SIZE OF INOCULUM, STIMULATION, AND INHIBITION OF GROWTH IN ASPERGILLUS ORYZAE

1965 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-75 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Meyrath ◽  
A. F. McIntosh
Keyword(s):  
Aspergillus Oryzae ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Inoculum Size ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Stages Of Growth ◽  
Inhibition Of Growth ◽  
Deep Culture ◽  
Favorable Influence ◽  
Late Stages

Culture filtrates from surface and deep cultures of Aspergillus oryzae were tested for the presence of stimulatory and inhibitory substances, by examining the effect of the nitrates, when added with the inoculum, on growth rate and maximum yield of stationary cultures of the same organism. Filtrates were prepared from various stages of both large- and small-inoculum cultures by each method of growth.Both stimulatory and inhibitory substances were found. Inhibitory substances predominated in the filtrates from early stages of a small-inoculum culture, more especially when these were derived from a deep culture, which showed a pronounced effect of inoculum size. At other stages of growth of small-inoculum cultures and all stages of growth of large-inoculum cultures tested, stimulatory substances were found.It is emphasized that the stage of production of such substances is of crucial importance. Inhibitory substances acting at an early stage of growth of small-inoculum cultures have an adverse effect on growth of late stages. If, however, stimulatory substances are present in sufficiently high concentration at a sufficiently early age, as in large-inoculum cultures, they exert a favorable influence on later stages of growth. These phenomena explain the effects of inoculum size.

Credit-Based Mobility Management Considering Travelers’ Budgeting Behaviors Under Uncertainty

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xi Lin ◽  
Yafeng Yin ◽  
Fang He
Keyword(s):  
Mobility Management ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Negative Attitude ◽  
Transportation System ◽  
Decision Making Process ◽  
Individual Mobility ◽  
Management Scheme ◽  
Parsimonious Models ◽  
Late Stages

This study analyzes the performance of a credit-based mobility management scheme considering travelers’ budgeting behaviors for credit consumption under uncertainty. In the scheme, government agencies periodically distribute a certain number of credits to travelers; travelers must pay a credit charge for driving to complete their trips. Otherwise, they can take public transit free of credit charge. Consequently, within a credit-releasing cycle, travelers must budget their credit consumption to fulfill their mobility needs. Such budgeting behaviors can be viewed as a multistage decision-making process under uncertainty. Considering a transportation system with a credit scheme, we propose parsimonious models to investigate how the uncertainty associated with individual mobility needs and the subsequent travelers’ credit-budgeting behavior influence the multistage equilibrium of the transportation system, as well as the performance of the credit scheme on managing the transportation system. Both analytical and numerical results suggest that travelers tend to restrict their credit consumption in the early stage of a credit-releasing cycle to hedge against the risks associated with using up all credits, which compromises the performances of credit-based schemes. Moreover, a negative attitude toward risk aggravates the discrepancy between the credit consumption of the early and late stages. Last, we propose a contingency credit scheme to mitigate the negative impact incurred by travelers’ budgeting behaviors.

Serum Calprotectin as a Blood-Based Biomarker for Monitoring Knee Osteoarthritis at Early but Not Late Stages

Cartilage ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 194760352096116
Author(s):  
Amin Safa ◽  
Abolfazl Bagherifard ◽  
Hamadalla Hadi Al-Baseesee ◽  
Azade Amini Kadijani ◽  
Hooman Yahyazadeh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Disease Duration ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Knee Oa ◽  
Calprotectin Level ◽  
Healthy Control ◽  
Grade Ii ◽  
Late Stages

Objective The identification of early-stage osteoarthritis (OA) is crucial for the deceleration of its progression; however, no reliable biomarker is available for this purpose. The current study aimed to determine the role of serum calprotectin in the detection of early-stage knee OA. Design In a case-control study, serum samples were collected from 84 patients with primary bilateral knee OA and 52 healthy controls. The radiographic grading of knee OA was performed using the Kellgren-Lawrence classification system. Serum concentrations of calprotectin were measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results The mean serum calprotectin level was 2908 ± 2516 ng/mL in OA patients and 901 ± 875 ng/mL in healthy control subjects ( P < 0.001). Mean serum calprotectin levels were significantly higher in the lower stages of OA: 3740 ± 2728 ng/mL in OA grade I, 3100 ± 2084 ng/mL in OA grade II, 2246 ± 1418 ng/mL in OA grade III, and 2035 ± 765 ng/mL in OA grade IV ( P = 0.047). Serum calprotectin levels were significantly higher in patients with a disease duration <42 months compared with those with a disease duration >42 months ( P = 0.043). Conclusion Serum calprotectin level increases significantly in the early stages of OA and shows a reverse association with disease severity. Therefore, it could be suggested as a promising blood-based marker for early-stage knee OA.

