Growth and Chemical Composition of Chum (Oncorhynchus keta) and Sockeye (O. nerka) Salmon Fry Produced in Spawning Channel and Natural Environments

1970 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 371-382 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. E. Vanstone ◽  
J. R. Markert ◽  
D. B. Lister ◽  
M. A. Giles
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Chum Salmon ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Chemical Constituents ◽  
Total Weight ◽  
Oncorhynchus Keta ◽  
Natural Environments ◽  
Rates Of Change ◽  
Rate Of Increase

A comparison was made of the weights, lengths, weight–length relations, and chemical composition in migrating chum and sockeye fry resulting from eggs incubated and hatched in natural and artificial streams. Additionally, growth rates and rates of change in some chemical constituents were investigated in postmigrant channel- and river-hatched chum salmon confined to floating pens in sea water and in postmigrant sockeye salmon captured from their lake nursery area.There were no apparent differences in the lengths, weights, weight–length relations, or chemical composition between river- and channel-hatched chum salmon migrants. Nor was there any difference in the rates of change in length, weight, or chemical composition of these two groups of chums when confined to pens in sea water for 10 weeks after migration.There were differences in the weight–length relations, lipid content, and nitrogen content between channel- and river-hatched sockeye migrants. It is suggested, however, that these differences are due to the fact that the timing of the peaks of migration of these two groups of fish differed and that at any one time channel fry were physiologically different from river fry.Growth of the chum salmon in sea water and the sockeye in the lake was exponential and the slope of the weight–length relation, W = aLb, was approximately 3.25. During this growth period although total weight, moisture, solids, lipid, and nitrogen increased the rate of increase in moisture was less than the rates of increase in total weight or the other constituents.

Fatty acid alterations during migration and early sea water growth of chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta)

Lipids ◽  
1972 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 90-95 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. B. Saddler ◽  
K. V. Koski ◽  
R. D. Cardwell
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Chum Salmon ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Oncorhynchus Keta ◽  
Chum Salmon Oncorhynchus Keta

EFFECTS OF THYROXINE AND THIOUREA ON THE EARLY DEVELOPMENT OF CHUM SALMON (ONCORHYNCHUS KETA)

1954 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 244-251 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel Dales ◽  
William S. Hoar
Keyword(s):  
Body Length ◽  
Chum Salmon ◽  
Body Wall ◽  
The Body ◽  
Oncorhynchus Keta ◽  
Apparent Effect ◽  
Pectoral Fins ◽  
Rate Of Increase ◽  
Treated Fish ◽  
Accelerated Growth

Eggs of chum salmon were incubated in solutions of synthetic thyroxine sodium or thiourea. Thyroxine accelerated growth of the body wall and pectoral fins but reduced the rate of increase in body length. In addition, thyroxine treatment produced exophthalmia, intense deposition of guanine, and decreased pigmentation. Thiourea likewise reduced the rate of growth in length but had no apparent effect on the development of body wall or fins. Decreased deposition of guanine was evident in thiourea treated fish but the deposition of melanin was not affected. Thyroids of fish treated with thyroxine showed characteristic colloid storage while those of fish in thiourea were hyperplastic. The rate of contraction of the embryonic heart was unaffected by the treatments.

LOCOMOTOR PERFORMANCE OF CHUM SALMON FRY (ONCORHYNCHUS KETA) DURING OSMOREGULATORY ADAPTATION TO SEA WATER

1959 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 591-605 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arthur Hillier Houston
Keyword(s):  
Chum Salmon ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Oncorhynchus Keta ◽  
Locomotor Performance ◽  
Entire Experimental Period ◽  
Salmon Fry ◽  
Initial Effect ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Slight Depression

Transfer into sea water produced an immediate and marked depression of the cruising speed of chum salmon fry. Despite considerable recovery from this initial effect the fish exhibited a continuing slight depression of cruising speed over the entire experimental period (80 hours). Variations in total body levels of chloride and water were significantly correlated with changes in cruising speed, suggesting that variations in activity might be related to the process of osmoregulatory adaptation to sea water. Possible mechanisms underlying this effect have been discussed.

