Hybridization of Carduus nutans and Carduus acanthoides (Compositae): morphological variation in F1 hybrids and backcrosses

1992 ◽  
Vol 70 (11) ◽  
pp. 2303-2309 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. I. Warwick ◽  
B. K. Thompson ◽  
L. D. Black
Keyword(s):  
Morphological Variation ◽  
Morphological Traits ◽  
Parental Species ◽  
F1 Hybrids ◽  
Carduus Acanthoides ◽  
Carduus Nutans ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Morphological Criteria ◽  
Hybrid Complex ◽  
Hybrid Classes

The aim of this study was to compare patterns of morphological variation in F1 hybrids and backcrosses obtained artifically in the greenhouse relative to the parental species Carduus acanthoides (2n = 22) and Carduus nutans (2n = 16), which form a naturally occurring hybrid complex in Grey County, Ontario. The identity of parental, hybrid, and backcross genotypes was confirmed using allozyme markers. The data were used to test for hybrid (H) intermediacy in morphological traits that differentiate the two parental taxa (acronyms A and N are used for C. acanthoides and C. nutans, respectively) and to determine patterns of variation on the same traits among the four classes of backcross plants (NH, HN, AH, and HA, seed × pollen parent, respectively). Canonical multivariate analysis indicated that in general, F1 hybrids had intermediate morphologies compared with parental genotypes, although differences were observed among characters with respect to the degree of morphological intermediacy of hybrids. The backcrosses were divided into two groups, i.e., those backcrossed with C. acanthoides (AH and HA) and those with C. nutans (NH and HN). However, backcrosses also showed considerable morphological overlap with F1 hybrids. These results exemplify the utility of joint comparisons of morphology and genotypic constitution (allozymes) in the hybridization studies, and they emphasize the limitations in describing hybrid classes solely by morphological criteria. Key words: Carduus nutans, Carduus acanthoides, hybrids, backcrosses, morphological variation.

FURTHER STUDIES ON NATURAL SELECTION AMONG HYBRIDS OF CARDUUS ACANTHOIDES AND CARDUUS NUTANS

1964 ◽  
Vol 42 (12) ◽  
pp. 1605-1613 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. J. Moore ◽  
G. A. Mulligan
Keyword(s):  
Natural Selection ◽  
Chromosome Number ◽  
Parental Species ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Great Decrease ◽  
Carduus Acanthoides ◽  
Carduus Nutans ◽  
Experimental Plots ◽  
Better Than ◽  
Made In

A third 5-year survey made in 1962 of Carduus acanthoides, C. nutans, and their hybrids in Grey Co., Ontario, revealed that a great decrease in these populations had occurred. C. acanthoides and hybrids similar to this species had survived better than C. nutans but very little spread of either species seemed to have occurred in 1957–1962. In experimental plots the hybrid has been made and backcrossed to the parental species. The species differ in chromosome number (C. acanthoides, 2n = 22; C. nutans, 2n = 16) and hybrids have intermediate numbers. Evidence was found from field and experimental studies that the progeny of the F1 hybrid included a greater proportion of seedlings with the higher chromosome numbers than with the lower and intermediate numbers. It is suggested that this selection may operate through the rejection of the longer chromosomes received from C. nutans, which, in certain zygotic combinations may constitute an excess of chromatin lethal to the zygote.

NATURAL SELECTION AMONG HYBRIDS BETWEEN CARDUUS ACANTHOIDES AND C. NUTANS IN ONTARIO

1961 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 269-279 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerald A. Mulligan ◽  
Raymond J. Moore
Keyword(s):  
Natural Selection ◽  
Morphological Variation ◽  
Natural Hybridization ◽  
Hybrid Index ◽  
Local Conditions ◽  
Carduus Acanthoides ◽  
Carduus Nutans ◽  
Waste Land ◽  
Southern Half

Natural hybridization is occurring between two introduced thistles, Carduus acanthoides L. and C. nutans L., in the southern half of Grey County, Ontario. The morphological variation of plants in 37 fields, including a field near Priceville previously studied in 1952, was evaluated by means of a hybrid index in 1957. Carduus nutans was first established in the hybrid area and C. acanthoides was introduced later, probably from the region northwest of Owen Sound, into waste land near Flesherton, where hybridization first occurred. Many large hybrid populations were found in the southern portion of Grey County and most of these hybrids were very similar to C. acanthoides in morphology. It was concluded that there is a numerical supremacy of acanthoides-type hybrid segregates in the hybrid area, and that such hybrids are better adapted for survival under local conditions than C. nutans and will probably supplant the latter species.

