Pulp composition and the invasion and decay of fruits by microbes

1988 ◽  
Vol 66 (6) ◽  
pp. 1068-1072
Author(s):  
Victoria A. Borowicz
Keyword(s):  
Linear Model ◽  
Fungal Spores ◽  
Exponential Model ◽  
Fat Content ◽  
Sterile Water ◽  
Rapid Decay ◽  
Microbial Invasion ◽  
Sterile Needle ◽  
Cornus Amomum ◽  
The Difference

Among temperate-zone plant species, fruits with fat-rich pulp have been predicted to disappear more rapidly than low-fat fruits, in part because of more rapid decay by microbes. The influence of fat content of pulp on the susceptibility of fruits to microbial invasion and the rate of pulp deterioration after invasion were examined using Cornus amomum fruits (approximately 5.8% crude fat) and C. racemosa fruits (approximately 23.1% crude fat). Fruits were surface sterilized, punctured with a sterile needle or left undamaged, and inoculated with sterile water, a suspension of bacteria, or a suspension of fungal spores. The two species did not differ significantly in the number of days to first deterioration (= susceptibility), but whole C amomum fruits deteriorated faster than did whole C. racemosa fruits after invasion was first visible. This difference between species persisted when the difference in mean dry pulp mass was taken into account using an exponential model of pulp decay. The two Cornus species did not differ in rate of pulp deterioration (milligrams dry tissue per day) when a linear model of microbial decay of pulp was used. In these two species, higher fat content of pulp does not yield greater susceptibility to invasion or higher rate of deterioration by microbes.

scholarly journals Wormhole Solutions in Symmetric Teleparallel Gravity with Noncommutative Geometry

Symmetry ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 1260
Author(s):  
Zinnat Hassan ◽  
Ghulam Mustafa ◽  
Pradyumn Kumar Sahoo
Keyword(s):  
Linear Model ◽  
Noncommutative Geometry ◽  
Teleparallel Gravity ◽  
Exponential Model ◽  
Model Parameter ◽  
Exponential Models ◽  
Feasible Solutions ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Tov Equation

This article describes the study of wormhole solutions in f(Q) gravity with noncommutative geometry. Here, we considered two different f(Q) models—a linear model f(Q)=αQ and an exponential model f(Q)=Q−α1−e−Q, where Q is the non-metricity and α is the model parameter. In addition, we discussed the existence of wormhole solutions with the help of the Gaussian and Lorentzian distributions of these linear and exponential models. We investigated the feasible solutions and graphically analyzed the different properties of these models by taking appropriate values for the parameter. Moreover, we used the Tolman–Oppenheimer–Volkov (TOV) equation to check the stability of the wormhole solutions that we obtained. Hence, we found that the wormhole solutions obtained with our models are physically capable and stable.

Longitudinal changes in the kinetic response to heavy-intensity exercise in children

2004 ◽  
Vol 97 (2) ◽  
pp. 460-466 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samantha G. Fawkner ◽  
Neil Armstrong
Keyword(s):  
Slow Component ◽  
Phase 1 ◽  
Exponential Model ◽  
Cycle Ergometer ◽  
Primary Component ◽  
Total Change ◽  
Exercise Tests ◽  
Longitudinal Changes ◽  
Dependent Change ◽  
The Difference

