Control of rapid stipe elongation by the lamellae in fruit bodies of Flammulina velutipes

1979 ◽  
Vol 57 (10) ◽  
pp. 1131-1135 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hans E. Gruen
Keyword(s):  
Growth Period ◽  
Normal Growth ◽  
Flammulina Velutipes ◽  
Stipe Elongation ◽  
Different Ages ◽  
Glucose Agar ◽  
Final Length ◽  
Growth Promoting ◽  
Rapid Elongation

Flammulina velutipes fruit bodies only grew normally if the pileus remained on the stipe until the end of rapid elongation when about 80% of the final length had been reached. During the same period lamellae alone increased stipe growth significantly compared with total decapitation. The stipes attained three-quarters of the length of intact fruit bodies with only about one-third of all lamellae. Near the end of the normal growth period, the stipe became independent of the pileus and lamellae. Small amounts of lamellae excised during rapid elongation produced diffusate in dilute potato glucose agar which promoted growth of decapitated stipes of the same age. The activity could be detected when fruit bodies had completed two-thirds of their normal growth but was much less than at the onset of rapid elongation. Tests of diffusates from young and old lamellae on stipes of different ages showed that the declining influence of lamellae in aging fruit bodies is associated both with decreasing production of the growth-promoting factor and decreasing response of stipes to an external supply of active diffusate. Neither pilear context nor any part of young or old stipes released growth-promoting diffusate.

Promotion of stipe elongation in isolated Flammulina velutipes fruit bodies by carbohydrates, natural extracts, and amino acids

1972 ◽  
Vol 50 (4) ◽  
pp. 803-818 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hans E. Gruen ◽  
Sheue-heng Wu
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Growth Promotion ◽  
Casein Hydrolysate ◽  
Growth Period ◽  
Flammulina Velutipes ◽  
Ammonium Tartrate ◽  
Acid Growth ◽  
Natural Extracts ◽  
Stipe Elongation ◽  
Other Substances

Isolated Flammulina velutipes fruit bodies were cultured under sterile conditions with the cut base immersed in water or solutions. Stipe elongation on water was only 6% of normal for fruit bodies isolated at 1.1–2.0 cm length, 19% at 5.1–6.0 cm, and the same as for fruit bodies attached to mycelium at 9.1–10.0 cm. Fruit bodies not immersed in water grew less in a saturated atmosphere than those in water. The mycelium must supply other substances than water for normal elongation during about two-thirds of the growth period, and only water thereafter. Isolated fruit bodies fed with filtered glucose, trehalose, sucrose, or mannitol grew better than on water. Maltose and fructose increased elongation only slightly, and sorbose had no effect. Potato extract, yeast extract, and casein hydrolysate gave no or very little growth promotion, but addition of glucose strongly increased growth on the natural extracts compared to glucose alone. Of 21 amino acids added separately to glucose, only asparagine, hydroxyproline, arginine, and to a lesser extent glutamine, stimulated growth of isolated fruit bodies. Growth was not promoted by pure asparagine, glutamine, and serine, or by thiamin or indoleacetic acid. Growth was inhibited by urea, ammonium nitrate, and ammonium tartrate with or without glucose.Growth promoting substances were most effective in young fruit bodies and except for glucose the promotion disappeared in fruit bodies isolated at 6.1–7.0 cm length, which corresponds to the end of the period of rapid elongation. Apical portions of fruit bodies with caps grew better on glucose than whole fruit bodies. Growth of decapitated isolated stipes was not promoted by nutrients.

Promotion of stipe elongation in Flammulina velutipes by a diffusate from excised lamellae supplied with nutrients

1976 ◽  
Vol 54 (12) ◽  
pp. 1306-1315 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hans E. Gruen
Keyword(s):  
Populus Tremuloides ◽  
Growth Promotion ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Fruit Body ◽  
Flammulina Velutipes ◽  
Malt Extract ◽  
Limited Growth ◽  
Stipe Elongation ◽  
Growth Promoting ◽  
Plain Agar

