THE EXTRACELLULAR POLYSACCHARIDE OF GELATINOUS STRAINS OF CHROMOBACTERIUM VIOLACEUM

1960 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 153-163 ◽  
Author(s):  
William A. Corpe
Keyword(s):  
Uronic Acid ◽  
Extracellular Polysaccharide ◽  
Amino Sugar ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Chromobacterium Violaceum ◽  
Isolation And Identification ◽  
Isolation And Purification ◽  
Viscous Solution ◽  
Hydrolysis Of

A method for the isolation and purification of the voluminous extracellular polysaccharide of Chromobacterium violaceum is presented. The purified product was fibrous when wet but dried into a tough, pliable film which was completely water soluble, forming a highly viscous solution. Hydrolysis of the polysaccharide, isolation and identification of the components established the presence of glucose as the principal sugar. A uronic acid and an amino sugar not conclusively identified were also present. Glucose, uronic acid, and the amino sugar were found in an approximate 5:1:1 ratio.

Isolation and identification of further peptides in the diafiltration retentate of the water-soluble fraction of Cheddar cheese

1997 ◽  
Vol 64 (3) ◽  
pp. 433-443 ◽  
Author(s):  
TANOJ K. SINGH ◽  
PATRICK F. FOX ◽  
ÁINE HEALY
Keyword(s):  
Soluble Fraction ◽  
Cell Envelope ◽  
Cheddar Cheese ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Soluble Extract ◽  
Amino Acid Sequencing ◽  
Isolation And Identification ◽  
Water Soluble Fraction ◽  
Water Soluble Extract ◽  
Hydrolysis Of

Several peptides were isolated from the diafiltration retentate, prepared using 10 kDa membranes, of the water-soluble extract from a commercial mature Cheddar cheese and identified by amino acid sequencing and mass spectrometry. Most of the peptides were from the N-terminal half of β-casein, but peptides from αs1- and αs2-caseins were also identified; the extract also contained α-lactalbumin. Identified peptides showed the important role played by lactococcal cell envelope proteinases in the degradation of primary proteolytic products from αs1- and β- caseins, produced by chymosin and plasmin respectively. Plasmin seemed to be involved in the hydrolysis of αs2-casein. Several phosphopeptides were identified and the action of phosphatase on these peptides was evident.

Extracellular polysaccharide of Aspergillus flavus

1981 ◽  
Vol 46 (10) ◽  
pp. 2435-2440 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alžbeta Kardošová ◽  
Jozef Rosík
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Source ◽  
Aspergillus Flavus ◽  
Sole Carbon Source ◽  
Culture Medium ◽  
Main Chain ◽  
Extracellular Polysaccharide ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Molar Weight ◽  
Soluble Polysaccharide ◽  
Hydrolysis Of

A crude extracellular polysaccharide was isolated by precipitation with ethanol from the culture medium of Aspergillus flavus, where the sole carbon source was D-galactose; purification afforded a homogeneous water-soluble polysaccharide in 0.05% yield on the weight of the employed carbon source. This polysaccharide had the relative molar weight 55 000 and [α]D22 -4.2° (c 0.5, H2O); upon total hydrolysis it afforded D-mannose and D-galactose in a 1 : 0.44 ratio. The products of hydrolysis of the methylated polysaccharide and also the course of partial acid and enzymic hydrolyses of the polysaccharide showed that the main chain was formed by (1 → 2) β-linked D-mannose units, of which each second, on average, was substituted by monomeric D-galactose units at C(6).

