How does avian influenza spread between populations?

2020 ◽  
Vol 187 (6) ◽  
pp. 212-213
Keyword(s):  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Avian Flu ◽  
Domestic Birds ◽  
New Research

Josh Loeb reports on new research that looks at the transmission of avian flu between wild and domestic birds

scholarly journals Epidemiologi Diskriptif Penyakit Avian Flu di Lima Provinsi di Indonesia, 2005-2006

2006 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 42
Author(s):  
Ajeng Tias Endarti ◽  
Ratna Djuwita
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factor ◽  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Response Rate ◽  
High Fever ◽  
Descriptive Epidemiology ◽  
Avian Flu ◽  
Respiratory Problems ◽  
Central Java ◽  
Late Treatment ◽  
Severe Destruction

Jumlah kasus flu burung pada manusia meningkat sangat pesat. Studi ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui gambaran epidemiologi penyakit flu burung (Avian Influenza / AI) pada kejadian luar biasa di 5 provinsi Indonesia in 2005-2006. Studi ini mengunakan sumber data sekunder data surveilens, sub direktorat Surveilens, Depkes RI, pada periode Juli 2005-2006. Dari 28 kasus konfirmasi ditemukan banyak pada pria (57.1%). Sekitar 89.3% kasus memperlihatkan gejala demam tinggi (≥ 38°C), batuk dan masalah pernapasan dan sekitar 80% diantaranya meninggal dunia. Gejala tersebut mengindikasikan kerusakan jaringan paru-paru pada tubuh penderi- ta. Berdasarkan laporan hasil pemeriksaan laboratorium, terlihat bahwa 60.7% penderita mengalami penurunan kadar leukosit (leucopenia) dan 46.4% penurunan kadar trombosit (thrombocytopenia). Laju fatalitas kasus yang telah mendapat pengobatan Tamiflu mencapai 66.7%. Sekitar 53.6% mempunyai riwayat kontak den- gan ayam dan bebek. Banyak kasus terjadi pada kelompok dewasa (> 18 years) dengan frekuensi 57.1%. Sebaliknya, laju respon untuk kasus, terlihat sekitar 64, 3 % mengalami pengobatan yg terlambat. Rata-rata semua kasus konfirmasi di Indonesia pada July 2005 - February 2006 adalah 3.5 kasus /bulan. Kasus-kasus tersebut terjadi dalam wilayah yang mengalami KLB pada binatang ternak. Sampai 28 Februari, 2006, KLB telah ditemukan di lima provinsi yang meliputi: Lampung (10.72%), DKI Jakarta (32.14), Jawa Barat (39.29%), Banten (14.28%) and Jawa Tengah (3.57%). Dapat disimpulkan bahwa kasus lebih sering ditemukan pada pria dewasa dan pada orang yang lebih terpapar dengan faktor risiko. Kasus-kasus tersebut menampilkan gejala demam tinggi, batuk, masalah-masalah pernapasan leukopenia and trombositopenia. Selain itu, angka dan keefektifan ditemukan rendah. Kasus-kasus tersebut terjadi terutama pada musim hujan dan pada wilayah yang sebelumnya mengalami KLB pada binatang seperti ayam dan bebek.Kata kunci: Avian flu, epidemiologi diskriptif , kejadian luar biasa, IndonesiaAbstractThe number of Human Avian Influenza in Indonesia increasing tremendously. The research is intended to identify the epidemiological description of Avian Influenza’s (AI) outbreaks within five provinces in Indonesia in 2005-2006. The research conducted descriptively using AI surveillance data from July 2005 up until February 2006. The data gained from the Surveillance sub-directorate Ministry of Health of Indonesia. From 28 confirmed AI cases, many occurred to male (57.14%) since Approximately 89.29% of the cases showed symptom of high fever (≥ 38° C), cough and respiratory problems and 80 % of such cases resulted to deceased for the victim. The symptoms indicated that severe destruction of tissue (pneumonia) occurred in the victim body. Based on laboratory’s report, it shows 60.71% of leucope- nia and 46.43% of thrombocytopenia cases. The death rate for the cases that have Tamiflu treatment reached 66.67%. 53.57% of the case reveals the victims’ high interactions with chicken and duck as the risk factor (avian). Many cases occurred to adult (> 18 years) with a hit rate of 57.14%. On the other hand, the response rate for the cases shows that 64.29 show late treatment of the cases. The average of confirmed AI cases in Indonesia from July 2005 to February 2006 is 3.5 cases/months. The cases occurred within the area that has AI outbreak to the animal. Up until February 28, 2006, the AI outbreaks have been found within five provinces, they are: Lampung (10.72%), DKI Jakarta (32.14), West Java (39.29%), Banten (14.28%) and Central Java (3.57%). It can be concluded that the cases inflicted more to adult male and to those people who interact more with the risk factor. The cases reveal symptoms such as high fever, cough, respiratory problems, leucopenia and thrombocytopenia. Furthermore the cases response rates and Tamiflu effectively were low. The cases occurred mainly in rainy seasons and to the areas those priories have AI outbreaks to the animals such as chickens or ducks.Key words: Avian flu, descriptive epidemiology , outbreak, Indonesia

