. We describe the following nine new species: Agromyza arundinariae, A. indistincta, Calycomyza chrysopsidis, Cerodontha (Butomomyza) enigma, Cer. (Poemyza) arundinariella, Cer. (P.) saintandrewsensis, Liriomyza carphephori, L. polygalivora, and L. triodanidis. Seven host plant genera are new for world Agromyzidae: Carphephorus Cass., Chrysogonum L., Chrysopsis (Nutt.) Elliott, Krigia Schreb., Pyrrhopappus DC. (Asteraceae), Triodanis Raf. ex Greene (Campanulaceae), and Arundinaria Michx. s.s. (Poaceae). Host plants of the new species also include Bidens L., Mikania Willd. (Asteraceae), Dichanthelium (Hitchc. & Chase) Gould (Poaceae), and Polygala L. (Polygalaceae). 

scholarly journals Notes on distribution, host associations, and bionomics of Erythmelus klopomor Triapitsyn (Hymenoptera, Mymaridae), an egg parasitoid of lace bugs in Missouri, USA, with particular reference to its primary host Corythucha arcuata (Say)(Hemiptera, Tingida)

2014 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 30 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Puttler ◽  
W. C. Bailey ◽  
S. Triapitsyn
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control Agent ◽  
Host Record ◽  
Classical Biological Control ◽  
Egg Parasitoid ◽  
Control Agent ◽  
Primary Host ◽  
New Host ◽  
New Host Record ◽  
Lace Bugs ◽  
The Usa

The fairyfly <em>Erythmelus klopomor</em> Triapitsyn (Hymenoptera, Mymaridae) is an idiobiont, multivoltine egg parasitoid of lace bugs (Hemiptera, Tingidae). The parasitoid apparently reproduces thelytokously and at present is only known in the USA from 36 counties in Missouri, two in Illinois, four in Florida and one each in North Carolina and Maryland. At least a somewhat wider occurrence of the parasitoid is indicated because of the ease by which it has been reared from its primary host the oak lace bug, <em>Corythucha</em> <em>arcuata</em> (Say). It also has been reared in Missouri from the additional hosts <em>C. cydoniae</em> (Fitch), <em>C. marmorata</em> (Uhler), <em>C. pergandei</em> Heidemann, <em>C. ciliata</em> (Say), and also from <em>Gargaphia solani</em> Heidemann (a new host record). The parasitoid is short lived with an average life cycle of 14.5 days and apparently overwinters as an adult. <em>Erythmelus klopomor</em> should be considered as a candidate classical biological control agent against the recently introduced <em>C.</em> <em>arcuata</em> in Bulgaria, northern Italy, Switzerland, and Turkey, and also possibly against the well-established invasive <em>C. ciliata </em>in Europe.

scholarly journals On the historical roots of creationism and intelligent design: German Allmacht and Darwinian evolution in context

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Watts ◽  
Ulrich Kutschera
Keyword(s):  
Intelligent Design ◽  
Darwinian Evolution ◽  
Origin And Evolution ◽  
Evolution Of Life ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Life On Earth

AbstractAs detailed in a Letter published in Science in 2017, the adherents of creationism and intelligent design are still active in promoting their biblical-literalist views of the origin and evolution of life on Earth. In this contribution, we take a look at this ideological phenomenon in the USA and analyze the philosophical roots of this ongoing movement. Specifically, we discuss Vernon Kellogg’s book entitled Headquarters Nights (1917) with reference to the German ‘Allmacht’ (English—omnipotence) and Darwinian evolution to demonstrate how this publication bolstered the development of active anti-evolutionism in the USA among American fundamentalist Christians, inclusive of the Intelligent Design (ID)-agenda. The current activities of creationist associations in the USA and Germany are summarized, with reference to a new pro-ID-group established in Austria in 2019 that is sponsored by the Discovery Institute in Seattle, Washington (USA).

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