Life-history strategy in Typhula incarnata and T. ishikariensis biotypes A, B, and C as determined by sclerotium production

1988 ◽  
Vol 66 (12) ◽  
pp. 2485-2490 ◽  
Author(s):  
Naoyuki Matsumoto ◽  
Akitoshi Tajimi
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Mycelial Growth ◽  
High Stress ◽  
Life History Strategy ◽  
Life History Strategies ◽  
Snow Mold ◽  
Typhula Ishikariensis ◽  
Dual Cultures ◽  
Typhula Incarnata ◽  
Sclerotium Production

The life-history strategies of Typhula incarnata and T. ishikariensis, the snow mold fungi, were studied in culture experiments. Radial mycelial growth at 0 °C, a temperature at which they thrive under natural conditions, was about half that of growth at the near-optimal temperature, 10 °C. However, when the colonies were covered with unsterile soil, mycelial growth at 0 °C was much greater than at 10 °C. Sclerotium production by T. incarnata was rapid in the latter half of the culture period, and sclerotium maturation was promoted by selected fungi. Typhula incarnata produced sclerotia frequently along the junction with colonies of selected fungi. Typhula ishikariensis biotype A produced the highest percent sclerotial biomass. Sclerotium maturation, i.e., pigmentation, was not stimulated by the selected fungi, but sclerotium production was moderately frequent in dual cultures with them. Typhula ishikariensis biotypes B and C produced the lowest percent sclerotial biomass. Their sclerotium maturation was rapid but not stimulated by the selected fungi. These findings suggest that although these snow mold fungi are, as a whole, stress tolerant, T. incarnata is relatively ruderal, T. ishikariensis biotype A is typically stress tolerant, and T. ishikariensis biotypes B and C are adapted to habitats with high stress and high disturbance.

Effect of time of day, time of year, and life history strategy on time budgeting in juvenile Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar

1999 ◽  
Vol 56 (12) ◽  
pp. 2397-2403 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sveinn K Valdimarsson ◽  
Neil B Metcalfe
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Life History Strategy ◽  
Time Of Day ◽  
Life History Strategies ◽  
Foraging Efficiency ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar ◽  
Juvenile Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Time Of Year

Traditionally, behavioural studies on juvenile Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar, have been conducted during the day in summer. It is known that Atlantic salmon become nocturnal in winter, but very little is known about their behaviour at that time. Therefore, observations in a seminatural stream were carried out during the day and night, from February to June, comparing diel and seasonal differences in behaviour between fish adopting alternative life history strategies. The results showed a general trend for more activity in spring than in winter, and the fish were found to be foraging at surprisingly low light levels. There were differences in relative feeding rate between the life history strategies; the early migrant fish foraged mostly during the day whereas the delayed migrant fish did more foraging at night. There is some evidence that the early migrant fish made fewer feeding attempts over the winter, which is surprising, since they grow faster over that period. This suggests differences in foraging efficiency, which could contribute to the separation into these two life history strategies.

Life History Strategies

2018 ◽  
pp. 95-126
Author(s):  
Marco Del Giudice
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Life History Theory ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Life History Strategy ◽  
Current Theory ◽  
Life History Strategies ◽  
Extended Model ◽  
Life History Variation ◽  
Basic Model

The chapter introduces the basics of life history theory, the concept of life history strategy, and the fast–slow continuum of variation. After reviewing applications to animal behavior and physiology, the chapter reviews current theory and evidence on individual differences in humans as manifestations of alternative life history strategies. The chapter first presents a “basic model” of human life history–related traits, then advances an “extended model” that identifies multiple cognitive-behavioral profiles within fast and slow strategies. Specifically, it is proposed that slow strategies comprise prosocial/caregiving and skilled/provisioning profiles, whereas fast strategies comprise antisocial/exploitative and seductive/creative profiles. The chapter also reviews potential neurobiological markers of life history variation and considers key methodological issues in this area.

scholarly journals RETRACTED ARTICLE: Novel life history strategy in a deep sea fish challenges assumptions about reproduction in extreme environments