scholarly journals Update: 13 February. Key documents on the avian influenza outbreak released by the World Health Organisation on 12 February.

2004 ◽  
Vol 8 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Southeast Asia ◽  
World Health Organisation ◽  
World Health ◽  
Avian Flu ◽  
Influenza Outbreak ◽  
The World

Key documents on the avian flu outbreak in poultry and humans in Southeast Asia were published by the World Health Organisation (WHO) on 12 February 2004.

scholarly journals A28 Spatial spread of highly pathogenic avian influenza A (H5N8) virus in Italy, 2017–8

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
B Zecchin ◽  
A Fusaro ◽  
G Zamperin ◽  
A Milani ◽  
A Schivo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Spatial Information ◽  
Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Illumina Miseq ◽  
Highly Pathogenic ◽  
Wild Duck ◽  
Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽  
Domestic Birds

Abstract In winter 2016–7 the highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus, H5N8 subtype, clade 2.3.4.4 group B, circulated extensively both in wild and domestic birds in Europe. Northern Italy was hit by three epidemic waves: the first in January–May 2017, the second in July–December 2017, and the latest in March 2018. To genetically characterize the viruses circulating in Italy we used the Illumina MiSeq platform to sequence the complete genome of representative viruses from each infected farm, for a total of 86 cases in poultry and 17 in wild birds. Maximum likelihood phylogenetic analyses performed using PhyML version 3.1 identified multiple viral introductions of distinct genotypes of HPAI H5N8 viruses in Italy at the beginning of the epidemic (January–February 2017). During the second epidemic wave a single genetic group originating from the virus A/wild duck/Poland/82A/2016 seemed to have been selected, further evolving into two different clusters, namely Italy-A and Italy-B. We identified four clusters of secondary outbreaks, the largest being the epidemic in the province of Brescia between October 2017 and March 2018, which had affected 26 farms. Evolutionary and phylogeographic analyses performed with the BEAST v1.8.4 package (applying a Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo approach, using a constant size coalescent tree prior and a SRD06 model of nucleotide substitution) indicated that different viral introductions had probably occurred through migratory birds from West Russia, Siberia, Central and East Europe. The discrete and continuous phylogeographic analyses showed that group Italy-A had probably emerged between February and April 2017 in the province of Mantua and had then spread eastwards, circulating in the Veneto region and eastern Lombardy; on the contrary, Italy-B had arisen between March and July 2017 in the central part of Lombardy and had spread westwards, circulating in the western part of Lombardy, Emilia Romagna, and Piedmont regions. This study was instrumental to reconstruct the virus dissemination routes and indicated that wild and domestic birds from Lombardy most likely represented the key source for the re-emergence and spread of the HPAI virus during the second and the third epidemic waves. This key spatial information will help to define appropriate disease control strategies.

scholarly journals Reassortant low-pathogenic avian influenza H5N2 viruses in African wild birds