The purpose of this study was to investigate longitudinal changes with age in the kinetic response to cycling at heavy-intensity exercise in boys and girls. Twenty-two prepubertal children (13 male, 9 female) carried out a series of exercise tests on two test occasions with a 2-yr interval. On each test occasion, the subject completed multiple transitions from baseline to 40% of the difference between their previously determined V-slope and peak O2 uptake (V̇o2) for 9 min on an electronically braked cycle ergometer. Each subject's breath-by-breath responses were interpolated to 1-s intervals, time aligned, and averaged. The data after phase 1 were fit with 1) a double exponential model and 2) a single exponential model within a fitting window that was previously identified to exclude the slow component. There were no significant differences in the parameters of the primary component between each model. Subsequent analysis was carried out using model 2. The V̇o2 slow component was computed as the difference between the amplitude of the primary component and the end-exercise V̇o2 and was expressed as the percent contribution to the total change in V̇o2. Over the 2-yr period, the primary time constant (boys 16.8 ± 5.3 and 21.7 ± 5.3 s, girls 21.1 ± 8.1 and 26.4 ± 8.4 s, first and second occasion, respectively) and the relative amplitude of the slow component (boys 9.4 ± 4.6 and 13.8 ± 5.3%, girls 10.3 ± 2.4 and 15.5 ± 2.8%, first and second occasion, respectively) significantly increased with no sex differences. The data demonstrate that children do display a slow-component response to exercise and are consistent with an age-dependent change in the muscles' potential for O2 utilization.

scholarly journals INFLUENCE OF THE TYPE OF NERVOUS ACTIVITY ON THE MILK PRODUCTION OF COWS

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lina Karlova ◽  
◽  
Olena Lesnovska ◽  
Roman Mylostyvyi ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Weak Type ◽  
Nervous Activity ◽  
Fat Content ◽  
Strong Type ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Productive Traits ◽  
Relative Decline ◽  
Morning Milk

The aim of the research was to evaluate the influence of the type of the nervous system on the productive and reproductive qualities of animals. The type of nervous system (strong, weak) of cows of the Ukrainian red dairy breed was determined by the index of the nervous system, which is based on the variability of the fat content in the morning milk yield after changing the conditions of cows keeping. Under the new conditions of keeping cows with a strong type of nervous activity, the coefficients of variability of the morning milk yield and the fat content in milk practically remained at the same level (their slight increase was noted at the level of 4.5 and 3.1%). In cows of a weak type under similar conditions of keeping, a significant increase in the variability of milk yield (by 53.6%) and fat content in milk (by 266.7%) was found. In animals of both types, in the first days of summer-camp keeping, in comparison with winter-stall keeping, there was an increase in milk yield and a decrease in fat content in milk. In cows of the strong type, the fat content decreased by 0.08% and of the weak type by 0.12%. The average index of the nervous system type in animals of the strong type is 1.18, and in cows of the weak type 2.71 (P> 0.999). Before and during milking, the pulse rate in the cows of weak type was higher by 8.0 and 10.8 beats / min. (P> 0.999), compared with the strong type. The animals of strong type of the nervous system, in comparison with the weak type, had a smaller thickness of the concha and skin, a higher pulse and respiratory rate, and a lower rectal body temperature. In cows of a strong type of the nervous system in postnatal ontogenesis, the formation of productive traits took place more rapidly and they better adapted to the conditions of the external environment. This is evidenced by their high coefficient of relative decline in the growth at the age of one (85.0) than in animals with a weak type of nervous system (78.5). The advantage of cows with a strong type of nervous activity over a weak one in milk yield was 348 kg (P>0.95) and in milk fat 8.0 kg. The service period in animals with a strong type of nervous activity was 6.3 days shorter. The animals with a strong type of nervous activity during the first lactation had a higher adaptation index compared with animals of a weak type. The difference for this indicator is 0.49 (or 3.7%). They also had a higher productivity index for the first (3.1%) and second (4.0%) lactation. Thus, the typological features of the nervous activity of cows affect the formation of the most important functions of the body, which can be used in breeding work to improve the herd.

scholarly journals Comparison of Babcock and Ether Extraction Methods for Determination of Fat Content of Cream: Collaborative Study

1996 ◽  
Vol 79 (4) ◽  
pp. 907-916 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joanna M Lynch ◽  
David M Barbano ◽  
J Richard Fleming
Keyword(s):  
Extraction Method ◽  
Collaborative Study ◽  
Extraction Methods ◽  
Fat Content ◽  
Official Method ◽  
Ether Extraction ◽  
Aoac Official ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Aoac Official Method

