Sympodial and monopodial branching in Acer: implications for tree architecture and adaptive significance

1990 ◽  
Vol 68 (7) ◽  
pp. 1549-1553 ◽  
Author(s):  
Satoki Sakai
Keyword(s):  
Computer Simulations ◽  
Growth Pattern ◽  
Adaptive Significance ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Lateral Branch ◽  
Tree Architecture ◽  
The Other ◽  
Terminal Branch ◽  
Weak Dominance ◽  
Branching Angle

To understand the adaptive significance of sympodial and monopodial branching in Japanese Acer, growth patterns of leader shoots of vigorous saplings and their consequences for tree architecture were examined in 6 sympodial species (exhibiting sympodial branching) and 14 monopodial species (exhibiting monopodial branching). All sympodial species were characterized by weak dominance of a main lateral branch and its large branching angle with the leader branch it developed (referred to as the SS type). The monopodial species were divided into two types. One, the ME type, was characterized by strong dominance and a small branching angle of a terminal branch, and the other, the MS type, by intermediate dominance and a small branching angle. The computer simulations showed that the growth pattern of the SS type would result in a vigorous sapling with many horizontally spread branches, that of the ME type with a large amount of vertical growth, and that of the MS type with an intermediate architecture between these two types. The SS, MS, and ME types were recognized as strategies adapted to less sunny, intermediate, and more sunny sites, respectively.

scholarly journals Height Growth Pattern of Lodgepole Pine in Relation to Natural Subregions in Alberta

2004 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 154-159 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Geoff Wang ◽  
Shongming Huang ◽  
David J. Morgan
Keyword(s):  
Growth Pattern ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Quantitative Measure ◽  
Site Index ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Volume Estimation ◽  
The Other ◽  
Breast Height ◽  
Variable Site

Abstract Based on the provincial stem analysis and permanent sample plot (PSP) data of 1,580 felled dominant and codominant trees, height growth patterns of lodgepole pine were compared among the three major natural subregions [Sub-Alpine (SAL), Upper Foothills (UFH), and Lower Foothills (LFH)] in Alberta. The comparison used the ratio of heights at 70 and 30 years of breast height age (Z ratio) as a quantitative measure of height growth pattern (i.e., the response variable), site index (height at breast height age of 50 years) as the covariate, and natural subregion as the factor. Results indicated that: (1) the height growth pattern in the SAL natural subregion was significantly different from other natural subregions; and (2) no significant differences in height growth pattern were found between other natural subregions. Two polymorphic height and site index curves were developed: one for the SAL natural subregion and the other for the UFH and LFH natural subregions. Comparisons between the two curves and the previously developed provincial curve indicated that, for the same site index, trees in the SAL subregion grow consistently slower after 50 years. When the provincial height and site index curve was applied to the SAL natural subregion, large differences (≤14%) in gross volume estimation were found. However, volume estimation differences were very small (<2%) when the provincial curve was applied to the other two natural subregions. It is recommended that the natural subregion-based curves should be used for predicting lodgepole pine site index or height at any age in the SAL natural subregion. West. J. Appl. For. 19(3):154–159.

The genus Bornetia (Rhodophyta, Ceramiaceae) and its Southern Australian representatives, with dscription of Involucrana gen. Nov

1968 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 197 ◽  
Author(s):  
RN Baldock ◽  
HBS Womersley
Keyword(s):  
Type Species ◽  
Marine Algae ◽  
New Genus ◽  
Lateral Branch ◽  
The Other ◽  
Terminal Branch ◽  
Additional Species ◽  
Australian Species ◽  
Fusion Cell

Two species of southern Australian marine algae have been previously placed in Bornetia. One, B. binderiana (Sonder) Zanardini, shows the generic features of the type species from Europe (B. secundiflora), and an additional species, B. tenuis, is also described for the genus. Study of the type and the above two Australian species shows that Bornetia is characterized by subdichotomous filaments of elongate cells, a 5-6(-8)-celled fertile axis developing procarps successively and also non-functional pseudocarpogonia, an involucre produced from the lower cells of the fertile axis, and a large stellate fusion cell; and by the production of tetrasporangia and spermatangial heads in condensed clusters in which the terminal branch cells curve around the cluster as an involucre. The other Australian species, B. ? Meredithiana J. Agardh, has procarps confined to the subterminal cell of a 3-celled fertile axis, and after fertilization sterile cells associated with the procarp produce an inner involucre around the carposporophyte, which has a massive fusion cell. Sessile polysporangia are borne in condensed lateral branch clusters. A new genus, Involucrana, is proposed for this species. Its relationships are probably with Sphondylothamnion, which also differs from other known Ceramiaceae in having a similar inner involucre.