Flammulina velutipes fruit bodies were grown on partly decayed Populus tremuloides sawdust supplemented with wheat bran and malt extract. In each culture there was a gradation in fruit body size, which served to select test specimens at an early stage of growth. Diffusates collected in agar blocks were applied on the apex of decapitated stipes. Plain agar and dilute potato dextrose agar (PDA/2) alone had the same slight effect on growth. Lamellae placed on plain agar caused limited growth promotion. Lamellae on PDA/2 gave 100–150% more growth promotion than on plain agar during early development, but the activity decreased to zero during the middle of the stage of rapid elongation. Lamellae of that age had no effect on young stipes and the older stipes were insensitive to diffusate from young lamellae. Very small amounts of lamellae promoted stipe elongation. Potato extract alone did not stimulate production of the lamellar diffusate and glucose was less effective than the two nutrients combined. A delay of 2 h in applying lamellar diffusate reduced stipe elongation, and there was no response after 12 h delay. Pilear trama did not produce growth-promoting diffusate.

scholarly journals The Growth-Promoting and Stress Response Activities of the Bacillus subtilis GTP Binding Protein Obg Are Separable by Mutation

2008 ◽  
Vol 190 (20) ◽  
pp. 6625-6635 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shrin Kuo ◽  
Borries Demeler ◽  
W. G. Haldenwang
Keyword(s):  
Transcription Factor ◽  
Bacillus Subtilis ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Binding Protein ◽  
Normal Growth ◽  
Gtp Binding Protein ◽  
Missense Change ◽  
Gtp Binding ◽  
Growth Promoting ◽  
Carboxy Terminal

ABSTRACT Bacillus subtilis Obg is a ribosome-associating GTP binding protein that is needed for growth, sporulation, and induction of the bacterium's general stress regulon (GSR). It is unclear whether the roles of Obg in sporulation and stress responsiveness are direct or a secondary effect of its growth-promoting functions. The present work addresses this question by an analysis of two obg alleles whose phenotypes argue for direct roles for Obg in each process. The first allele [obg(G92D)] encodes a missense change in the protein's highly conserved “obg fold” region. This mutation impairs cell growth and the ability of Obg to associate with ribosomes but fails to block sporulation or the induction of the GSR. The second obg mutation [obg(Δ22)] replaces the 22-amino-acid carboxy-terminal sequence of Obg with an alternative 26-amino-acid sequence. This Obg variant cofractionates with ribosomes and allows normal growth but blocks sporulation and impairs the induction of the GSR. Additional experiments revealed that the block on sporulation occurs early, preventing the activation of the essential sporulation transcription factor Spo0A, while inhibition of the GSR appears to involve a failure of the protein cascade that normally activates the GSR to effectively catalyze the reactions needed to activate the GSR transcription factor (σB).

scholarly journals Effect of iodine deficiency on the reproductive performance of female rats and the viability and growth rate of their progeny

1970 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 137-145
Author(s):  
Vappu Kossila ◽  
Ritva Myllymaa
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Growth Period ◽  
Normal Growth ◽  
The Body ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Deficient Diet ◽  
Adult Rats ◽  
Commercial Diet ◽  
Body Tissues

The experimental period was apparently too short and the number of rats too small to demonstrate a significant effect of iodine deficiency on some indices of reproduction of the females and the growth rate of their progeny. It was found, however, that iodine deficiency: a) delayed significantly the conception of the second generation females (C2) (Table 3) but was quite ineffective in the first generation females (B1, C1) (Tables 2 & 4), b) did not significantly affect the number of pups dropped or their birth weight, c) increased pup mortality during suckling period, d) tended to decrease the weight of the female sex organs of adult rats (Table 5), e) increased the absolute thyroid weight more rapidly in young growing rats than in old fullgrown rats (Tables 3, 4 & 5), and more rapidly in growing males than females, f) decreased significantly and progressively the PBI level in the serum of adult females which had pregnancies and lactations, g) obviously adversely affected the milk secretion of C1 rats during their second lactation on iodine deficient diet (Experiment II) as judged from the growth rate of their pups during 0—15 days after birth, h) did not adversely affect the growth rate of the suckling offspring of the dams during their first lactation on iodine deficient diet (Tables 3 & 4), i) did not significantly affect the rate of gain of the young rats from weaning up to 60-days of age. The rats transferred from iodine deficient to commercial diet at weaning had larger body weights and smaller thyroids at the age of 60 days than their litter mates remaining on an iodine deficient diet (Table 4). There is of course a possibility that the commercial diet was more palatable than the semisynthetic diet. It is also possible that the iodine deficiency activated the thyroid during the preweaning period and that after the transfer to iodine containing commercial diet at weaning, more thyroxine was secreted from preactivated glands compared to thyroids of the controls or thyroids of the rats kept on an iodine deficident diet throughout the growth period. Thyroid hormones are required for normal growth. A hypothyroid condition favours the accumulation of water and fat into the body tissues and may by this way result in an increase of the body weight. ln this study, however, no attempt was made to estimate the fat content of the body of the experimental rats.