Abstract A modified Mojonnier ether extraction method for determination of the fat content of cream was developed based on the method for milk (AOAC Official Method 989.05). The cream Babcock method (AOAC Official Method 920.111 B-C) was modified to harmonize with the milk Babcock method (AOAC Official Method 989.04) and to clarify procedural details. Using the AOAC collaborative study format, 10 laboratories tested 9 pairs of blind duplicate heat-treated cream samples with a fat range of 30-45% using both methods. The statistical performance (invalid and outlier data removed) was as follows: mean % fat = 37.932, sr = 0.125, sR = 0.151, RSDr = 0.330, RSDR = 0.398, r = 0.354, and R = 0.427 for the ether extraction method. For the Babcock method, mean % fat = 38.209, sr = 0.209, SR = 0.272, RSDr = 0.548, RSDR = 0.712, r = 0.592, and R = 0.769. Average test results for fat from the Babcock method were 0.277% (absolute fat) greater than for the Mojonnier ether extraction method. The difference between methods, as a percentage of the average fat content of the samples, was 0.73%. This agrees with differences observed between the 2 methods for milk when 10 to 17 laboratories tested 7 milk samples in blind duplicate at bimonthly intervals over a 4-year period (average difference 0.029% fat, 0.78% as a percentage of average fat content). The Mojonnier ether extraction and Babcock methods for fat in cream have been adopted by AOAC INTERNATIONAL. The new Babcock method replaced the AOAC Official Method 920.111 B-C.

scholarly journals PERBEDAAN KARAKTERISTIK KIMIA DAN DAYA CERNA PATI TEPUNG JAGUNG DAN TEPUNG KECAMBAH JAGUNG (Zea mays L.)

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 43
Author(s):  
Willem Kurniawan Lombu ◽  
Ni Wayan Wisaniyasa ◽  
AAI. Sri Wiadnyani
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Zea Mays L ◽  
Starch Content ◽  
Fat Content ◽  
Ash Content ◽  
Starch Digestibility ◽  
Corn Flour ◽  
The Difference

This study aims to determine the difference of characteristic and starch digestibility of germinated and ungerminated flour. This study used randomized complete design (RCD) three repeated. The corn germinated for 36 hours. Corn germinated flour and ungerminated flour were evaluated directly of the chemical composition of the flour content, moisture content, ash content, protein, fat, carbohydrates, fiber, starch content and starch digestibility. The results showed the corn germinated flour has increased of moisture content from 9.66% into 10.38%, increased of protein into 7.22% into 8.45%, increased of fiber content from 2.28% into 2.79% and increased of starch digestibility from 57.04% into 62.43%. While were the decreased fat content from 5.17% into 4.76%, decreased of carbohydrate from 75.41% into 73.89% and decreased of starch content from 76.10% into 69.40%. The treatmented has no effect for the flour content decreased from 41.40% into 40.36% and ash content decreased from 2.52% into 2.51%. Germinated increased starch digestibility and changed the character of corn flour.

Kinetics of oxygen uptake at the onset of exercise near or above peak oxygen uptake

2000 ◽  
Vol 88 (5) ◽  
pp. 1812-1819 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. L. Hughson ◽  
D. D. O'Leary ◽  
A. C. Betik ◽  
H. Hebestreit
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Cardiovascular System ◽  
Time Constant ◽  
Exponential Model ◽  
Peak Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Phase 2 ◽  
Heavy Exercise ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Kinetics Of ◽  
Model Phase