Efficiency of an Optically Controlled Sprayer for Controlling Weeds in Fallow

1998 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 638-645 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gail A. Wicks ◽  
Warwick L. Felton ◽  
Robert D. Murison ◽  
Gordon E. Hanson ◽  
Paul G. Nash
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Growth Pattern ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
The Other ◽  
Field Of View ◽  
Controlled System ◽  
Weed Density ◽  
Redroot Pigweed ◽  
Green Foxtail

Field experiments were conducted to compare performance of glyphosate with three different boom arrangements in a winter wheat-fallow rotation near North Platte, NE, in 1994 and 1995. One boom was optically controlled, and the other boom was for broadcast herbicide applications. Spraying with both booms at the same time was called “dual boom.” The sprayers were tested during May, June, and July on two weed density levels established by applying glyphosate at 0.42 kg ae/ha with and without atrazine at 0.84 kg ai/ha in October following wheat harvest. The dual-boom and the broadcast herbicide applications were more efficient in controlling weeds than the optically controlled system. The dual boom reduced weed density 4.5-fold compared with the optically controlled sprayer used alone. Horseweed < 8 cm tall was more difficult to control with the optically controlled sprayer than redroot pigweed and kochia because of its cylindrical-shaped growth patterns. Barnyardgrass and green foxtail seedlings with an erect growth pattern were also difficult for the sensors to detect. Poorer control with the optically controlled sprayer was associated with failure to identify small weeds, chlorotic plants, inconsistency among sensors, and too wide a field of view (FOV), as sensors were spaced farther apart than presently recommended. The number of sensors on a boom needs to be increased to improve the performance of the optically controlled sprayer.

scholarly journals Production performance of cows raised with different post-weaning growth patterns

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harvey C Freetly ◽  
Robert A Cushman ◽  
Gary L Bennett
Keyword(s):  
Growth Pattern ◽  
Bos Taurus ◽  
Life Time ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Production Performance ◽  
Genetic Population ◽  
Breed Type ◽  
Genetic Types ◽  
Period 2 ◽  
Step Growth

Abstract The period of heifer development is a relatively small fraction of a cow’s life; however, her pattern of growth may have permanent effects on her productivity as a cow. We hypothesized that altering the growth pattern during the peri-pubertal period would increase life-time productivity across genetic types of Bos taurus cows. The objective was to determine the stayability, calf production, and weight of calf weaned across six calf crops. Heifers (n = 685) were placed on one of two developmental programs at 256 ± 1 d of age. Control heifers received a diet that provided 228 kcal ME·(BW, kg) -0.75 daily, and Stair-Step heifers were allocated 157 kcal ME·(BW, kg) -0.75 daily for 84 or 85 d, and then the daily allocation was increased to 277 kcal ME·(BW, kg) -0.75. Stair-Step heifers (0.33 ± 0.02 kg/d) had a lower ADG than Control heifers (0.78 ± 0.02 kg/d; P &lt; 0.001) during Period 1, and Stair-Step heifers (0.93 ± 0.03 kg/d) had a greater ADG than Controls (0.70 ± 0.03 kg/d; P &lt; 0.001) during Period 2. There were no treatment (P = 0.28) or breed type differences (P = 0.42) for the proportion of cows weaning a calf; however, the proportion of cows weaning a calf decreased with cow age (P &lt; 0.001). Calves from Stair-Step dams had heavier weaning weights (193 ± 1 kg) compared to Control calves (191 ± 1 kg; P = 0.007). There was not a treatment (P = 0.25) or breed type differences in cumulative BW weaned (P = 0.59). A diverse genetic population of cattle within Bos taurus was tested and responses in calf production did not differ between Stair-Step growth pattern and a more constant non-obese growth pattern.

An evolutionary and developmental approach toward understanding of growth variations of two closely related dwarfism of Galium verum

Biologia ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 69 (12) ◽  
Author(s):  
Keum Jeong ◽  
Jae-Hong Pak ◽  
Jeong Kim
Keyword(s):  
Cell Proliferation ◽  
Genetic Factors ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Mrna Differential Display ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
The Other ◽  
Differential Growth ◽  
Developmental Approach ◽  
Differential Display Method ◽  
Low Activity

AbstractGalium L. is one of the largest and most widespread genus of Rubiaceae, consisting of more than 650 species worldwide. Galium verum var. asiaticum (G. verum a.) is a perennial herbaceous and widely distributed in in Korea peninsula. On the other hand, Galium verum var. asiaticum for. pusillum (G. verum a.p.) is endemic to Korea, inhabiting only on high land of Mt. Halla of Jeju. G. verum a.p. appears to be a dwarfism of G. verum a. We wondered what physiological, environmental, or genetic factors rendered those two taxa morphologically differentiated. We found that G. verum a.p. shows a low activity of the cell proliferation and was not associated with responsiveness contents of auxin and gibberellins. In order to search for genetic factors involved, we carried out an mRNA differential display method using the ACPs, and isolated several different expression genes between the two taxa. We chose one of those genes, which encoded RADIALIS-like proteins: GvaRADL1 from G. verum a. and GvapRADL1 from G. verum a.p. We discuss the relevancy of the genetic variations in regard to the differential expression patterns of those genes and the differential growth patterns of the two variants.