Contrasting environmental factors drive bacterial and eukaryotic community successions in freshly deglaciated soils

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ajmal Khan ◽  
Weidong Kong ◽  
Said Muhammad ◽  
Fei Wang ◽  
Guoshuai Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Microbial Colonization ◽  
First Year ◽  
The Tibetan Plateau ◽  
Community Succession ◽  
Soil Factors ◽  
Eukaryotic Community ◽  
Gene Copies ◽  
Late Stages

ABSTRACT Glacier retreats expose deglaciated soils to microbial colonization and succession, however, the differences in drivers of bacterial and eukaryotic succession remain largely elusive. We explored soil bacterial and eukaryotic colonization and yearly community succession along a deglaciation chronosequence (10-year) on the Tibetan Plateau using qPCR, T-RFLP, and sequencing of clone libraries. The results exhibited that bacteria and eukaryotes rapidly colonized the soils in the first year of deglaciation, thereafter slowly increasing from 107 up to 1010 and 1011 gene copies g−1 soil, respectively. Bacterial and eukaryotic community changes were observed to group into distinct stages, including early (0–2 year old), transition (3–5 year old) and late stages (6–10 year old). Bacterial community succession was dominantly driven by soil factors (47.7%), among which soil moisture played a key role by explaining 26.9% of the variation. In contrast, eukaryotic community succession was dominantly driven by deglaciation age (22.2%). The dominant bacterial lineage was Cyanobacteria, which rapidly decreased from the early to the transition stage. Eukaryotes were dominated by glacier-originated Cercozoa in early stage soils, while green algae Chlorophyta substantially increased in late stage soils. Our findings revealed contrasting environmental factors driving bacterial and eukaryotic community successions.

Association Between CSF Beta-Amyloid and Apathy in Early-Stage Alzheimer Disease

2019 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 164-169 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Vergallo ◽  
L. Giampietri ◽  
C. Pagni ◽  
F. S. Giorgi ◽  
V. Nicoletti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Early Stage ◽  
Clinical Feature ◽  
Csf Biomarkers ◽  
Potential Association ◽  
Modifying Effect ◽  
Amyloid Aβ ◽  
Β Amyloid ◽  
Item Scores ◽  
T Tau ◽  
Late Stages

Aim: The apathetic syndrome is a common clinical feature in patients with Alzheimer diseases (AD), from preclinical phases to late stages of dementia, and it is strongly related to major disease outcomes. Unfortunately, no specific pharmacological treatments for apathy have been accomplished so far. Translational evidences have previously shown that a link between apathy and hallmarks of AD-related pathophysiology, that is, β-amyloid (Aβ) plaques and neurofibrillary tangles, exists. However, only few studies investigated the association between core biomarkers of AD and apathy scores, finding conflicting results. Methods: Thirty-seven patients were identified as having AD dementia according to National Institute on Aging–Alzheimer Association 2011 criteria. All participants underwent an extensive diagnostic workup including cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) assessment to measure the concentrations of Aβ42, t-tau, and pTau181. To follow, they were stratified as: apathy absence, apathy mild, and apathy severe according to the Neuro Psychiatric Inventory-apathy item scores. We investigated for potential associations between apathy scores and CSF biomarkers concentrations as well as for differences in terms of clinical and CSF biomarkers data across the 3 apathy groups. Results: The CSF Aβ42 concentrations were negatively correlated with apathy scores. In addition, patients with severe apathy had significantly lower Aβ42 levels compared to nonapathetic ones. Conclusion: Based on our results, we encourage further studies to untangle the potential association between the complex pathophysiological dynamics of AD and apathy which may represent an innovative reliable clinical outcome measure to use in clinical trials, investigating treatments with either a symptomatic or a disease-modifying effect.