HEMICELLULOSES OF WHEAT STRAW

1951 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 109-122 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. A. Adams ◽  
A. E. Castagne
Keyword(s):  
Wheat Straw ◽  
Potassium Hydroxide ◽  
Uronic Acid ◽  
Degree Of Polymerization ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Acid Complex ◽  
Main Fraction ◽  
Hydrolysis Of ◽  
Soluble Fractions

Various hemicellulose fractions were extracted from wheat straw holocellulose (extractive and pectin free) by successive treatments with cold and hot water, 0.5%, 1.0%, and 2.0% potassium hydroxide and were recovered by precipitation with alcohol. Approximately 25% of the holocellulose material was removed, one half being in the hot water soluble fraction. The original holocellulose, the extracted residue, and the recovered fractions were analyzed for pentosan, uronic acid anhydride, acetyl, methoxyl, and ash content. In general, the more soluble fractions had a higher uronic acid and methoxyl content; the less soluble had a higher pentosan content and a more negative rotation [Formula: see text]. Intrinsic viscosity measurements indicated that all fractions had a degree of polymerization of 25–30. Hydrolysis of the main fraction yielded D-xylose, L-arabinose, D-glucose; in addition D-galactose was found in the water soluble fractions. Quantitative determinations of the sugars in the hydrolyzates showed that D-xylose predominated, with L-arabinose, D-glucose, and D-galactose (when present) in progressively smaller amounts. On hydrolysis all fractions yielded an acid-resistant uronic acid complex that contained D-xylose and a uronic acid tentatively identified as monomethoxyl galacturonic acid.

Structure of a shear-thickening polysaccharide extracted from the New Zealand black tree fern, Cyathea medullaris

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Wee ◽  
M Mastrangelo ◽  
Susan Carnachan ◽  
Ian Sims ◽  
K Goh
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Uronic Acid ◽  
Average Molecular Weight ◽  
Shear Thickening ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Size Exclusion ◽  
Resonance Spectroscopy ◽  
Tree Fern ◽  
13C Nuclear Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Exclusion Chromatography

A shear-thickening water-soluble polysaccharide was purified from mucilage extracted from the fronds of the New Zealand black tree fern (Cyathea medullaris or 'mamaku' in Māori) and its structure characterised. Constituent sugar analysis by three complementary methods, combined with linkage analysis (of carboxyl reduced samples) and 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) revealed a glucuronomannan comprising a backbone of 4-linked methylesterified glucopyranosyl uronic acid and 2-linked mannopyranosyl residues, branched at O-3 of 45% and at both O-3 and O-4 of 53% of the mannopyranosyl residues with side chains likely comprising terminal xylopyranosyl, terminal galactopyranosyl, non-methylesterified terminal glucopyranosyl uronic acid and 3-linked glucopyranosyl uronic acid residues. The weight-average molecular weight of the purified polysaccharide was ~1.9×106Da as determined by size-exclusion chromatography coupled with multi-angle laser light scattering (SEC-MALLS). The distinctive rheological properties of this polysaccharide are discussed in relation to its structure. © 2014 Elsevier B.V.

scholarly journals Optimizing Chitin Depolymerization by Lysozyme to Long-Chain Oligosaccharides

Marine Drugs ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (6) ◽  
pp. 320
Author(s):  
Arnaud Masselin ◽  
Antoine Rousseau ◽  
Stéphanie Pradeau ◽  
Laure Fort ◽  
Rodolphe Gueret ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Time Course ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Organic Fertilizers ◽  
Symbiotic Associations ◽  
Egg White Lysozyme ◽  
Hen Egg White ◽  
Ecological Transition ◽  
Optimized Conditions ◽  
Hydrolysis Of ◽  
Long Chain

Chitin oligosaccharides (COs) hold high promise as organic fertilizers in the ongoing agro-ecological transition. Short- and long-chain COs can contribute to the establishment of symbiotic associations between plants and microorganisms, facilitating the uptake of soil nutrients by host plants. Long-chain COs trigger plant innate immunity. A fine investigation of these different signaling pathways requires improving the access to high-purity COs. Here, we used the response surface methodology to optimize the production of COs by enzymatic hydrolysis of water-soluble chitin (WSC) with hen egg-white lysozyme. The influence of WSC concentration, its acetylation degree, and the reaction time course were modelled using a Box–Behnken design. Under optimized conditions, water-soluble COs up to the nonasaccharide were formed in 51% yield and purified to homogeneity. This straightforward approach opens new avenues to determine the complex roles of COs in plants.

scholarly journals Analyzing the Carotenoid Composition of Melilot (Melilotus officinalis (L.) Pall.) Extracts and the Effects of Isolated (All-E)-lutein-5,6-epoxide on Primary Sensory Neurons and Macrophages