scholarly journals Influence of Vertical Facial Growth Pattern on Herbst Appliance Effects in Prepubertal Patients: A Retrospective Controlled Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Maria Rita Giuca ◽  
Marco Pasini ◽  
Sara Drago ◽  
Leonardo Del Corso ◽  
Arianna Vanni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Pattern ◽  
Class Ii ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Response To Treatment ◽  
Controlled Study ◽  
Class Ii Malocclusion ◽  
Facial Growth ◽  
Herbst Appliance ◽  
Lateral Cephalograms ◽  
Vertical Growth Pattern

Introduction. The Herbst device is widely used for correction of class II malocclusions; however, most of the researches carried out on the Herbst appliance in literature do not take into account patients with a different mandibular divergence. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of Herbst on dental and skeletal structures and to evaluate possible influence of vertical facial growth patterns. Methods. A retrospective study was conducted on lateral cephalograms of 75 growing patients (mean age: 9.9 ± 1.9 years) with class II malocclusion treated with Herbst. Subjects were divided into 3 groups using the mandibular divergence index (SN and GoMe angle). Cephalometric parameters were evaluated using the modified SO (sagittal occlusion) Pancherz’s analysis. A statistical analysis was conducted to evaluate differences among groups using ANOVA. Results. Our study showed differences in response to treatment depending on patient’s facial vertical growth pattern. Cranial base angle and mandibular rotation were significantly different (p<0.05) between hypodivergent patients and normodivergent patients and between hypodivergent and hyperdivergent subjects. Conclusion. Hypodivergent patients increased their mandibular divergence during treatment to a greater extent than normodivergents; moreover, hyperdivergent patients exhibited a decreased mandibular divergence at the end of the treatment.

scholarly journals A Double Sky-Hook Algorithm for Improving Road-Holding Property in Semi-Active Suspension Systems for Application to In-Wheel Motor

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (19) ◽  
pp. 8912
Author(s):  
Seunghoon Woo ◽  
Donghoon Shin
Keyword(s):  
Computer Simulations ◽  
Dynamic Models ◽  
Active Suspension ◽  
The Other ◽  
Driving Mode ◽  
The Road ◽  
Suspension Systems ◽  
Active Suspension Systems ◽  
Main Disadvantage ◽  
Advanced Development

This paper presents a double sky-hook algorithm for controlling semi-active suspension systems in order to improve road-holding property for application in an in-wheel motor. The main disadvantage of the in-wheel motor is the increase in unsprung masses, which increases after shaking of the wheel, so it has poor road-holding that the conventional theoretical sky-hook algorithm cannot achieve. The double sky-hook algorithm uses a combination of damper coefficients, one from the chassis motion and the other from the wheel motion. Computer simulations using a quarter and full car dynamic models with the road conditions specified by ISO2631 showed the effectiveness of the algorithm. It was observed that the algorithm was the most effective in the vicinity of the wheel hop frequency. This paper also proposed the parameter set of the double sky-hook algorithm to differentiate the driving mode of vehicles under advanced development.

scholarly journals Urban Growth: From pixel to reality

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 1-1
Author(s):  
Shyamantha Subasinghe
Keyword(s):  
Pattern Recognition ◽  
Urban Growth ◽  
Growth Pattern ◽  
Open Space ◽  
Spatial Configuration ◽  
Urban Land ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Zone Model ◽  
Spatial Pattern Analysis ◽  
Ancillary Data

