Effects of domestication on parr maturity, growth, and vulnerability to predation in Atlantic salmon

2014 ◽  
Vol 71 (9) ◽  
pp. 1371-1384 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul V. Debes ◽  
Jeffrey A. Hutchings
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Prey Size ◽  
Wild Strain ◽  
Male Reproductive Success ◽  
Selective Predation ◽  
Predation Mortality ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Related Stress ◽  
Induced Changes ◽  
Lower Size

Domestication can change fitness-related traits. We investigated domestication-induced changes in fitness-related traits in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) under naturally enriched laboratory conditions with and without threat of predation. Selection in two strains for rapid growth for three and five generations resulted in two and three times larger sizes of under-yearling parr relative to their wild ancestor. An initially larger size and ability to outgrow prey size more rapidly resulted in lower size-selective predation mortality for domesticated individuals. Growth under threat of predation was only reduced for wild individuals, suggesting that domestication co-selects for predator-related stress resistance. Size-adjusted male parr maturation probability was 34% in the wild strain, but significantly reduced to 10% and 7% after three and five generations of domestication, respectively. Together, freshwater-stage-specific survival for individuals with a domesticated background relative to individuals with a wild genetic background might be higher in the presence of gape-limited predators preferring small individuals, but male reproductive success might be lower for domesticated individuals as their reproduction potential during the freshwater phase is reduced.

scholarly journals A single nuclei transcriptomic analysis of the Atlantic salmon gill through smoltification and seawater transfer

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander C. West ◽  
Yasutaka Mizoro ◽  
Shona H. Wood ◽  
Louise M. Ince ◽  
Marianne Iversen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Direct Evidence ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Prior Work ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Induced Changes ◽  
Freshwater Environments ◽  
Transcriptomic Studies

AbstractAnadromous salmonids begin life adapted to the freshwater environments of their natal streams before a developmental transition, known as smoltification, transforms them into marine-adapted fish. In the wild, the extending photoperiods of spring stimulates smoltification, typified by radical reprogramming of the gill from an ion-absorbing organ to ion-excreting organ. Prior work has highlighted the role of specialized “mitochondrion-rich” cells in delivering this phenotype. However, transcriptomic studies identify thousands of smoltification-driven differentially regulated genes, indicating that smoltification causes a multifaceted, multicellular change; but direct evidence of this is lacking.Here, we use single-nuclei RNAseq to characterize the Atlantic salmon gill during smoltification and seawater transfer. We identify 20 distinct clusters of nuclei, including known, but also novel gill cell types. These data allow us to isolate cluster-specific, smoltification-induced changes in gene expression. We also show how cellular make-up of the gill changes through smoltification. As expected, we noted an increase in the proportion of seawater mitochondrion-rich cells, however, we also identify a reduction of several immune-related cells. Overall, our results provide unrivaled detail of the cellular complexity in the gill and suggest that smoltification triggers unexpected immune reprogramming directly preceding seawater entry.

scholarly journals Controlled Transcription of Regulator Gene carS by Tet-on or by a Strong Promoter Confirms Its Role as a Repressor of Carotenoid Biosynthesis in Fusarium fujikuroi

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 71
Author(s):  
Julia Marente ◽  
Javier Avalos ◽  
M. Carmen Limón
Keyword(s):  
Wild Strain ◽  
Ring Finger ◽  
Carotenoid Biosynthesis ◽  
Negative Regulator ◽  
Fusarium Fujikuroi ◽  
Structural Genes ◽  
Gene Encoding ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Set Up

Carotenoid biosynthesis is a frequent trait in fungi. In the ascomycete Fusarium fujikuroi, the synthesis of the carboxylic xanthophyll neurosporaxanthin (NX) is stimulated by light. However, the mutants of the carS gene, encoding a protein of the RING finger family, accumulate large NX amounts regardless of illumination, indicating the role of CarS as a negative regulator. To confirm CarS function, we used the Tet-on system to control carS expression in this fungus. The system was first set up with a reporter mluc gene, which showed a positive correlation between the inducer doxycycline and luminescence. Once the system was improved, the carS gene was expressed using Tet-on in the wild strain and in a carS mutant. In both cases, increased carS transcription provoked a downregulation of the structural genes of the pathway and albino phenotypes even under light. Similarly, when the carS gene was constitutively overexpressed under the control of a gpdA promoter, total downregulation of the NX pathway was observed. The results confirmed the role of CarS as a repressor of carotenogenesis in F. fujikuroi and revealed that its expression must be regulated in the wild strain to allow appropriate NX biosynthesis in response to illumination.