2011 ◽  
Vol 92 (5) ◽  
pp. 1172-1183 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chantal J. Snoeck ◽  
Adeniyi T. Adeyanju ◽  
Sébastien De Landtsheer ◽  
Ulf Ottosson ◽  
Shiiwua Manu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Migratory Birds ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Bird Species ◽  
Sister Group ◽  
Wild Birds ◽  
Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽  
Ns Gene ◽  
Domestic Birds ◽  
Low Pathogenic Avian Influenza

To investigate the presence and persistence of avian influenza virus in African birds, we monitored avian influenza in wild and domestic birds in two different regions in Nigeria. We found low-pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) H5N2 viruses in three spur-winged geese (Plectropterus gambensis) in the Hadejia–Nguru wetlands. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that all of the genes, except the non-structural (NS) genes, of the LPAI H5N2 viruses were more closely related to genes recently found in wild and domestic birds in Europe. The NS genes formed a sister group to South African and Zambian NS genes. This suggested that the Nigerian LPAI H5N2 viruses found in wild birds were reassortants exhibiting an NS gene that circulated for at least 7 years in African birds and is part of the African influenza gene pool, and genes that were more recently introduced into Africa from Eurasia, most probably by intercontinental migratory birds. Interestingly the haemagglutinin and neuraminidase genes formed a sister branch to highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N2 strains found in the same wild bird species in the same wetland only 1 year earlier. However, they were not the closest known relatives of each other, suggesting that their presence in the wetland resulted from two separate introductions. The presence of LPAI H5N2 in wild birds in the Hadejia–Nguru wetlands, where wild birds and poultry occasionally mix, provides ample opportunity for infection across species boundaries, with the potential risk of generating HPAI viruses after extensive circulation in poultry.

scholarly journals Seroprevelensi Virus Avian Influenza SubTipe H5N1 Pada Unggas Domestik Peliharaan Masyarakat di Kawasan Cagar Alam Pulau Dua Serang Provinsi Banten

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 74
Author(s):  
Agrydzadana Frisa ◽  
Dewi Elfidasari
Keyword(s):  
Avian Influenza ◽  
H5n1 Virus ◽  
Nature Reserve ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Geometric Mean Titer ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Virus H5n1 ◽  
Domestic Birds ◽  
Water Birds ◽  
Virus Subtype

<p><em>Abstrak </em>- <strong>Unggas</strong><strong> </strong><strong>domestik</strong><strong> </strong><strong>di</strong><strong> </strong><strong>sekitar</strong><strong> </strong><strong>kawasan</strong><strong> </strong><strong>Cagar</strong><strong> </strong><strong>Alam</strong><strong> </strong><strong>Pulau</strong><strong> </strong><strong>Dua</strong><strong> </strong><strong>(CAPD)</strong><strong> </strong><strong>banyak</strong><strong> </strong><strong>berinteraksi</strong><strong> </strong><strong>dengan</strong><strong> </strong><strong>burung</strong><strong> </strong><strong>air liar yang terinfeksi virus H5N1. Oleh karena itu perlu diperoleh informasi terkait keberadaan Virus AI pada unggas domestik tersebut. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui prevalensi serologi Avian Influenza (AI) H5N1 pada unggas peliharaan masyarakat yang dipelihara dengan sistem <em>backyard </em>di sekitar kawasan CAPD. Pengamatan terhadap habitat dan perilaku bebek, ayam dan mentok dilakukan untuk menganalisa adanya interaksi dengan burung air liar di kawasan CAPD. Sebanyak 49 sampel serum yang terdiri dari 15 sampel serum bebek, 14 sampel serum mentok dan 20 serum ayam diperiksa keberadaan antibodi terhadap AI subtipe H5N1 melalui uji hambatan aglutinasi (<em>Haemaglutination</em><em> Inhibition</em>). Hasil pengamatan menunjukkan presentase seroprevalensi mencapai 100% dengan nilai <em>Geometric Mean Titer </em>sampel yang diperiksa sebesar 2</strong><strong>7,9 </strong><strong>untuk</strong><strong> </strong><strong>mentok,</strong><strong> </strong><strong>2</strong><strong>4,6 </strong><strong>untuk</strong><strong> </strong><strong>bebek</strong><strong> </strong><strong>dan</strong><strong> 2</strong><strong>77 </strong><strong>untuk</strong><strong> ayam. Terdapatnya antibodi membuktikan unggas peliharaan masyarakat di kawasan CAPD pernah terpapar virus AI subtipe H5N1.</strong></p><p><strong> </strong></p><p><strong><em>Kata Kunci</em></strong> - <em>Avian Influenza</em>, CAPD, Unggas Domestik, <em>Haemaglutination Inhibition</em></p><p><em> </em></p><p><em>Abstract</em> - <strong>Domestic birds around Pulau Dua Nature Reserve area (CAPD) interact with wild water birds infected with H5N1 virus. Therefore it is necessary to obtain information related to the presence of AI virus in domestic poultry. This study aims to determine the prevalence of Avian Influenza serology (AI) H5N1 in community poultry maintained by backyard system around CAPD area. Observation of habitat and duck, chicken and stuck behavior was done to analyze the interaction with wild water birds in CAPD area. A total of 49 serum samples consisting of 15 serum duck samples, 14 serum serum samples and 20 serum chickens examined the presence of antibodies against AI subtypes H5N1 through an agglutination inhibition test (Haemaglutination Inhibition). The observation result shows that seroprevalency percentage reaches 100% with Geometric Mean Titer value of examined sample is 27,9 for stool, 24,6 for duck and 277 for chicken. The presence of antibodies proves that community poultry in the CAPD region has been exposed to AI virus subtype H5N1</strong>.</p><p> </p><p><strong><em>Keywords</em></strong> - <em>Avian</em><em> Influenza</em>, CAPD, Unggas Domestik, <em>Haemaglutination Inhibition</em></p>