scholarly journals Production of Itaconic Acid from Jatropha curcas Seed Cake by Aspergillus terreus

2013 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-61 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amina M. AHMED EL-IMAM ◽  
Muinat O. KAZEEM ◽  
Mutiat B. ODEBISI ◽  
Mushaffa A. OKE ◽  
Azeezat O. ABIDOYE
Keyword(s):  
Itaconic Acid ◽  
Jatropha Curcas ◽  
Substrate Concentration ◽  
Aspergillus Terreus ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Inoculum Size ◽  
Daily Maximum ◽  
Dilute Acid Hydrolysis ◽  
Seed Cake ◽  
Jatropha Seed

Submerged substrate fermentation of Jatropha seed cake, a by-product of oil extraction from Jatropha curcas seed was carried out using Aspergillus terreus for the production of itaconic acid. The Jatropha seed cake was initially converted into fermentable sugars by dilute acid hydrolysis using 50% sulphuric acid. The rate of hydrolysis was 1.04 gL-1. The fermentation process was carried out at room temperature, agitation of 400 rpm and three physico-chemical parameters (pH, inoculum size and substrate concentration) were varied. Itaconic acid and glucose assays were carried out by spectrophotometry and Dinitrosalicylic acid methods respectively daily. Maximum yield of itaconic acid was 48.70 gL-1 at 5 ml of inoculum size, 50 g substrate concentration and pH 1.5. The residual glucose concentration increased for the first two days of fermentation after which it began to decrease as the itaconic acid concentration increased. The least concentration of itaconic acid observed was 6.00 gL-1, obtained after 24 hours of fermentation with 4 ml inoculum size, 50 g substrate concentration and at pH 1.5. The findings of this work indicate that Jatropha curcas seed cake is a suitable substrate for itaconic acid production.

Irrigation of kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) in the Sudan

1981 ◽  
Vol 96 (3) ◽  
pp. 569-578
Author(s):  
S. M. Farah
Keyword(s):  
Previous Experiment ◽  
Growth Period ◽  
Early Growth ◽  
Hibiscus Cannabinus ◽  
The Other ◽  
Stages Of Growth ◽  
Early Maturing ◽  
Late Stages ◽  
Infiltration Method ◽  
Late Growth

SUMMARYIn one experiment during 1972 and 1973 five irrigation regimes of every 4, 6, 8 and 10 days and according to stomatal opening, as estimated by the infiltration method, were compared, using an early-maturing variety Zankawa and a late-maturing variety G51. In both experiments early crop growth was checked by the shortest and the longest irrigation intervals.Late growth, on the other hand, was promoted by the shortest intervals in both seasons. Thus the highest yield in 1972 was obtained from the 4–day regime, followed by the infiltration method, then progressively greater yields with shorter intervals. In 1973, however, the shortest interval resulted in the lowest yield, which was significantly less than the other treatments, which showed a similar trend to those of 1972.In a second experiment during 1974 and 1975 a medium-maturing variety 22/9/1 and a late–maturing variety 44/E were added to those of the previous experiment. Watering every 4 and 6 days were eliminated and watering every 12 days added, during the early growth period. Each of these regimes was given irrigation every 6, 8, 10 and 12 days during the late growth period. The early-maturing varieties yielded best when irrigated every 12 days in the early stages, and every 10 days in the late stages, whereas the late-maturing varieties yielded best when irrigated every 10–2 and 8 days in the early and late stages of growth, respectively.

scholarly journals Genesis of the Zhijiadi Ag-Pb-Zn Deposit, Central North China Craton: Constraints from Fluid Inclusions and Stable Isotope Data

Geofluids ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tao Liu ◽  
Suo-Fei Xiong ◽  
Shao-Yong Jiang ◽  
Hua-Liang Li ◽  
Qi-Zhi Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fluid Inclusions ◽  
North China Craton ◽  
North China ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Homogenization Temperature ◽  
Main Stage ◽  
Magmatic System ◽  
Hydrothermal Deposit ◽  
Homogenization Temperatures ◽  
Late Stages