scholarly journals Sequencing an F1 hybrid of Silurus asotus and S. meridionalis enabled the assembly of high-quality parental genomes

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Weitao Chen ◽  
Ming Zou ◽  
Yuefei Li ◽  
Shuli Zhu ◽  
Xinhui Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
De Novo ◽  
Parental Species ◽  
F1 Hybrids ◽  
Pelteobagrus Fulvidraco ◽  
F1 Hybrid ◽  
Short Reads ◽  
Final Assembly ◽  
Genome Complexity ◽  
Hybrid Genome ◽  
Silurus Asotus

AbstractGenome complexity such as heterozygosity may heavily influence its de novo assembly. Sequencing somatic cells of the F1 hybrids harboring two sets of genetic materials from both of the paternal and maternal species may avoid alleles discrimination during assembly. However, the feasibility of this strategy needs further assessments. We sequenced and assembled the genome of an F1 hybrid between Silurus asotus and S. meridionalis using the SequelII platform and Hi-C scaffolding technologies. More than 300 Gb raw data were generated, and the final assembly obtained 2344 scaffolds composed of 3017 contigs. The N50 length of scaffolds and contigs was 28.55 Mb and 7.49 Mb, respectively. Based on the mapping results of short reads generated for the paternal and maternal species, each of the 29 chromosomes originating from S. asotus and S. meridionalis was recognized. We recovered nearly 94% and 96% of the total length of S. asotus and S. meridionalis. BUSCO assessments and mapping analyses suggested that both genomes had high completeness and accuracy. Further analyses demonstrated the high collinearity between S. asotus, S. meridionalis, and the related Pelteobagrus fulvidraco. Comparison of the two genomes with that assembled only using the short reads from non-hybrid parental species detected a small portion of sequences that may be incorrectly assigned to the different species. We supposed that at least part of these situations may have resulted from mitotic recombination. The strategy of sequencing the F1 hybrid genome can recover the vast majority of the parental genomes and may improve the assembly of complex genomes.

Chloroplast DNA polymorphism reveals geographic structure and introgression in the Quercus crassifolia × Quercus crassipes hybrid complex in Mexico

Botany ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 86 (3) ◽  
pp. 228-239 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Tovar-Sánchez ◽  
P. Mussali-Galante ◽  
R. Esteban-Jiménez ◽  
D. Piñero ◽  
D. M. Arias ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Parental Species ◽  
Diversity Index ◽  
Hot Spot ◽  
Haplotype Diversity ◽  
Hybrid Zones ◽  
Chloroplast Microsatellite ◽  
Colonization Routes ◽  
Allopatric Populations ◽  
Genetic Structure Of Populations ◽  
Hybrid Complex

Quercus crassifolia H. & B. and Quercus crassipes H. & B. are two common temperate forest species in Mexico that form hybrids when they occur in mixed (sympatric) areas. In this study, we used chloroplast microsatellite haplotypes to infer phylogeographic patterns onto the genetic structure of populations of both parental species, thus defining probable colonization routes throughout Mexico. Haplotype diversity in seven hybrid zones and four allopatric sites with nonmixed (allopatric) populations of both putative parental species was analyzed. To determine the expansion and colonization routes for the two species, we carried out a nested clade phylogeographic analysis that would allow us to infer the haplotype correspondence to a phylogeographical approach. In spite of sharing many common populations, we determined that there is a different genetic historical colonization for Q. crassipes and for Q. crassifolia. Hybrid populations had the highest levels of genetic variation (Gv), Shannon diversity index (H), and haplotype number (nh) in comparison with nonmixed/allopatric populations of their putative parentals. Furthermore, populations of hybrid zones showed the highest values of genetic differentiation FST, RST . Moreover, both species share four distinctive cpDNA haplotypes, which were most likely acquired by introgression through hybrids located in several populations throughout the Eje Neovolcánico area. This last region was confirmed to be a “hot spot” for oak diversity, a place in which different maternal lineages merged.

scholarly journals GENOME SIZE IN THREE SPECIES OF Glandularia AND THEIR HYBRIDS

2019 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 47-54
Author(s):  
M.R. Ferrari ◽  
E.J. Greizerstein ◽  
L. Poggio
Keyword(s):  
Genome Size ◽  
Dna Content ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Parental Species ◽  
The Other ◽  
F1 Hybrids ◽  
Homoeologous Pairing ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Species Being ◽  
Homoeologous Chromosomes