Ability of Regional Hospitals to Meet Projected Avian Flu Pandemic Surge Capacity Requirements

2008 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 103-112 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raymond P. Ten Eyck
Keyword(s):  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Negative Pressure ◽  
Disaster Preparedness ◽  
Influenza Pandemic ◽  
Neuraminidase Inhibitor ◽  
Home Healthcare ◽  
Surge Capacity ◽  
Avian Flu ◽  
Preparedness Planning ◽  
Complete Set

AbstractIntroduction:Hospital surge capacity is a crucial part of community disaster preparedness planning, which focuses on the requirements for additional beds, equipment, personnel, and special capabilities.The scope and urgency of these requirements must be balanced with a practical approach addressing cost and space concerns. Renewed concerns for infectious disease threats, particularly from a potential avian flu pandemic perspective, have emphasized the need to be prepared for a prolonged surge that could last six to eight weeks.Null Hypothesis:The surge capacity that realistically would be generated by the cumulative Greater Dayton Area Hospital Association (GDAHA) plan is sufficient to meet the demands of an avian influenza pandemic as predicted by the [US] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) models.Methods:Using a standardized data form, surge response plans for each hospital in the GDAHA were assessed.The cumulative results were compared to the demand projected for an avian influenza pandemic using the CDC's FluAid and FluSurge models.Results:The cumulative GDAHA capacity is sufficient to meet the projected demand for bed space, intensive care unit beds, ventilators, morgue space, and initial personal protective equipment (PPE) use. There is a shortage of negative pressure rooms, some basic equipment, and neuraminidase inhibitors. Many facilities lack a complete set of written surge policies, including screening plans to segregate contaminated patients and staff prior to entering the hospital. Few hospitals have agreements with nursing homes or home healthcare agencies to provide care for patients discharged in order to clear surge beds. If some of the assumptions in the CDC's models are changed to match the morbidity and mortality rates reported from the 1918 pandemic, the surge capacity of GDAHA facilities would not meet the projected demand.Conclusions:The GDAHA hospitals should test their regional distributors' ability to resupply PPE for multiple facilities simultaneously. Facilities should retrofit current air exchange systems to increase the number of potential negative pressure rooms and include such designs in all future construction. Neuraminidase inhibitor supplies should be increased to provide treatment for healthcare workers exposed in the course of their duties. Each hospital should have a complete set of policies to address the special considerations for a prolonged surge. Additional capacity is required to meet the predicted demands of a threat similar to the 1918 pandemic.

