Variation of Hepatic Ethoxycoumarin O-de-ethylase Activity with Body Weight and Other Factors in Brook Trout (Salvelinus fontinalis)

1982 ◽  
Vol 39 (6) ◽  
pp. 924-926 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. F. Addison ◽  
D. E. Willis
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Brook Trout ◽  
Salvelinus Fontinalis ◽  
Regression Coefficient ◽  
Biological Effects ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Monitoring Program ◽  
Liver Weight ◽  
Microsomal Protein ◽  
Biological Effects Monitoring

Data from several previous experimental studies of hepatic mixed function oxidase (MFO) activity were reexamined to study the possible relationship between ethoxycoumarin O-de-ethylase activity and body weight and other factors in "uninduced" brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis). Weight-specific O-de-ethylase activity was inversely related to body weight; regression of the log transformation of the total hepatic O-de-ethylase activity on log liver weight yielded a regression coefficient of 0.850 ± 0.047 close to the value of ~0.75 expected for a relationship based on overall metabolic rate. The regression coefficient was significantly higher in males than in females. Multiple regression analysis showed O-de-ethylase activity to be positively correlated with both microsomal protein and cytochrome P-450 content. The data confirm that size (or age) is a factor to be eliminated in any biological effects monitoring program based on MFO assays.Key words: mixed function oxidases, ethoxycoumarin O-de-ethylase, brook trout, Salvelinus fontinalis; hepatic mono-oxygenases

scholarly journals Brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) extinction in small boreal lakes revealed by ephippia pigmentation: a preliminary analysis

2016 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandre Bérubé Tellier ◽  
Paul E. Drevnick ◽  
Andrea Bertolo
Keyword(s):  
Brook Trout ◽  
Fish Assemblages ◽  
Salvelinus Fontinalis ◽  
Sediment Cores ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Fish Predation ◽  
Boreal Lakes ◽  
Predation Pressure ◽  
Trout Population

<p>Ephippium pigmentation is a plastic trait which can be related to a trade-off between visual predation pressure and better protection of cladoceran eggs against different types of stress. Experimental studies showed that planktivorous fish exert a greater predation pressure on individuals carrying darker ephippia, but little is known about the variation of ephippium pigmentation along gradients of fish predation pressure in natural conditions. For this study, our experimental design included four small boreal lakes with known fish assemblages. Two of the lakes have viable brook trout (<em>Salvelinus fontinalis</em>) populations, whereas the other two lakes experienced brook trout extinctions during the 20<sup>th</sup> century. Cladoceran ephippia were extracted from sediment cores at layers corresponding to the documented post- extinction phase (1990's) and from an older layer (1950's) for which the brook trout population status is not known precisely. Our first objective was to determine whether brook trout extinction has a direct effect on both ephippium pigmentation and size. Our second objective was to give a preliminary assessment of the status of brook trout populations in the 1950's by comparing the variation in ephippia traits measured from this layer to those measured in the 1990's, for which the extinction patterns are well known. Cost-effective image analysis was used to assess variation in pigmentation levels in ephippia. This approach provided a proxy for the amount of melanin invested in each ephippium analysed. Our study clearly shows that ephippium pigmentation may represent a better indicator of the presence of fish predators than ephippium size, a trait that showed a less clear pattern of variation between lakes with and without fish. For the 1990's period, ephippia from fishless lakes were darker and showed a slight tendency to be larger than ephippia from lakes with brook trout. However, no clear differences in either ephippium size or pigmentation were observed between the 1990's and 1950's layers within each lake. This suggests that brook trout extinction already occurred before the 1950’s, or that brook trout population abundance was already extremely low before and after the 1990’s. Our preliminary study shows that ephippium pigmentation can be used as a tool to quickly assess present and past predation levels on zooplankton when only sediment samples are available.</p>

Thyroid function and dermal purines in the brook trout, Salvelinus fontinalis (Mitchill)

1971 ◽  
Vol 49 (12) ◽  
pp. 1557-1561 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dixie Chua ◽  
J. G. Eales
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Thyroid Function ◽  
Brook Trout ◽  
Salvelinus Fontinalis ◽  
Thyroxine Treatment

Both TSH and thyroid powder significantly increased skin guanine and hypoxanthine levels over a 5-week period at 15 °C. TSH was more effective than thyroid powder.Injected thyroxine as low as 0.05 μg/g body weight per 2 days and ambient thiourea as low as 0.0001% inhibited thyroid function over 3 weeks at 10 °C. This thyroxine treatment did not significantly increase skin purine levels, but thiourea as low as 0.01% significantly decreased skin hypoxanthine and total purinelevels.