<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> Urban growth is a complex process created through the interaction of human and environmental conditions. The spatial configuration and dynamic process of urban growth is an important topic in contemporary geographical studies (Thapa and Murayama, 2010). However, urban growth pattern recognition is a challengeable task and it has become one of the major fields in Cartography. Since classical era of cartography, several methods have been employed in modelling and urban growth pattern recognition. It shows that there is no agreement among cartographer or any other spatial scientists on how to map the diverse patterns of urban growth.</p><p>Typical urban theories such as von Thünen’s (1826) bid-rent theory, Burgess’s (1925) concentric zone model, Christaller’s (1933) central place theory, and Hoyt’s (1939) sector model explain the urban structure in different manner. Most of them do not contribute to visualize the urban growth pattern spatiotemporally. Recently, by addressing this limitations, several sophisticated methods are used in urban growth visualization. Among them, morphological spatial pattern analysis (MSPA) is one of emerging raster data analysis methods which allows us to integrate neighbourhood interaction rules in urban growth pattern recognition and visualization. Angel et al. (2010) developed urban land classification (urban, suburban, rural, fringe open space, exterior open space, and rural open space) based on built and non-built land categories and detected three major types of urban growth (infill, extension, and leapfrog). However, developing urban land classifications using binary land use type and recognising only three types of urban growth pattern may be insufficient due to the existence of a higher complexity of urban growth. In such context, the present study introduce a geovisualization approach to map spatial patterns of urban growth using multiple land categories and develops three sub-levels of urban growth pattern for each major urban growth pattern.</p><p>The entire process of urban growth pattern recognition developed in this study can be summarized into three steps (Figure 1): (1) urban land mapping &amp;ndash; Landsat imageries representing two time points (2001 and 2017) were classified into two land categories (built and non-built) and developed into multiple classes using ancillary data, (2) recognizing three major patterns of urban growth (infill, extension, and leapfrog) &amp;ndash; the raster overlay method based on neighbourhood interaction rules, (3) development of sublevels of urban growth &amp;ndash; major three patterns were further developed and visualized nine urban growth patterns, namely low infill (LI), moderate infill (MI), high infill (HI), low extension (LE), moderate extension (ME), high extension (HE), low leapfrog (LL), moderate leapfrog (ML), and high leapfrog (HL). The developed procedure of this study in urban growth pattern recognition was tested using a case study of Colombo metropolitan area, Sri Lanka.</p>

Approaches to a Concept of Simulation

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Inge Hinterwaldner
Keyword(s):  
Computer Simulation ◽  
Media Studies ◽  
Computer Simulations ◽  
Natural Sciences ◽  
The Other ◽  
Single Spectrum ◽  
Media Philosophy ◽  
Technical Sense ◽  
The One ◽  
Definition Of

It can be shown that the different conceptions of ‘simulation’ (the one of culture critique on the one hand and the denomination of technical applications on the other) that seem to be incompatible with each other can be reconciled on a single spectrum. Its basis in models, its replacement of reality, its lack of reference and of precession of the referent are some pejorative characteristics often emphasized in media philosophy with regard to simulations, for which the sciences applying computer simulations have no use for. It helps crossing over the views that first seem opposite to each other, but that turn out to be compatible if its root in reality is recognized and thus the representational logic is accepted at least according to the intention. The chapter combines ideas of the 'simulacrum' retrieved in the natural sciences with traces of cybernetic thinking in media studies. The whole study builds on a definition of computer simulation in the technical sense as the involvement with and the act of execution f a dynamic mathematic or procedural model that projects, depicts, or recreates a system or process.

scholarly journals Tissue composition and allometric growth of tissues from commercial cuts and carcass of Texel lambs slaughtered with different weights

2016 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 2123 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sérgio Carvalho ◽  
Luana Cortes Zago ◽  
Cleber Cassol Pires ◽  
Andressa Ana Martins ◽  
Rafael Sanches Venturini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Pattern ◽  
Early Growth ◽  
Tissue Growth ◽  
The Other ◽  
Tissue Composition ◽  
Allometric Growth ◽  
Slaughter Weight ◽  
Muscle Tissues ◽  
Late Growth

In this study, we evaluated the tissue composition, the ratios between different issues, and the allometric growth of tissues from the commercial cuts neck, shoulder, rib, and leg, and of the carcass of Texel lambs. Thirty uncastrated male lambs born from single calvings were used in this experiment. Lambs were weaned, confined individually, and distributed into five treatments with six replications. Each treatment consisted of a predefined slaughter weight (T23 – initial slaughter, T25, T30, T35, and T40). The proportion of bone decreased linearly in the shoulder, rib, and legs, but remained constant in the neck. The proportion of muscle decreased in the rib, whereas in the other cuts it remained constant. The percentage of fat increased as the slaughter weight of the lambs was increased, for all cuts. In all cuts and in the carcass, bone and muscle showed early growth (b &lt; 1), whereas fat displayed late growth (b &gt; 1). The proportion of bone decreased and fat increased linearly in the carcass, and the proportion of muscle was not influenced by the slaughter weight of the lambs. The muscle/fat ratio decreased in all cuts, and consequently in the half-carcass, as the slaughter weight was increased. The muscle/ bone ratio increased in the shoulder, rib, leg, and half-carcass, but there was no significant effect on the neck. The bone and muscle tissues showed early growth, whereas the fat had late growth in the different commercial cuts and carcass of Texel lambs. The tissue growth pattern of the shoulder may be representative of the allometric growth of the different carcass tissues. An increase in the slaughter weight of Texel lambs leads to a reduction of the muscle/fat ratio, due to the higher deposition of fat in the carcass of these animals.

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