In this work the relationship between genome size of Glandularia species and the meiotic configurations found in their hybrids are discussed. Glandularia incisa (Hook.) Tronc., growing in two localities of Corrientes and Córdoba provinces, Argentina, with different ecological conditions, showed inter-population variability of the 2C-value. The DNA content found in the Corrientes locality (2.41 pg) was higher than that obtained in the Córdoba locality (2.09 pg) which has more stressful environmental conditions than the former. These values are statistically different from those that were found in Glandularia pulchella (Sweet) Tronc. from Corrientes (1.43 pg) and in Glandularia perakii Cov. et Schn from Córdoba (1.47 pg). The DNA content of the diploid F1 hybrids, G. pulchella × G. incisa and G. perakii × G. incisa, differed statistically from the DNA content of the parental species, being intermediate between them. Differences in the frequency of pairing of homoeologous chromosomes were observed in the hybrids; these differences cannot be explained by differences in genome size since hybrids with similar DNA content differ significantly in their meiotic behavior. On the other hand, the differences in the DNA content between the parental species justify the presence of a high frequency of heteromorphic open and closed bivalents and univalents with different size in the hybrids. Key words: Intra-specific DNA content variability, homoeologous pairing, heteromorphic bivalents

scholarly journals Exploitation of Diversity for Morphological Traits in Lilium tsingtauense under Different Habitats

2014 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 178-184 ◽  
Author(s):  
KiByung LIM ◽  
Adnan YOUNIS ◽  
Jong TAEK PARK ◽  
Yoon JUNG HWANG
Keyword(s):  
Morphological Variation ◽  
Morphological Traits ◽  
Morphological Analysis ◽  
Flower Color ◽  
Cut Flower ◽  
Light Yellow ◽  
Fundamental Information ◽  
Color Fading ◽  
Young Leaves

In this study naturally growing morphological variation of Lilium tsingtauense (Korean wheel lily), from southern Chung San Island to northern Mount Seorak, was investigated in 16 habitats around the country. Morphological analysis revealed that this species had its own unique characteristics in different habitats. Flowers with luster are in actinomorphic form, with shades of orange, each plant having an average of 2.4 flowers that blossom upward. The shape of flower petals was from oval to oblong. The width of the petals, which determines the shape of the flower, significantly varied among regions. Flower petals showed purple spots and its occurrence greatly varied among plants from almost none to 300 spots per flower. In addition, when the number of spots increased, the flower color was more vivid. Leaves were typically one-tiered verticillate and most of the leaves were long, oval and some were lanceolate. Young leaves showed definitive patterns that faded during growth. Starting from the verticillate leaves, stems below the leaves were smooth, although 81% of all stems, above the verticillate leaves, showed rough micro-protrusions. Bulb shapes were long and vertically elliptical. The ramentum was light yellow in color and the base was darker, with the color fading toward the upper region of the plant. The shape of the ramentum was long, with a pointy end, and its adhesiveness was weak. This study offers basic fundamental information for the effective exploitation and recognition of L. tsingtauense resources as a potential cut flower and potting plant in floral trade worldwide.

scholarly journals Habitat, Sexual and Allometric Influences on Morphological Traits of Intertidal Crabs

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Vermeiren ◽  
C. Lennard ◽  
C. Trave
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Selection ◽  
Sexual Dimorphism ◽  
Morphological Variation ◽  
Morphological Traits ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Habitat Preferences ◽  
Mangrove Crab ◽  
Habitat Factors ◽  
Specific Factors ◽  
Claw Shape

Abstract Intertidal crabs display distinct morphological traits that allow differential interactions with biotic and abiotic features of the intertidal landscape, but are also influenced by allometry and sexual selection. This study aimed to explore the influence of sexual, allometric and habitat factors on morphological variation in the intertidal mangrove crab assemblage. A standardized photographic protocol was developed using readily available, low-cost technology to capture the morphology of carapaces and claws as sets of Cartesian landmarks. Digitization errors were 1 to 2 orders of magnitude smaller than the variation among individuals. In Tubuca seismella and Tubuca signata (superfamily Ocypodoidea), species that have traditionally been studied for sexual dimorphism, standardized major claw sizes were 2.8 and 3.7, respectively, times larger for males than females. Sexual dimorphism in claw size was also observed for Metopograpsus frontalis and Parasesarma longicristatum (superfamily Grapsoidea), with the largest claw in males being 15% and 33%, respectively, larger than in females. In contrast to size, claw shape did not relate to sex, except for T. seismella. Carapace shape, although variable among individuals and displaying asymmetry, was unrelated to sex. Claw and carapace shapes displayed high correlations, with values around 0.78. Carapace shapes grouped into taxonomic families and linked to habitat preferences, while claw shapes varied along a taxonomic gradient. These results complement studies on crab morphology that focus on specific factors or species, and stress the importance of multiple, interacting factors including sexual, allometric and habitat influences as drivers of morphological trait variability.