Maladaptation and phenotypic mismatch in hatchery-reared Atlantic salmon Salmo salar released in the wild

2014 ◽  
Vol 85 (6) ◽  
pp. 1927-1945 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Stringwell ◽  
A. Lock ◽  
C. J. Stutchbury ◽  
E. Baggett ◽  
J. Taylor ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar ◽  
In The Wild

REGULAR ARTICLES / ARTICLES RÉGULIERSSize-related predation reduces intramorph competition in paedomorphic Alpine newts

2001 ◽  
Vol 79 (6) ◽  
pp. 943-948 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mathieu Denoël ◽  
Pierre Joly
Keyword(s):  
Resource Partitioning ◽  
Prey Size ◽  
Food Competition ◽  
Aquatic Habitats ◽  
Age At Maturity ◽  
Selective Predation ◽  
Facultative Paedomorphosis ◽  
Triturus Alpestris ◽  
Younger Age ◽  
Capture Range

Evolutionary theory assumes that facultative paedomorphosis in newts and salamanders is adaptive in allowing either a younger age at maturity or resource partitioning between the heterochronic morphs. In newt populations that only take the metamorphic ontogenetic pathway, juveniles are terrestrial and avoid food competition with larvae and breeding adults. In contrast, in populations where paedomorphosis occurs, branchiate newts of all sizes coexist in the aquatic habitats, posing the question of whether intramorph competition exists and its relationship with the evolution of paedomorphosis. We studied size-related predation in such a size-structured community of branchiate Alpine newts (Triturus alpestris) inhabiting a deep alpine lake. Although gape limitation may explain such size-related predation, individuals also exhibited selectivity according to prey size. Amongst small prey that were within the capture range of all newt size classes, smaller newts preyed on smaller items than did larger ones. We assume that such decisions favour the coexistence of different-sized individuals. It is suspected that such size-selective predation on items which are avoided by water-living metamorphs allows the maintenance of facultative paedomorphosis, in favouring resource partitioning between morphs.

Consequences of elevated CO2 exposure across multiple life stages in a coastal forage fish

2016 ◽  
Vol 74 (4) ◽  
pp. 1051-1061 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher S. Murray ◽  
Lee A. Fuiman ◽  
Hannes Baumann
Keyword(s):  
Elevated Co2 ◽  
Condition Factor ◽  
Length Distribution ◽  
Life Stages ◽  
Menidia Menidia ◽  
Selective Predation ◽  
High Co2 ◽  
Atlantic Silverside ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Exposure Experiment

Ocean acidification may impact the fitness of marine fish, however, studies reporting neutral to moderate effects have mostly performed short-term exposures to elevated CO2, whereas longer-term studies across life stages are still scarce. We performed a CO2 exposure experiment, in which a large number (n > 2200) of Atlantic silverside Menidia menidia offspring from wild spawners were reared for 135 days through their embryonic, larval, and juvenile stages under control (500 µatm) and high CO2 conditions (2300 µatm). Although survival was high across treatments, subtle but significant differences in length, weight, condition factor and fatty acid (FA) composition were observed. On average, fish from the acidified treatment were 4% shorter and weighed 6% less, but expressed a higher condition factor than control juveniles. In addition, the metrics of length and weight distributions differed significantly, with juveniles from the high CO2 treatment occupying more extreme size classes and the length distribution shifting to a positive kurtosis. Six of twenty-seven FAs differed significantly between treatments. Our results suggest that high CO2 conditions alter long-term growth in M. menidia, particularly in the absence of excess food. It remains to be shown whether and how these differences will impact fish populations in the wild facing size-selective predation and seasonally varying prey abundance.

scholarly journals Captive-bred Atlantic salmon released into the wild have fewer offspring than wild-bred fish and decrease population productivity

2020 ◽  
Vol 287 (1937) ◽  
pp. 20201671
Author(s):  
Ronan James O'Sullivan ◽  
Tutku Aykanat ◽  
Susan E. Johnston ◽  
Ger Rogan ◽  
Russell Poole ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Mixed Population ◽  
Lifetime Reproductive Success ◽  
Wild Relative ◽  
Offspring Survival ◽  
Wild Populations ◽  
Annual Productivity ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Analyse Data

The release of captive-bred animals into the wild is commonly practised to restore or supplement wild populations but comes with a suite of ecological and genetic consequences. Vast numbers of hatchery-reared fish are released annually, ostensibly to restore/enhance wild populations or provide greater angling returns. While previous studies have shown that captive-bred fish perform poorly in the wild relative to wild-bred conspecifics, few have measured individual lifetime reproductive success (LRS) and how this affects population productivity. Here, we analyse data on Atlantic salmon from an intensely studied catchment into which varying numbers of captive-bred fish have escaped/been released and potentially bred over several decades. Using a molecular pedigree, we demonstrate that, on average, the LRS of captive-bred individuals was only 36% that of wild-bred individuals. A significant LRS difference remained after excluding individuals that left no surviving offspring, some of which might have simply failed to spawn, consistent with transgenerational effects on offspring survival. The annual productivity of the mixed population (wild-bred plus captive-bred) was lower in years where captive-bred fish comprised a greater fraction of potential spawners. These results bolster previous empirical and theoretical findings that intentional stocking, or non-intentional escapees, threaten, rather than enhance, recipient natural populations.