Models of Ammonia Excretion for Brook Trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) and Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri)

1980 ◽  
Vol 37 (9) ◽  
pp. 1421-1425 ◽  
Author(s):  
Larry J. Paulson
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Brook Trout ◽  
Salvelinus Fontinalis ◽  
Ammonia Excretion ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Feeding Rates ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Nitrogen Consumption ◽  
Good Agreement

Ammonia excretion by brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) and rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) was measured in relation to nitrogen consumption, body weight (15–154 g for rainbow trout and 50–360 g for brook trout), and temperature (11.2–21.0 °C) under laboratory conditions. Four natural diets, collected from Castle Lake, California, and a commercial pellet diet were fed to the trout in gelatin capsules at feeding rates from 2.5 to 5% body weight∙d−1. Nitrogen consumption was the most important factor influencing ammonia excretion, followed by body weight and temperature. Testing the models with an independent data set revealed good agreement between measured and predicted rates of excretion. The models seem to estimate adequately ammonia excretion by trout in both natural and artificial aquatic systems.Key words: models, ammonia excretion, nitrogen consumption, body weight, temperature, multiple regression, rainbow trout, brook trout

scholarly journals The Effect of Non-Circadian Photoperiod on Growth and Puberty Onset of Brook Trout Salvelinus fontinalis Mitchill

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 692
Author(s):  
Katsiaryna Lundova ◽  
Jan Matousek ◽  
Vlastimil Stejskal
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Brook Trout ◽  
Salvelinus Fontinalis ◽  
Somatic Growth ◽  
Continuous Light ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Sexually Mature ◽  
Average Body ◽  
Average Body Weight

The aim of the present study was to assess the effects of a prolonged photoperiod on growth rate and sexual maturation in brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis. The task of the experiment was to determine the most effective light regimen capable to minimizing the effects of puberty, including impairment of somatic growth and further general characteristics. In this regard, the studied fish were reared under three photoperiod regimens in which fish were exposed to 24 h continuous light alternating with 24 or 48 h under the ambient photoperiod or 48 h continuous light alternating with a 24 h ambient photoperiod. A control group was reared under the natural ambient photoperiod. Four-hundred and fifty fish with an average initial body weight of 101.3 ± 1.2 g were used for each experimental group (three replicates of each treatment plus control). A statistically lower growth rate showed control groups in both sexes. At the end of the study, control males had an average body weight of 226.6 ± 39.8 g and control females a body weight of 199.8 ± 12.2 g. At the same period, a significantly higher average body weight was found in groups reared 24 h under ambient photoperiod alternating with a 48 h continuous light regime (2CP:1AP) in both sexes (296.56 ± 62.5 g—males, and 239.9 ± 19.2 g—females, respectively). A significantly higher percentage of sexually mature fish was observed in the control group (80% of males and 29% of females, respectively). We found significantly fewer sexually mature females compared to males. The lowest survival was observed in group 2CP:1AP at 92%. It was concluded that regimen under which fish was exposed to 48 h of natural ambient photoperiod alternating with 24 h of constant light (1CP:2AP) lead to the successful delay of gonad development and onset of puberty and increased somatic growth in both sexes.

Genetic and environmental correlates of variation in body weight of brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis)

1995 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 307-314 ◽  
Author(s):  
Moira M. Ferguson ◽  
Arunas P. Liskauskas ◽  
Roy G. Danzmann
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Brook Trout ◽  
Salvelinus Fontinalis ◽  
Environmental Correlates ◽  
Hatching Time ◽  
First Feeding ◽  
Lake Algonquin ◽  
Nested Designs ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Provincial Park

Families of brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) were produced from adults collected from Mykiss Lake, Algonquin Provincial Park, Ontario, and reared in the laboratory for 1 year. Egg size and hatching time explained a significant amount of variation among families in mean weight of hatched embryos. Heavier embryos were produced from larger eggs, and embryos with earlier hatching times were also larger. First-feeding alevins reared at higher densities were smaller than those at lower densities. Multilocus enzyme heterozygosity was neither a significant predictor of mean family body weight at any age nor significantly associated with body weight of juveniles within families. Analyzing each enzyme locus separately revealed significant effects for G3PDH-1 in two families but in different directions. Fish from two mitochondrial DNA phylogenetic assemblages, A and B, differed significantly in weight as hatched embryos and first-feeding alevins. Similarly, the progeny of different males and females differed significantly in body weight at all ages sampled. Thus, parental effects were the most persistent correlates of body size of all those examined. The statistical analyses and the nested designs suggest that variation in body weight among the progeny of specific parents can partially be attributed to genetic effects.

Modification of Carbohydrate Metabolism and Liver Vitellogenic Function in Brook Trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) by Exposure to Low pH

1987 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 630-635 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. H. Tam ◽  
L. Birkett ◽  
R. Makaran ◽  
P. D. Payson ◽  
D. K. Whitney ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Brook Trout ◽  
Salvelinus Fontinalis ◽  
Acid Stress ◽  
Somatic Growth ◽  
Liver Weight ◽  
Liver Glycogen ◽  
Control Fish ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Blood Glucose Levels

Brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis), 1+ yr old, were exposed to pH 4.48 from February to December. Compared with control fish maintained at pH 7.34, acid-stressed fish generally had elevated blood glucose levels. Plasma cortisol concentration, measured only in males, was significantly increased in the acid-treated trout up to July. Although somatic growth decreased by about 30% by the end of the experiment, peritoneal fat was unchanged. During the reproductive season, female plasma levels of oestrogen and vitellogenin were the same at both pH levels. When immature fish were implanted with oestradiol-17β and then maintained for 21 d either in pH 7.34 (control) or 4.48, acid-treated fish again showed increased blood glucose levels. Liver weight increased at both pH levels, but liver glycogen was depleted and plasma vitellogenin was significantly increased by exogenous oesterogen only in control fish. It is postulated that before acclimation occurs, acid stress increases cortisol secretion, diverts nutrients normally used for growth to maintain a high blood sugar level, and affects the liver's ability to metabolize carbohydrates and synthesize vitellogenin.