We tested the hypothesis that kinetics of O2 uptake (V˙o 2) measured in the transition to exercise near or above peakV˙o 2(V˙o 2 peak) would be slower than those for subventilatory threshold exercise. Eight healthy young men exercised at ∼57, ∼96, and ∼125%V˙o 2 peak. Data were fit by a two- or three-component exponential model and with a semilogarithmic transformation that tested the difference between required V˙o 2 and measuredV˙o 2. With the exponential model, phase 2 kinetics appeared to be faster at 125% V˙o 2 peak[time constant (τ2) = 16.3 ± 8.8 (SE) s] than at 57%V˙o 2 peak(τ2 = 29.4 ± 4.0 s) but were not different from that at 96%V˙o 2 peakexercise (τ2 = 22.1 ± 2.1 s).V˙o 2 at the completion of phase 2 was 77 and 80%V˙o 2 peak in tests predicted to require 96 and 125%V˙o 2 peak. WhenV˙o 2 kinetics were calculated with the semilogarithmic model, the estimated τ2 at 96%V˙o 2 peak (49.7 ± 5.1 s) and 125%V˙o 2 peak (40.2 ± 5.1 s) were slower than with the exponential model. These results are consistent with our hypothesis and with a model in which the cardiovascular system is compromised during very heavy exercise.

Comparison of static and dynamic closed chambers for measurement of soil respiration under field conditions

1992 ◽  
Vol 72 (4) ◽  
pp. 605-609 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Rochette ◽  
E. G. Gregorich ◽  
R. L. Desjardins
Keyword(s):  
Soil Respiration ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Flux Measurement ◽  
Organic Soil ◽  
Exponential Model ◽  
Field Conditions ◽  
Parameter Estimates ◽  
Static Chamber ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Negative Exponential

The objective of this study was to compare the dynamic closed and static chamber techniques for the measurement of soil respiration under field conditions. The static chamber method consistently produced lower soil respiration values than did the dynamic closed system and the difference was larger at higher CO2 fluxes. A negative exponential model describes the relation between CO2 fluxes measured by both techniques. A good fit was obtained for measurements on a sandy loam soil (R2 = 0.61) and an organic soil (R2 = 0.74) but parameter estimates were different for each soil. Key words: Carbon dioxide, enclosure, gas flux measurement

New isolation methods and polymerase chain reaction strain discrimination techniques for natural products screening programs

1995 ◽  
Vol 73 (S1) ◽  
pp. 946-954 ◽  
Author(s):  
Toru Okuda ◽  
Mieko Yanagisawa ◽  
Fumihiro Fujimori ◽  
Yuri Nishizuka ◽  
Yuki Takehana ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Density Gradient ◽  
Random Amplified Polymorphic Dna ◽  
Gradient Centrifugation ◽  
Fungal Spores ◽  
Dilution Method ◽  
Isolation Method ◽  
Screening Programs ◽  
Percoll Density Gradient Centrifugation ◽  
Percoll Density Gradient ◽  
The Difference

A new isolation method of fungi was established by using the Percoll density gradient centrifugation. We found that the difference in the specific gravity allowed us to separate mixtures of fungal spores of Aspergillus, Fusarium, Listeromyces, Penicillium, and Trichoderma. When this technique was applied to soil samples, a wider variety of fungi were isolated compared with those obtained from an ordinary serial dilution method. For screening purposes, it is necessary to eliminate redundant strains from the strains initially isolated. For the efficient discrimination of strains, the random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) method was applied. The establishment of a standard method for RAPD enabled us to minimize the deviation of Rf values between gels to less than 0.03. Conversion of the Rf values to binary matrices provided a matrix data that could be analyzed statistically. Based on the RAPD, it was possible to select genetically distinct fungal strains within a species. Key words: fingerprinting, isolation method, microbial screening, PCR, Percoll density gradient, RAPD.

scholarly journals Effect of aqueous chlorhexidine on skin colonization with gram negative bacteria in preterm infants admitted in NICU: a blinded RCT

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (5) ◽  
pp. 1767 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anitha M. Balachandran ◽  
Mangala Bharathi S. ◽  
Kumutha J.
Keyword(s):  
Preterm Infants ◽  
Bacterial Colonization ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Intervention Group ◽  
Gram Negative Bacteria ◽  
Sterile Water ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Skin Colonization ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Randomised Controlled