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Randal A. Singer ◽  
Jon A. Moore ◽  
Edward L. Stanley
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Deep Sea ◽  
Extreme Environments ◽  
Life History Strategy ◽  
Deep Ocean ◽  
Homogeneous System ◽  
Life History Strategies ◽  
Life History Trait ◽  
Retracted Article ◽  
Sea Fish

Abstract The deep ocean is frequently assumed to be a homogeneous system lacking the same diverse life history strategies found in shallower waters. However, as our methods for exploring the deep ocean improve, common assumptions about dispersal, reproduction and behavior are constantly being challenged. Fishes exhibit the most diverse reproductive strategies among vertebrates. Understanding life history strategies in deep-sea environments is lacking for many species of fishes. Here, we report a novel reproductive strategy where a fish (Parazen pacificus) provides parental care via mouth brooding. This behavior is observed from a specimen collected with eggs present in the buccal cavity, along with other specimens exhibiting pre-brooding morphologies. This is the first description of this unique life history trait in a deep-sea fish and fills in a gap in the larval literature for this family of fishes and prompts further investigation into other novel reproductive modes of deep-sea fauna.

Leadership in dangerous times: Life-history strategy and environmental condition affect preferences for dominant and prestigious leaders

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nan Zhu ◽  
Binbin Chen ◽  
Lei Chang
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Implicit Association Test ◽  
Life History Strategy ◽  
Relative Strength ◽  
Life History Strategies ◽  
Implicit Association ◽  
Leadership Qualities ◽  
Social Hierarchies ◽  
Strategy Study ◽  
Leadership Preferences

Dominance and prestige, as two distinct status-attaining qualities, are present in modern-day leaders at various levels of social hierarchies to various degrees. From an evolutionary perspective, we speculate that such leadership qualities are implicitly linked to the leadership preferences of followers in the environments where they are more effective or necessary. Moreover, individuals’ life-history strategy might moderate the effect of some contextual factors, such as environmental danger, on leadership preferences of dominant versus prestigious leaders. Three studies tested these hypotheses. In two implicit association test (IAT) experiments, we found that (1) participants implicitly associated danger with dominance, and safety with prestige (Study 1a, N = 32); (2) the relative strength of the implicit association between positive evaluation and prestige is positively correlated with participants’ slow life-history strategy (Study 1b, N = 67). In a third experiment (Study 2, N = 95), self-reported life-history strategy also moderated the effects of experimentally manipulated danger on leadership preferences. The association between dangerous environments and dominant leadership preference was stronger for participants with fast life-history strategies than those with slow life-history strategies.

Physiological Characterization of Hatchery-Origin Juvenile Steelhead Oncorhynchus mykiss Adopting Divergent Life-History Strategies

2011 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-71 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kyle C. Hanson ◽  
William L. Gale ◽  
William G. Simpson ◽  
Benjamen M. Kennedy ◽  
Kenneth G. Ostrand
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Gonadosomatic Index ◽  
Life History Strategy ◽  
Life History Strategies ◽  
Migratory Fish ◽  
Physiological Characterization ◽  
Subunit Expression ◽  
Mature Fish

Abstract Smoltification by juvenile Pacific salmonids has been described as a developmental conflict whereby individuals face several life-history decisions. Smoltification occurs as a result of interactions between organismal condition and environmental cues, although some fish may forgo ocean migration and remain in freshwater streams for some time (residualize). We compared the physiological profiles of steelhead that were actively migrating to the ocean (migratory fish) and those that remained in fresh water (residuals) for at least a period of between 2 wk and 3 mo after release from a hatchery facility. In addition, we investigated the physiological characterization of residuals that further differentiated into precocial freshwater residents or parr that will either precocially mature in fresh water or migrate to the ocean in the future. Residuals had higher condition factors and gonadosomatic index than migratory fish and were characterized as less prepared for saltwater due to low levels of gill Na+,K+-ATPase activity and Na+,K+-ATPase α1b-subunit expression. Residuals tended to be males with the highest condition factors. Sex-specific differences are probably reflective of male fish adopting an alternative life-history strategy foregoing outmigration as a result of condition at the time of release. Collection of residuals throughout the fall suggested that residual hatchery fish further diversify into precocially mature fish that will presumably attempt to spawn without ever migrating to the ocean or into parr that will precocially mature or migrate in a future year.