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 503
Author(s):  
Györgyi Horváth ◽  
Eszter Csikós ◽  
Eichertné Violetta Andres ◽  
Tímea Bencsik ◽  
Anikó Takátsy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Sensory Neurons ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Soluble Form ◽  
Primary Sensory Neurons ◽  
Isolation And Identification ◽  
Melilotus Officinalis ◽  
Carotenoid Composition ◽  
Anti Inflammatory

Melilotus officinalis is known to contain several types of secondary metabolites. In contrast, the carotenoid composition of this medicinal plant has not been investigated, although it may also contribute to the biological activities of the drug, such as anti-inflammatory effects. Therefore, this study focuses on the isolation and identification of carotenoids from Meliloti herba and on the effect of isolated (all-E)-lutein 5,6-epoxide on primary sensory neurons and macrophages involved in nociception, as well as neurogenic and non-neurogenic inflammatory processes. The composition of the plant extracts was analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The main carotenoid was isolated by column liquid chromatography (CLC) and identified by MS and NMR. The effect of water-soluble lutein 5,6-epoxide-RAMEB (randomly methylated-β-cyclodextrin) was investigated on Ca2+-influx in rat primary sensory neurons induced by the activation of the transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 receptor agonist to mustard-oil and on endotoxin-induced IL-1β release from isolated mouse peritoneal macrophages. (all-E)-Lutein 5,6-epoxide significantly decreased the percent of responsive primary sensory neurons compared to the vehicle-treated stimulated control. Furthermore, endotoxin-evoked IL-1β release from macrophages was significantly decreased by 100 µM lutein 5,6-epoxide compared to the vehicle-treated control. The water-soluble form of lutein 5,6-epoxide-RAMEB decreases the activation of primary sensory neurons and macrophages, which opens perspectives for its analgesic and anti-inflammatory applications.

THE WATER-SOLUBLE POLYSACCHARIDES OF DERMATOPHYTES: IV. GALACTOMANNANS I FROM TRICHOPHYTON GRANULOSUM, TRICHOPHYTON INTERDIGITALE, MICROSPORUM QUINCKEANUM, TRICHOPHYTON RUBRUM, AND TRICHOPHYTON SCHÖNLEINII

1965 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 30-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. T. Bishop ◽  
M. B. Perry ◽  
F. Blank ◽  
F. P. Cooper
Keyword(s):  
Aqueous Solutions ◽  
Copper Complexes ◽  
Trichophyton Rubrum ◽  
Periodate Oxidation ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Major Constituent ◽  
Branch Points ◽  
Terminal Units ◽  
Hydrolysis Of

A group of polysaccharides, called galactomannans I, were precipitated as their insoluble copper complexes from aqueous solutions of the crude polysaccharides obtained from each of the organisms designated in the title. The five galactomannans I were homogeneous under conditions of electrophoresis and ultracentrifugation and had high positive specific rotations. The major constituent monosaccharide was D-mannose; amounts of D-galactose ranged from nil for the polysaccharide from T. rubrum to 13% for that from T. schönleinii. Methylation and hydrolysis of the five galactomannans I yielded varying amounts of the following: 2,3,5,6-tetra-O-methyl-D-galactose (not present in the products from T. rubrum), 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-methyl-D-mannose, 2,3,4-tri-O-methyl-D-mannose, 2,4,6-tri-O-methyl-D-mannose, 3,4-di-O-methyl-D-mannose, and 3,5-di-O-methyl-D-mannose. Periodate oxidation results agreed with the methylation studies. The gross structural features of each galactomannan I appear to be the same, namely, a basic chain of 1 → 6 linked α-D-mannopyranose units for approximately every 22 of which there is a 1 → 3 linked α-D-mannopyranose residue. Branch points occur along the 1 → 6 linked chain at the C2 positions of the D-mannopyranose units and once in every 45 units at the C2 position of a 1 → 6 linked D-mannofuranose residue. The D-galactose in the polysaccharides is present exclusively as non-reducing terminal furanose units; non-reducing terminal units of D-mannopyranose are also present. The variations in the identities and relative amounts of the non-reducing terminal units were the only apparent differences in the gross structural features within this group of polysaccharides.