scholarly journals Naturally occurring hybrids of coral reef butterflyfishes have similar fitness compared to parental species

PLoS ONE ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. e0173212 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefano R. Montanari ◽  
Jean-Paul A. Hobbs ◽  
Morgan S. Pratchett ◽  
Line K. Bay ◽  
Lynne van Herwerden
Keyword(s):  
Coral Reef ◽  
Parental Species ◽  
Naturally Occurring

Molecular genetic evidence for allotetraploid hybrid speciation in the genus Crocus L. (Iridaceae)

Phytotaxa ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 258 (2) ◽  
pp. 121 ◽  
Author(s):  
ÁGNES MOSOLYGÓ-L ◽  
GÁBOR SRAMKÓ ◽  
SÁNDOR BARABÁS ◽  
LEVENTE CZEGLÉDI ◽  
ANDRÁS JÁVOR ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dna Sequences ◽  
Phylogenetic Trees ◽  
Parental Species ◽  
Molecular Genetic ◽  
Parallel Evolution ◽  
Carpathian Basin ◽  
Hybrid Origin ◽  
F1 Hybrids ◽  
Aflp Data ◽  
F1 Hybrid

Although dysploidy and polyploidisation events are known to be important drivers in the evolutionary history of the genus Crocus, only a few examples of natural hybrid origins have so far been documented. Here, we describe the phylogenetic affinities of five taxa in the Crocus vernus species complex from the Carpathian Basin in Central Europe. Genetic variability was evaluated using chloroplast DNA sequences of the accD-psaI intergenic spacer and amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) in combination with karyological observations. Genetic diversity and differentiation of the seven investigated Crocus species were also evaluated using AFLP data. We created a phylogenetic hypothesis using both sequences and AFLP fingerprinting data under maximum parsimony (MP). AFLPs were also analysed by means of multivariate statistics using principal coordinate (PCoA) analysis and Bayesian clustering (BC) to test for hybridity. Both the AFLP and plastid phylogenetic trees separated the taxa into two groups: (1) a ‘Balkan’ clade, and; (2) an ‘Adriatic’ clade. The Balkan clade contained Crocus heuffelianus samples and one Crocus vittatus from Croatia as well as Crocus tommasinianus samples from Hungary; the Adriatic clade included Crocus vittatus and Crocus vernus samples from Hungary and Croatia as well as Crocus neapolitanus from Italy. A hard incongruence was found in the placement of the Slovakian Crocus scepusiensis which clustered inside the Balkan clade on our plastid tree, while it fell in the Adriatic clade on the AFLP tree. The same populations occupied intermediate position on the PCoA plot. The BC analysis assigned all Crocus scepusiensis specimens as F1 hybrids, while Crocus vernus and Crocus heuffelianus were assigned as parental species. Together with our cytological investigation that determined a 2n=18 chromosome number of Crocus scepusiensis, we conclude an allopolyploid hybrid origin for this Northern Carpathian taxon as the result of a cross between members of the 2n=10 Balkan clade (e.g., Crocus heuffelianus from Transylvania) and the 2n=8 Adriatic clade (Crocus vernus). A similar origin is postulated for the North Balkan Crocus vittatus (2n=18), which was clustered as an F1 hybrid in the BC analysis; thus, parallel evolution may have taken place in the northern and southern part of the Carpathian Basin beginning from the same parental species but leading to different allopolyploid derivatives.

THE BIOLOGY OF CANADIAN WEEDS.: 89. Carduus nutans L. and Carduus acanthoides L.

1988 ◽  
Vol 68 (4) ◽  
pp. 1053-1068 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. M. DESROCHERS ◽  
J. F. BAIN ◽  
S. I. WARWICK
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Seed Production ◽  
Germination Rate ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
Western Canada ◽  
Control Methods ◽  
Carduus Acanthoides ◽  
Carduus Nutans ◽  
Introduced Weeds

Carduus nutans L. and C. acanthoides L. are introduced weeds, primarily of roadsides, fields and pasturelands. Both species occur in eastern and western Canada with C. nutans more common than C. acanthoides in western Canada. High seed production and germination rate on open soil contribute to the success of the species as weeds, as do the spiny leaves and stems which deter grazing by animals. Mowing or the application of hormone-like herbicides are both effective means of control. Biological control methods have also been used for both species, but have been most successful in the control of C. nutans.Key words: Musk thistle, nodding thistle, plumeless thistle, Carduus spp.

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