Trait-Based Approach to Fish Ecology

2019 ◽  
pp. 150-160
Author(s):  
Ken H. Andersen
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Life History ◽  
Life History Strategy ◽  
Somatic Growth ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Historical Background ◽  
Life History Strategies ◽  
Asymptotic Size ◽  
Current State ◽  
Investment In Reproduction

This chapter proposes a shortlist of fish “master” traits and connects these traits to classic life-history strategy thinking. First, it sets the historical background for the current state-of-the-art thinking about fish life history strategies. From there, the chapter explains that the main axes of variation between fish species can be captured by three traits: the asymptotic size; the growth rate coefficient; and the adult–offspring mass ratio strategy. Together, these three traits determine the central demographic parameters: somatic growth rate, investment in reproduction, age at maturation, survival to maturation, mortality, and so on, and from there follows population-level quantities like population growth rate, population structure, fitness, and selection responses. The chapter concludes with a reflection on the trait-based approach and compares it to other methods of assessment.

Smelling the future: subtle life-history adjustments in response to environmental conditions and perceived transmission opportunities in a trematode

Parasitology ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 144 (4) ◽  
pp. 464-474 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. LAGRUE ◽  
R. RINNEVALLI ◽  
R. POULIN
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Intermediate Host ◽  
Definitive Host ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Life History Strategy ◽  
Host Density ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Life History Strategies ◽  
Priming Effects

SUMMARYA number of parasites with complex life cycles can abbreviate their life cycles to increase the likelihood of reproducing. For example, some trematodes can facultatively skip the definitive host and produce viable eggs while still inside their intermediate host. The resulting shorter life cycle is clearly advantageous when transmission probabilities to the definitive hosts are low. Coitocaecum parvum can mature precociously (progenesis), and produce eggs by selfing inside its amphipod second intermediate host. Environmental factors such as definitive host density and water temperature influence the life-history strategy adopted by C. parvum in their crustacean host. However, it is also possible that information about transmission opportunities gathered earlier in the life cycle (i.e. by cercariae-producing sporocysts in the first intermediate host) could have priming effects on the adoption of one or the other life strategy. Here we document the effects of environmental parameters (host chemical cues and temperature) on cercarial production within snail hosts and parasite life-history strategy in the amphipod host. We found that environmental cues perceived early in life have limited priming effects on life-history strategies later in life and probably account for only a small part of the variation among conspecific parasites. External cues gathered at the metacercarial stage seem to largely override potential effects of the environmental conditions experienced by early stages of the parasite.

scholarly journals A transposable element insertion is associated with an alternative life history strategy

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alyssa Woronik ◽  
Kalle Tunström ◽  
Michael W. Perry ◽  
Ramprasad Neethiraj ◽  
Constanti Stefanescu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Transposable Element ◽  
Life History Strategy ◽  
Life History Strategies ◽  
Transposable Element Insertion ◽  
Specific Expression ◽  
Pigment Synthesis ◽  
Somatic Development ◽  
Element Insertion ◽  
Antibody Staining

AbstractTradeoffs affect resource allocation during development and result in fitness consequences that drive the evolution of life history strategies. Yet despite their importance, we know little about the mechanisms underlying life history tradeoffs. Many species of Colias butterflies exhibit an alternative life history strategy (ALHS) where females divert resources from wing pigment synthesis to reproductive and somatic development. Due to this reallocation, a wing color polymorphism is associated with the ALHS: either yellow/orange or white. Here we map the locus associated with this ALHS in Colias crocea to a transposable element insertion located downstream of the Colias homolog of BarH-1, a homeobox transcription factor. Using CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing, antibody staining, and electron microscopy we find white-specific expression of BarH-1 suppresses the formation of pigment granules in wing scales and gives rise to white wing color. Lipid and transcriptome analyses reveal physiological differences associated with the ALHS. Together, these findings characterize a mechanism for a female-limited ALHS.

scholarly journals Differing Life-History Strategies of Two Mycoheterotrophic Orchid Species Associated with Leaf Litter- and Wood-Decaying Fungi