scholarly journals Protective Effects of Polyphenol Enriched Complex Plants Extract on Metabolic Dysfunctions Associated with Obesity and Related Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Diseases in High Fat Diet-Induced C57BL/6 Mice

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 302
Author(s):  
Ahtesham Hussain ◽  
Jin Sook Cho ◽  
Jong-Seok Kim ◽  
Young Ik Lee
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Mouse Model ◽  
High Fat Diet ◽  
Liver Diseases ◽  
Liver Weight ◽  
Control Group ◽  
High Fat ◽  
Herbal Formulation ◽  
Plants Extract

Background: Currently, obesity is a global health challenge due to its increasing prevalence and associated health risk. It is associated with various metabolic diseases, including diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, stroke, certain forms of cancer, and non-alcoholic liver diseases (NAFLD). Objective: The aim of this study to evaluate the effects of polyphenol enriched herbal complex (Rubus crataegifolius/ellagic acid, Crataegus pinnatifida Bunge/vitexin, chlorogenic acid, Cinnamomum cassiaa/cinnamic acid) on obesity and obesity induced NAFLD in the high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obese mouse model. Methods: Obesity was induced in male C57BL/6 mice using HFD. After 8 weeks, the mice were treated with HFD+ plants extract for 8 weeks. Body weight, food intake weekly, and blood sugar level were measured. After sacrifice, changes in the treated group’s liver weight, fat weight, serum biochemical parameters, hormone levels, and enzyme levels were measured. For histological analysis, tissues were stained with hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) and Oil Red-O. Results: Our results showed that the herbal complex ameliorated body weight and liver weight gain, and decreased total body fat in HFD-fed animals. Post prandial blood glucose (PBG) and fasting blood glucose (FBG) were lower in the herbal complex-treated group than in the HFD control group. Additionally, herbal formulation treatment significantly increased HDL levels in serum and decreased TC, TG, AST, ALT, deposition of fat droplets in the liver, and intima media thickness (IMT) in the aorta. Herbal complex increased serum adiponectin and decreased serum leptin. Herbal complex also increased carnitine palmityl transferase (CPT) activity and significantly decreased enzyme activity of beta-hydroxy beta methyl glutamyl-CoA (HMG-CoA) reductase, and fatty acid synthase (FAS). Conclusions: The results of this study demonstrated that the herbal complex is an effective herbal formulation in the attenuation of obesity and obesity-induced metabolic dysfunction including NAFLD in HFD-induced mouse model.

scholarly journals High Intakes of [6S]-5-Methyltetrahydrofolic Acid Compared with Folic Acid during Pregnancy Programs Central and Peripheral Mechanisms Favouring Increased Food Intake and Body Weight of Mature Female Offspring

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 1477
Author(s):  
Emanuela Pannia ◽  
Rola Hammoud ◽  
Ruslan Kubant ◽  
Jong Yup Sa ◽  
Rebecca Simonian ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Folic Acid ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Leptin Receptor ◽  
Liver Weight ◽  
Female Offspring ◽  
Mature Female ◽  
Cytokine Signaling ◽  
Light Cycle ◽  
Energy Regulation

Supplementation with [6S]-5-methyltetrahydrofolic acid (MTHF) is recommended as an alternative to folic acid (FA) in prenatal supplements. This study compared equimolar gestational FA and MTHF diets on energy regulation of female offspring. Wistar rats were fed an AIN-93G diet with recommended (2 mg/kg diet) or 5-fold (5X) intakes of MTHF or FA. At weaning, female offspring were fed a 45% fat diet until 19 weeks. The 5X-MTHF offspring had higher body weight (>15%), food intake (8%), light-cycle energy expenditure, and lower activity compared to 5X-FA offspring (p < 0.05). Both the 5X offspring had higher plasma levels of the anorectic hormone leptin at birth (60%) and at 19 weeks (40%), and lower liver weight and total liver lipids compared to the 1X offspring (p < 0.05). Hypothalamic mRNA expression of leptin receptor (ObRb) was lower, and of suppressor of cytokine signaling-3 (Socs3) was higher in the 5X-MTHF offspring (p < 0.05), suggesting central leptin dysregulation. In contrast, the 5X-FA offspring had higher expression of genes encoding for dopamine and GABA- neurotransmitter receptors (p < 0.01), consistent with their phenotype and reduced food intake. When fed folate diets at the requirement level, no differences were found due to form in the offspring. We conclude that MTHF compared to FA consumed at high levels in the gestational diets program central and peripheral mechanisms to favour increased weight gain in the offspring. These pre-clinical findings caution against high gestational intakes of folates of either form and encourage clinical trials examining their long-term health effects when consumed during pregnancy.

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