Influence of Starvation on Selected Temperature of some Salmonids

1967 ◽  
Vol 24 (7) ◽  
pp. 1515-1519 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Yaqub Javaid ◽  
John M. Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Brook Trout ◽  
Starvation Period ◽  
Induced Changes

Starvation-induced changes were observed in the selected temperature of some under-yearling salmonids. In Atlantic salmon an upwards shift occurred within 24–28 hr after cessation of feeding. In brook trout and rainbow trout a downwards shift occurred within 24 hr after cessation of feeding. Brook trout showed an initial overshoot. These changes were maintained more or less constantly throughout the starvation period which lasted from 15 to 22 days. In all cases the selected temperature had returned to its pre-starvation value within 24 hr after resumption of feeding.

scholarly journals Natural selection acts on Atlantic salmon major histocompatibility (MH) variability in the wild

2007 ◽  
Vol 274 (1611) ◽  
pp. 861-869 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elvira de Eyto ◽  
Philip McGinnity ◽  
Sofia Consuegra ◽  
Jamie Coughlan ◽  
Jarle Tufto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Natural Selection ◽  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Balancing Selection ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Class Ii ◽  
Major Histocompatibility ◽  
Genotype Frequencies ◽  
Fitness Consequences ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Class Ii Alpha

Pathogen-driven balancing selection is thought to maintain polymorphism in major histocompatibility (MH) genes. However, there have been few empirical demonstrations of selection acting on MH loci in natural populations. To determine whether natural selection on MH genes has fitness consequences for wild Atlantic salmon in natural conditions, we compared observed genotype frequencies of Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar ) surviving in a river six months after their introduction as eggs with frequencies expected from parental crosses. We found significant differences between expected and observed genotype frequencies at the MH class II alpha locus, but not at a MH class I-linked microsatellite or at seven non-MH-linked microsatellite loci. We therefore conclude that selection at the MH class II alpha locus was a result of disease-mediated natural selection, rather than any demographic event. We also show that survival was associated with additive allelic effects at the MH class II alpha locus. Our results have implications for both the conservation of wild salmon stocks and the management of disease in hatchery fish. We conclude that natural or hatchery populations have the best chance of dealing with episodic and variable disease challenges if MH genetic variation is preserved both within and among populations.

scholarly journals Effects of Chloramphenicol on the Mitochondrial Respiratory Chain in the Wild Strain and in a Cytoplasmic Chloramphenicol-Resistant Mutant ofTetrahymena pyriformis

1982 ◽  
Vol 2 (6) ◽  
pp. 715-719 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roland Perasso ◽  
Jean-Jacques Curgy ◽  
Nicole Stelly ◽  
Jean Andre
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Cytochrome Oxidase ◽  
Oxidase Activity ◽  
Wild Strain ◽  
Resistant Mutant ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Mitochondrial Translation ◽  
Cytochrome Oxidase Activity ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Mitochondrial Respiratory

The effects of chloramphenicol (CAP) on mitochondrial respiratory activity in the wild strain (ST) and in a cytoplasmic CAP-resistant mutant (STR1) ofTetrahymena pyriformiswere studied by determining oxygen consumption, by spectrophotometry, and by cytochemistry. In the absence of CAP both strains had the same respiration capacity, and the low-temperature spectra of their isolated mitochondria were similar. Furthermore, the mitochondria of both strains showed a positive reaction with diaminobenzidine, denoting a similar cytochrome oxidase activity. However, when cells were grown in CAP for 24 or 48 h, the peaks of cytochrome oxidase and cytochromebwere almost absent in the wild type. In this type the oxygen consumption was greatly decreased, and the mitochondria were no longer stained by diaminobenzidine. In the mutant, the peaks of cytochrome oxidase and cytochromebwere decreased only; respiration was less affected than in the wild type, and cytochrome oxidase activity was still disclosed by the diaminobenzidine reaction. These results show that CAP inhibits the synthesis of two cytochromes (band oxidase) which are partially translated into the mitochrondria ofT. pyriformis.In the mutant, CAP reduces only the mitochondrial translation, resulting in reduced mitochondrial activity and reduced growth rate of the cell. These results are compared with the nucleo-mitochondrial regulation mechanisms discussed in our previous works.

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