Diversity ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 161
Author(s):  
Yuki Ogura-Tsujita ◽  
Kenshi Tetsuka ◽  
Shuichiro Tagane ◽  
Miho Kubota ◽  
Shuichiro Anan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Leaf Litter ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Life History Strategy ◽  
Life History Strategies ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Nutrient Depletion ◽  
Saprotrophic Fungi ◽  
Orchid Species ◽  
Mycoheterotrophic Plants

Mycoheterotrophic orchids depend completely on mycorrhizal fungi for their supply of carbon. The life-history traits of mycoheterotrophic plants (MHPs) can differ according to the characteristics of the associated mycorrhizal fungi. We compared the life-history strategies of two mycoheterotrophic orchids associated with wood- and leaf litter-decaying fungi over a maximum of six years of field monitoring. Seventy percent of the aboveground stems of Erythrorchis altissima, associated with wood-decaying fungi, disappeared from the host wood within two years after tagging, likely due to nutrient depletion. In contrast, Gastrodia confusa, associated with leaf litter-decaying fungi, occurred continuously (18 to 108 fruiting stalks) every year within a small-scale plot (12 × 45 m) for six years through seed and clonal propagation. Our results support the idea that mycoheterotrophic orchids associated with wood-decaying fungi disappear from their habitats due to nutrient depletion after their host wood has mostly decayed, while mycoheterotrophic orchids associated with leaf litter-decaying fungi can survive in small-scale habitats where substantial leaf fall regularly occurs to sustain the associated fungi. Our study provides basic information about a unique life-history strategy in MHPs associated with saprotrophic fungi and an understanding of the variation in life-history strategies among MHPs.

scholarly journals Spatial distribution and habitat use by early fish stages in a dammed river basin, Southern Brazil

2018 ◽  
Vol 66 (2) ◽  
pp. 605
Author(s):  
Diego Azevedo Zoccal Garcia ◽  
Alexandro Derly Augusto Costa ◽  
Fernanda Simões de Almeida ◽  
Andréa Bialetzki ◽  
Mário Luís Orsi
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Life History ◽  
Parental Care ◽  
River Basin ◽  
Fish Species ◽  
Life History Strategy ◽  
Fish Fauna ◽  
Mesh Size ◽  
Life History Strategies ◽  
Eggs And Larvae

Fish diversity loss is threatened by the construction of dams as they prevent the regular natural dispersal among populations. Thus, conservation of key riverine habitats for fish reproduction may be essential for the recruitment of new native species of fish. The present study aimed to identify key habitats for fish spawning and early development in the Paranapanema River basin, as well as to determine the taxonomic composition, reproductive and life-history strategy, and to report spatial distribution of eggs, larvae and juveniles. The importance of lagoons, tributaries, and sub-tributaries was evaluated in the Paranapanema River basin between October 2012 and March 2013. Eggs and larvae samples were collected at dawn and dusk with conical plankton nets (0.5 mm mesh size), whereas juveniles were captured during the day with seine and sieve (0.5 cm mesh size). A total of 547 eggs, 904 larvae and 1 228 juveniles were captured. We observed that 2 larvae and 288 juveniles of non-migratory species, parental care, and equilibrium life-history strategy, predominated in lagoons and tributaries. On the other hand, 13 larvae and 60 juveniles of short migratory distance, no parental care, and periodic life-history strategy predominated in sub-tributaries. The highest densities of eggs were recorded in tributaries and sub-tributaries (Tukey’s test, P = 0.001 and P = 0.03, respectively), and the highest densities of larvae were recorded for lagoons and tributaries (P = 0.005 and P = 0.0001, respectively). Captures of eggs and larvae were higher at night; while the highest catches per unit effort of juveniles were recorded for tributaries and sub-tributaries. Fish species that adopt different life-history strategies can use diverse types of habitats during the early stages. Lagoons, tributaries and sub-tributaries of the Paranapanema River play different roles in the reproductive success of fish fauna in a heavily modified basin. The preservation of spawning and nursery areas trapped between reservoirs is necessary for Neotropical fish species recruitment and survival. Rev. Biol. Trop. 66(2): 605-621. Epub 2018 June 01. 

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