scholarly journals Peach Seedling Emergence and Growth in Response to Isothermal and Cycled Stratification Treatments Reveal Two Dormancy Components

1998 ◽  
Vol 123 (5) ◽  
pp. 776-780 ◽  
Author(s):  
Schuyler D. Seeley ◽  
Hamit Ayanoglu ◽  
James W. Frisby
Keyword(s):  
Seedling Growth ◽  
Temperature Effects ◽  
Prunus Persica ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Normal Growth ◽  
Combined Effect ◽  
Chilling Requirement ◽  
Normal Seedling ◽  
Growth Promoting ◽  
Rapid Emergence

Dormant seeds of `Johnson Elberta' peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] were stratified at constant 2, 6, or 14 °C or cycled between 2 and 14 °C in 12/12, 14/10, 16/8, 20/4, 22/2, or 23/1 h cycles. Emergence (measured every 3 d after planting) and normal seedling growth (measured after 49 d) increased with longer stratifiction durations. Seeds stratified at 2 °C had the most rapid emergence (only 28 d of stratification was required) but seedling growth was abnormal until 70 d of stratification. Isothermal stratification at 6 °C resulted in normal seedlings after 56 d of stratification but quality and quantity of growth improved with stratification up to 70 d. Seeds stratified at 14 °C showed limited improvement in seedling emergence with time; seedling growth was poor and cotyledonary reserves were not used. Seedling growth after cycled stratification treatments gained normalcy faster than in the constant 2 °C treatment. The 22/2 and 20/4 (2/14 °C) cycles produced normal growth after 56 d of stratification that was comparable to the growth produced by the constant 6 °C treatment. Other cycles required 70 d or more for equivalent seedling growth. Improved seedling growth under cycled treatments could be due to developmental or growth promoting temperature effects of 14 °C during stratification or a combined effect of thermal accumulation and chilling occurring together after a minimal chilling requirement has been completed.

Patients with acromegaly come from tall families

1986 ◽  
Vol 113 (4_Suppl) ◽  
pp. S174-S177 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaakko Perheentupa ◽  
Heidi Somersalo ◽  
Risto Pelkonen
Keyword(s):  
General Population ◽  
Growth Period ◽  
Normal Growth ◽  
Height Distribution ◽  
Growth Data ◽  
Population Mean ◽  
First Degree Relatives ◽  
The Mean

Abstract. The heights of 59 patients with acromegaly and their first-degree relatives were studied. The mean height SD score (SDS) for the patients was 0.93±1.19 (equivalent to 5.6 cm above the population mean), and for their siblings (N=166) 0.39 ±1.05 (2.3 cm above the population mean) (P <10-5 for difference from the general population). The height distribution of both groups was markedly positively skewed. Probably the parents were as tall (in relation to the population of their age) as the siblings. Growth data were available for 13 of the patients and showed that the height of the tall (SDS>2.0) patients had increased by 2.5-10 (mean 5) cm after normal cessation of growth. This explains the extra height of the patients over their siblings. Only 2 of the 13 patients became oversized for their families during the normal growth period. We suggest that in a part of the population with acromegaly the disease is associated with primary genetic tallness.

Intracellular activity of mycelial proteinases during fruit-body development in Flammulina velutipes

1987 ◽  
Vol 65 (3) ◽  
pp. 518-525 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ema E. Chao ◽  
Hans E. Gruen
Keyword(s):  
Specific Activity ◽  
Proteinase Inhibitors ◽  
Fruit Body ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Flammulina Velutipes ◽  
Unit Weight ◽  
Protein Activity ◽  
Body Development ◽  
Water Soluble Protein ◽  
Rapid Elongation