Changes in expression of neurohypophysial hormone genes during spawning migration in chum salmon, Oncorhynchus keta

1997 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
S Hiraoka ◽  
H Ando ◽  
M Ban ◽  
H Ueda ◽  
A Urano
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Northern Blot ◽  
Blot Analysis ◽  
Chum Salmon ◽  
Northern Blot Analysis ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Spawning Migration ◽  
Oncorhynchus Keta ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Neuroendocrine Mechanism

ABSTRACT We analyzed changes in the hypothalamic levels of vasotocin (VT) and isotocin (IT) mRNA in chum salmon during spawning migration to the Ishikari river. The fish were caught at Atsuta, a fisherman's village facing the Ishikari bay, and at Chitose, an upstream branch of the Ishikari river. The former are referred to as sea water (SW) fish, and the latter as freshwater (FW) fish. The levels of VT and IT mRNA in the forebrains were determined by quantitative Northern blot analysis using single-stranded DNA with the same mRNA sequences as the standards. Levels of VT mRNA were higher in the FW males than the FW females, although no such difference was seen in the SW fish. Changes in the levels of VT mRNA were markedly different in males and females. In the males, no significant differences were seen in the levels of VT-I and VT-II mRNA between the SW and FW fish. However, in the females, the levels of VT mRNA in the FW fish were significantly lower than those in the SW fish. Changes in the levels of IT-I and IT-II mRNA were essentially similar in the males and females. These results suggest that the control of VT gene expression is different in males and females during spawning migration, although the neuroendocrine mechanism is not known.

Decreased Seawater Adaptability of Chum Salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) Fry Following Prolonged Rearing in Freshwater

1982 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 509-514 ◽  
Author(s):  
Munehico Iwata ◽  
Sanae Hasegawa ◽  
Tetsuya Hirano
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Chum Salmon ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Oncorhynchus Keta ◽  
Direct Transfer ◽  
Chum Salmon Oncorhynchus Keta ◽  
Salmon Fry ◽  
Seaward Migration ◽  
Osmoregulatory Ability

Chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) fry weighing about 1 g maintained plasma Na+ concentrations at 134–140 mmol/L during seaward migration in the Otsuchi River. The plasma Na+ level increased slightly in the estuary, and reached 150–160 mmol/L in the fry caught in the bay. On direct transfer from freshwater to seawater, the plasma Na+ concentrations of the fry weighing 0.4–2.3 g increased markedly after 1 h and reached a maximum after 3–12 h. The fry of < 1.4 g attained sea water-acclimated plasma Na+ level of 156 mmol/L within 24 h after transfer, whereas fry of 1.8–2.3 g failed to adapt to seawater within 24 h. When seawater adaptability of fry of different lots was examined simultaneously in late April, 83–109 d after hatch, the smaller fry adjusted their plasma Na+ levels more easily than the larger fry: the smallest fry attained seawater level after 12 h without showing any peak. Changes in seawater adaptability of the same lots of fry were also followed until 5 mo after hatching, and the osmoregulatory ability of the fry in seawater decreased gradually with an increase in body weight or in the time spent in freshwater.Key words: chum salmon fry, seaward migration, plasma Na+ concentration, seawater adaptability, Oncorhynchus keta

Changes in Body Chloride, Density, and Water Content of Chum (Oncorhynchus keta) and Coho (O. kisutch) Salmon Fry when Transferred from Fresh Water to Sea Water

1951 ◽  
Vol 8b (3) ◽  
pp. 164-177 ◽  
Author(s):  
Virginia Safford Black
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Chum Salmon ◽  
Coho Salmon ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
The Body ◽  
Oncorhynchus Keta ◽  
Normal Range ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Salmon Fry