Background: Aqueous chlorhexidine applied repeatedly may predispose to increased gram negative bacterial colonization in preterm skin due to its higher bactericidal action against gram positive bacteria and absence of alcohol. The objective was to study the difference in rates of gram negative bacterial colonization in skin swabs taken from axilla and groin on day 7 after multiple applications of 0.5% aqueous chlorhexidine and placebo (sterile water).Methods: Double blinded, randomised controlled trial recruiting preterm infants(28-34weeks) weighing ≥1000grams, stratified(28-31:32-34week) and randomly allocated to receive multiple body cleansing every 48hours starting from 6hours within birth during first postnatal week. Intervention group received cleansing with 0.5%chlorhexidine wipes and controls cleansed with similar looking sterile water wipes. Comparison of Proportions of swabs showing Gram negative bacterial growth in swabs taken from axilla and groin on day 7 of life after 3 cleansings (primary), at recruitment, 24 and 48 hours after first cleansing (secondary) were outcomes measured.Results: Of 137 eligible neonates, 120 enrolled and 59 infants received chlorhexidine cleansing and 61 received sterile water. At the end of first week, the rate of skin colonization with gram negative bacteria after multiple applications of 0.5% aqueous chlorhexidine was comparable with sterile water cleansing in both axilla (40.9% vs 51.1%, p=0.432) and groin (60.7% vs 54.3%, p=0.592). There was no difference in the rate of gram negative bacterial colonization in axilla and groin skin at 24 and 48 hours after single application also.Conclusions: Aqueous chlorhexidine even after multiple cleansings at 48hours intervals soon after birth has not predisposed to colonization with gram negative bacterial in preterm infants admitted in NICU.

scholarly journals Productive traits of sheep of different genotypes

2019 ◽  
pp. 55-63
Author(s):  
V. Likhach ◽  
H. Kalinichenko
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Study Groups ◽  
Fat Content ◽  
Daily Growth ◽  
Calorie Content ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Productive Traits ◽  
Meat Productivity ◽  
Experimental Group

The effect of industrial crossbreeding on the productive qualities of purebred Tsigai and Romanov sheep breeds was investigated. The following indicators were studied: the survival of the young for the period from birth to their weaning; dynamics of live weight of sheep and goats in the corresponding age periods (at birth, at 2-, 4-, 6,5-month age); meat productivity; wool productivity and sheepskin quality. The lambs and suckers were found to have live weight at birth of 3.9 and 4.2 kg respectively, which is 8.3 and 7.6 % higher than in purebred lambs. The difference in live weight of local and purebred lambs is statistically significant (P>0,999).The average daily growth for the whole period in the local sheep was 192 g, in the fossa 171 g, which is 4.3 and 4.9 % respectively more than in purebred peers. It is proved that the local young is characterized by better viability: the preservation of lambs to beating was 132.2 % against 115.3 % in purebreds. It was studied that the mass of chilled carcass in purebred lambs was 14.14 kg, and in domestic 14.3% more (P>0,999). It was investigated that animals in the experimental group had an average of 12.49 kg of flesh in the carcass, which is 77.3 % by weight of the carcass. In purebred lambs these figures are respectively 10.52 kg or 74.4 %. The difference in the pulp mass between the carcasses of the study groups was 1.97 kg or 18.7% (P>0.999). The fat content of the mixture was superior to pure-bred animals, resulting in a higher calorie content of 8.34 %. Proven lambs during fattening were shown to have a greater increase in live weight compared to purebred by 13.6%. At the same time, they consumed less feed units by 4.7 %. In terms of the original dirty wool, the highest indices were in the local brightnesses. Along with this, they also outperformed purebred animals by 2.48 kg, or 10.7%. It should be noted that in Romanov sheep, as a rule, fluff is exaggerated. This trend is preserved in the received mixes. The difference in the length of the down and the bones was 32.2 % (P>0,999). It is noted that the area of sheep sheep of the experimental group was more control by 7.4 % (P>0.95) and amounted to 84.0 dm2. The same pattern was observed in the area of exposed sheepskin. Key words: wool, lamb, sheepskin, live weight, viability, lambs, Romanov breed, Tsigai breed.

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