In the mycelium of Flammulina velutipes cultured on potato–glucose solution the concentration of water-soluble protein began to decrease steeply before fruit bodies formed, but the total amount of protein per culture decreased only when fruit bodies began to elongate rapidly. The level remained very low during rapid elongation. Proteinase activity per unit weight of mycelium against milk protein and azoalbumin decreased in parallel with the concentration of mycelial protein. Activity against azure blue – hide powder was low until the onset of rapid fruit-body elongation and reached a maximum later during that phase. Azoalbumin was hydrolyzed more actively than hide powder. Proteolytic activity per gram of mycelium against mycelial protein was almost the same before fruiting as during rapid fruit-body elongation. Specific activities per milligram protein against the three types of nonnative substrates increased in parallel to a maximum late during rapid elongation when protein concentration was lowest. Specific activity against native mycelial protein was also higher in extracts from older mycelia. Proteolysis was optimal near neutral pH and very low at pH 3.2. Tests with group-specific proteinase inhibitors showed that metallo-proteinases predominate in the mycelium. Serine, and to a lesser extent carboxyl and thiol proteinases, were also present. Neither endogenous inhibitors nor activators of proteolysis were detected.

scholarly journals Multifactor Effects on the N2O Emissions and Yield of Potato Fields Based on the DNDC Model

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liwei Wang ◽  
Kai Zhang ◽  
Kangjun Guo ◽  
Limin Liu ◽  
Tao Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Period ◽  
Normal Growth ◽  
Soil Bulk Density ◽  
Efficiency Index ◽  
Annual Precipitation ◽  
N2o Emissions ◽  
Dndc Model ◽  
Nitrogen Levels ◽  
Average Temperature ◽  
Model Efficiency

Abstract Maintaining or increasing grain yields while also reducing the emissions of field agricultural greenhouse gases is an important objective. To explore the multifactor effects of nitrogen fertilizer on nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions and the yield of potato fields and to verify the applicability of the DeNitrification-DeComposition (DNDC) model when used to project the N2O emission load and yield, this research chooses a potato field in Shenyang northeast China from 2017~2019 as the experiment site. The experiment includes four nitrogen levels observed the emission of N2O by static chamber/gas chromatograph techniques. The results of this study are as follows: (1) DNDC has a good performance regarding the projection of N2O emissions and yields. The model efficiency index EFs were 0.45~0.88 for N2O emissions and 0.91, 0.85 and 0.85 for yields from 2017~2019. (2) The annual precipitation, soil organic carbon and soil bulk density had the most significant influence on the accumulated N2O emissions during the growth period of potato. The annual precipitation, annual average temperature and CO2 mass concentration had the most significant influences on yield. (3) Under the premise of a normal water supply, sowing potatoes within 5 days after the 5-day sliding average temperature in this area exceeds 10 °C can ensure the temperature required for the normal growth of potatoes and achieve the purpose of maintaining and increasing yield. (4) The application of 94.5 kg·hm-2 nitrogen and 15 mm irrigation represented the best results for reducing N2O emissions while also maintaining the yield in potato fields.

scholarly journals Agroclimatic zoning of the state of Minas Gerais for the production of high quality soybean seeds

2014 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 413-418 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gilda Pizzolante de Pádua ◽  
José de Barros França-Neto ◽  
Rubiana Falopa Rossi ◽  
Humberto Gois Cândido
Keyword(s):  
Growth Period ◽  
Normal Growth ◽  
Minas Gerais ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
The State ◽  
Soybean Seeds ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Average Temperature ◽  
Risk Areas ◽  
Definition Of

In Brasil, Minas Gerais is the sixth state in soybean production. Adverse climatic conditions such as short mini-droughts ("veranicos"), irregular rainfall distribution and especially high temperatures can compromise the proper development of the crop in that state, especially in relation to the production of high quality seeds. The aim of this study was to collect and analyze data in order to establish an agro-climatic zoning of the state of Minas Gerais for the production of high quality soybean seeds. These values were georeferenced in terms of the latitude and longitude coordinates and, with the use of a geographic information system, a thematic map was created, in which the best growing regions in Minas Gerais are represented. The definition of higher or lower climate risk areas was associated with the occurrence of average temperatures during the seed maturation phase, the most sensitive stage of growth. On the basis of the data obtained on temperature and altitude of different locations, and considering the normal growth period, it was possible to outline a map with three distinct areas: Favorable - average temperature < 23,5 ºC; moderately favorable - average temperature between 23,6 ºC and 24,9 ºC; Unfavorable - average temperature > 25,0 ºC.

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