Changes in body chloride, density and water content of chum and coho salmon fry were measured when these fish were transferred from fresh water to sea water, and the reverse. Both species tolerated 50% sea water (8–9‰ Cl). Chum fry survived direct transfer from fresh water to sea water (15–17‰ Cl), but showed a marked increase in body chloride during the first 12 hours, followed by a return to the normal range between 12 and 24 hours. Coho, however, died within the first 36 hours, after a 60% increase in chloride. Coho fry lost more water than chum fry after introduction to sea water. The density of both species approximated that of the water within an hour of transfer to the new medium. When returned to fresh water after 12 hours in sea water the body chloride, density, and water content of both species regained normal levels within 10 hours. Chum salmon go to sea as fry, whereas cohos remain in fresh water a year or more. Although coho fry seem capable of some adjustment to sea water after a preliminary period in 50% sea water, permanent acclimatization could not be demonstrated under the experimental conditions.

Influence of Size Upon the Adaptation of Steelhead Trout (Salmo gairdneri) and Chum Salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) to Sea Water

1961 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 401-415 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arthur H. Houston
Keyword(s):  
Chum Salmon ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Water Salinity ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Oncorhynchus Keta ◽  
Electrolyte Balance ◽  
Steelhead Trout ◽  
Chum Salmon Oncorhynchus Keta ◽  
Salmonid Species ◽  
Juvenile Chum Salmon

Steelhead trout in the smolt phase of development adapted to sea water (salinity 22–24 parts per thousand) more rapidly and with less extensive departures from regulated conditions of water–electrolyte balance than did the larger post-smolts. By contrast, the extent and duration of the corresponding changes accompanying adaptation of juvenile chum salmon to sea water varied inversely with size. The data are discussed in relation to the distinction between smolting and non-smolting salmonid species.

scholarly journals Characteristics of roe of autumn chum salmon Oncorhynchus keta from the Amur River

2021 ◽  
Vol 201 (2) ◽  
pp. 516-526
Author(s):  
A. I. Chepkasova ◽  
T. N. Slutskaya ◽  
E. I. Barabanshchikov
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid Composition ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Chum Salmon ◽  
River Mouth ◽  
Oncorhynchus Keta ◽  
Color Intensity ◽  
Amur River ◽  
Biological Value ◽  
The Amur River

Chemical composition and nutritional and biological value of roe are investigated for autumn chum salmon from the Amur River sampled during their run for spawning from the estuary to the area of Khabarovsk city. Color and strength of roe were examined, content of proteins, lipids and minerals was measured, amino acid and fatty acid composition was determined. Caloric capacity and biological value of the samples were usual for this species. Physical properties of the roe (strength, color intensity) practically did not change in dependence on distance from the river mouth. Stable quality of roe in the run of spawning migration in the lower Amur is concluded.

The Chemical Composition of Sea Water in the Vicinity of the Atlantic Provinces of Canada

1959 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Gordon Young ◽  
D. G. Smith ◽  
W. M. Langille
Keyword(s):  
Trace Elements ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Salt Water ◽  
Chemical Constituents ◽  
Mineral Elements ◽  
Ocean Water ◽  
Average Composition ◽  
Cape Breton Island ◽  
Cape Breton

Samples of sea water from eight locations at the surface around the coast of the Atlantic Provinces of Canada have been analyzed for their content of major and minor chemical constituents. The salt water in the Bras d'Or Lakes of Cape Breton Island, N.S., was different from that in the contiguous Atlantic Ocean and showed evidence of much dilution. The seven other samples examined averaged 17.17‰ for chlorinity and 31.03‰ for salinity. These averages are low for open oceanic waters. The average composition of sea water for this area was as follows in grams per kilogram: Na, 9.55; K, 0.34; Ca, 0.37; Mg, 1.15; SO4, 2.36; B as H3BO3, 0.0243. Concentrations of the trace elements in micrograms per litre varied within the following limits: As as As2O3, 1.4 to 2.0; Co, 0.33 to 0.67; Cu, 13 to 22; F, 860 to 1200; I, 6 to 53; Mo, 6.3 to 14.0; PO4, 5 to 69; Si, 44 to 95; Zn, 6.5 to 10.9. Nickel was also present in all samples but vanadium was not detected. The various ratios of the mineral elements, especially to chlorine, have been calculated, and show only slight divergence from those for open ocean water.

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