Willingness of Future Nursing Workforce to Report for Duty During an Avian Influenza Pandemic

2015 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 266-275 ◽  
Author(s):  
Merav Ben Natan ◽  
Shirley Zilberstein ◽  
Diana Alaev
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Nursing Students ◽  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Self Efficacy ◽  
Influenza Pandemic ◽  
Nursing Workforce ◽  
Convenience Sample ◽  
Avian Flu ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
The Future

Nursing students are the future nursing workforce. Exploring factors associated with nursing students’ willingness to report for duty during an avian influenza (flu) pandemic, might help nurse managers develop strategies in advance for efficient management of personnel during a pandemic of avian flu.Aim: To examine the factors associated with the willingness of future nursing workforce to report for duty during an avian flu pandemic, using the theory of self-efficacy. Methods: The study employed a cross-sectional quantitative correlational design. A convenience sample of 200 Israeli nursing students completed a questionnaire based on the theory and the literature review. Results: Approximately one-half (49%) of the students intended to report for duty during an avian flu pandemic in the future. Perceived self-efficacy and working conditions were found associated with this willingness. Male students and students from the Arab Muslim sector were more willing to report for duty during a pandemic than female students or students from the Jewish sector. Discussion: These finding may have implications for disaster planning and staffing management in health care settings during an avian flu pandemic, with the aim to ensure optimal nursing care and an efficient functioning of the entire health care system.

AVIAN INFLUENZA A H7N9 VIRUS HAS BEEN ESTABLISHED IN CHINA

2017 ◽  
Vol 25 (04) ◽  
pp. 605-623 ◽  
Author(s):  
XINAN ZHANG ◽  
LAN ZOU ◽  
JING CHEN ◽  
YILE FANG ◽  
JICAI HUANG ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Deterministic Model ◽  
Open Data ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Model Parameters ◽  
H7n9 Virus ◽  
Domestic Birds ◽  
The Future ◽  
Live Poultry

In March 2013, a novel avian-origin influenza A H7N9 virus was identified among human patients in China and a total of 124 human cases with 24 related deaths were confirmed by May 2013. From November 2013 to July 2017, H7N9 broke out four more times in China. A deterministic model is proposed to study the transmission dynamics of the avian influenza A H7N9 virus between wild and domestic birds and from birds to humans, and is applied to simulate the open data on numbers of the infected human cases and related deaths reported from March to May 2013 and from November 2013 to June 2014 by the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention. The basic reproduction number [Formula: see text] is estimated and sensitivity analysis of [Formula: see text] in terms of model parameters is performed. Taking into account the fact that it broke out again from November 2014 to June 2015, from November 2015 to July 2016, and from October 2016 to July 2017, we believe that H7N9 virus has been well established in birds and will likely cause regular outbreaks in humans again in the future. Control measures for the future spread of H7N9 include (i) reducing the transmission opportunities between wild birds and domestic birds, (ii) closing or monitoring the retail live-poultry markets in the infected areas, and (iii) culling the infected domestic birds in the epidemic regions.

scholarly journals Capacities and resources for management of avian influenza outbreaks in Bulgaria

2021 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 586-595
Author(s):  
I. A Lazarova
Keyword(s):  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Human Resources ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Effective Management ◽  
Avian Flu ◽  
The Future ◽  
Good For ◽  
Legislative Amendments ◽  
Influenza Outbreaks

The study investigated the necessity of improvement of the technical, financial and human resources in the veterinary sector, the need for strengthening the control on the prevention and eradication measures on avian influenza and the update in the legislation. A sociological survey was carried out through an anonymous written questionnaire with open and closed questions. More than one-third (36.67%) of the respondents in the study assessed the activities of the competent authorities in Bulgaria for eradication of the avian flu outbreaks as “Very good”. For 43.33% one of the main reasons for spreading the disease appeared to be the misinformation and non-declaration of the infection by the farmers, the illegal import and low biosecurity level. For more effective management of the future avian flu outbreaks, more than half of the respondents (56.67%) recommended improvement of the control measures. Of them, 20% proposed stricter control on the eradication at the farms; another 13.33% of the respondents stated the necessity of legislative amendments regarding the zoonotic character of the disease.

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