STRUCTURE OF THE EXTRACELLULAR POLYSACCHARIDE PRODUCED BY XANTHOMONAS ORYZAE

1962 ◽  
Vol 40 (12) ◽  
pp. 2204-2213 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Misaki ◽  
S. Kirkwood ◽  
J. V. Scaletti ◽  
F. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Acid Hydrolysis ◽  
Glucuronic Acid ◽  
Periodate Oxidation ◽  
Extracellular Polysaccharide ◽  
Xanthomonas Oryzae ◽  
Sodium Borohydride Reduction ◽  
Glycoside Hydrolysis ◽  
Hydrolysis Of ◽  
Structural Significance ◽  
Molecular Proportion

The extracellular polysaccharide isolated from cultures of Xanthomonas oryzae is composed of D-glucose (5 molecular proportions), D-glucuronic acid (2 molecular proportions), and D-mannose (5 molecular proportions). Acid hydrolysis of this polysaccharide, which contains 0.3% combined pyruvic acid, yields 2-O-β-D-glucopyranosyluronic acid D-mannose, which has been characterized as its crystalline fully methylated β-glycoside. Hydrolysis of the methylated polysaccharide gives 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-methyl-D-mannose (3 molecular proportions), 2,3,4-tri-O-methyl-D-glucuronic acid (1 molecular proportion), 2,3,6-tri-O-methyl-D-glucose (4 molecular proportions), 3,4,6-tri-O-methyl-D-mannose (2 molecular proportions), 2,6-di-O-methyl-D-glucose (3 molecular proportions), 2,3-di-O-methyl-D-glucose (1 molecular proportion). The polyalcohol derived from the polysaccharide by periodate oxidation followed by sodium borohydride reduction gives upon acid hydrolysis glycerol (2 molecular proportions), erythritol (1 molecular proportion), and D-glucose (1 molecular proportion). The general structural significance of these findings is discussed.

scholarly journals The structure of heparin oligosaccharide fragments with high anti-(factor Xa) activity containing the minimal antithrombin III-binding sequence Chemical and13C nuclear-magnetic-resonance studies

1981 ◽  
Vol 197 (3) ◽  
pp. 599-609 ◽  
Author(s):  
B Casu ◽  
P Oreste ◽  
G Torri ◽  
G Zoppetti ◽  
J Choay ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Uronic Acid ◽  
Antithrombin Iii ◽  
Factor Xa ◽  
Amino Sugar ◽  
Active Species ◽  
Model Compounds ◽  
High Affinity ◽  
The Common ◽  
Binding Sequence ◽  
Heparin Oligosaccharides

The chemical composition and the 13C n.m.r. spectra of heparin oligosaccharides (essentially octasaccharides), having high affinity for antithrombin III and high anti-(Factor Xa) activity, prepared by three independent approaches (extraction, partial deaminative cleavage with HNO2 and partial depolymerization with bacterial heparinase), leading to different terminal residues, have been studied and compared with those of the corresponding inactive species. Combined wit chemical data, the spectra of the active oligosaccharides and of their fragmentation products afforded information on composition and sequence. The three types of active oligosaccharides were shown to have the common hexasaccharide core I-Aa-G-As*-Is-As, where I and alpha-L-idopyranosyl-uronic acid, Aa = 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranose, G = beta-D-glucopyranosyl-uronic acid, Is = alpha-L-idopyranosyluronic acid 2-O-sulphate, As = 2-deoxy-2-sulphamino-alpha-D-glucopyranose 6-O-sulphate. The fourth residue (As*) is an unusually substituted amino sugar resistant to mild deamination. The 13C spectra of the active species are characterized by signals from the above atypical amino sugar, the most evident of which is at 57.7 p.p.m. These signals, compared with those of appropriate synthetic model compounds, are compatible with the recently proposed 3-O-sulphation of the residue As* [Lindahl, Bäckström, Thunberg & Leder (1980) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 77, 6551-6555].

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