The Zhijiadi Ag-Pb-Zn deposit is located in the central North China Craton. Fluid inclusions (FIs) studies indicate three types of FIs, including aqueous, aqueous-carbonic, and daughter mineral-bearing multiphase inclusions. The daughter minerals in FIs are mainly composed of marcasite, chalcopyrite, calcite, and dolomite. Microthermometric data show that the homogenization temperature and salinity of FIs decrease gradually from early to late stages. Homogenization temperatures from early to main to late stages span from 244 to 334°C, from 164 to 298°C, and from 111 to 174°C, respectively, while their salinities are 4.0–9.9 wt.% NaCl equiv., 0.5–12.7 wt.% NaCl equiv., and 0.2–8.8 wt.% NaCl equiv., respectively. Trapping pressures drop from 203–299 MPa (the early stage) to 32–158 MPa (the main stage). The dropping of pressure and temperature and mixing and/or dilution of ore-forming fluids result in the formation of ore deposit. Combined with C-O-S-Pb isotopic compositions, the initial ore-forming fluids and materials were likely derived from a magmatic system. As a whole, we proposed that this deposit belongs to medium-low temperature hydrothermal deposit related to volcanic and subvolcanic magmatism strictly controlled by the fault zones.

Magnesium metabolism in the dairy cow IV. The availability of the magnesium in various feedingstuffs

1962 ◽  
Vol 59 (2) ◽  
pp. 225-232 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. F. Rook ◽  
R. C. Campling
Keyword(s):  
Early Stage ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Barley Straw ◽  
Mature Stage ◽  
Stages Of Growth ◽  
Oil Cakes ◽  
Dietary Magnesium ◽  
Different Seasons ◽  
Daily Intakes ◽  
Protein Rich

1. The ‘availability’ of the magnesium of diets consisting solely of roughage or succulent feeds, including herbages cut at different seasons and at different stages of growth, and of diets of hay supplemented with various concentrate feeds, was assessed in metabolism trials conducted with two non-pregnant, non-lactating Shorthorn cows.2. The highest daily intakes of magnesium (1720 g./day) were provided by a diet of red clover: grasses and hays generally gave a considerably lower intake of magnesium (8–10 g./day), and most of the other diets provided intermediate amounts. However, with timothy hay and barley straw, intakes of 5 and 2 g./day, respectively, were recorded. Supplements to a diet of hay of dairy cubes or of oilcakes rich in protein gave a massive increase in magnesium intake but a supplement of flaked maize provided little additional magnesium.3. The ‘availability’ of the magnesium of the diets was generally low, within the range of 5–30%. With diets of single feeds no clear distinction between the various roughages and succulents in the ‘availability’ of their magnesium was established, though within the group of herbages the lowest values tended to occur with grasses cut at an early stage of growth and the highest values at the mature stage. A supplement of flaked maize increased the ‘availability’ of dietary magnesium and one of protein-rich oil cakes decreased the ‘availability’ of dietary magnesium.4. The results are discussed in relation to the development of hypomagnesaemia in cattle grazing spring pasture.

scholarly journals Oviposition preference and larval performance of sugarcane borer in eight sugarcane genotypes

2017 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 439-446 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guilherme Vieira Pimentel ◽  
Adriano Cirino Tomaz ◽  
Bruno Portela Brasileiro ◽  
Luiz Alexandre Peternelli ◽  
Márcio Henrique Pereira Barbosa
Keyword(s):  
Free Choice ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Oviposition Preference ◽  
Choice Test ◽  
Larval Performance ◽  
Foliar Injury ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Sugarcane Borer ◽  
Choice Tests ◽  
Late Stages

ABSTRACT The sugarcane borer Diatraea saccharalis Fabr. (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) is one of the most important pests of sugarcane in the Americas. The purpose of this study was to assess multiple resistance traits in eight sugarcane genotypes against D. saccharalis, including five commercial cultivars and three exotic germplasm with potential to serve as resistance sources against this pest. The oviposition preference was assessed by using both free-choice and non-choice tests. The performance of both early stage larvae feeding on the leaves and late stages larvae feeding within the stalks were also assessed. There were differences among genotypes for number of both eggs and egg cluster in the free-choice test while no differences in non-choice test were observed. There were also differences in survival of early stage larvae feeding on the leaves, foliar injury rating and stalk damage. The genotype IM76-228 was the least preferred for oviposition and it seems that leaf width had some influence on adults’ preference rather than greening of the leaves. IM76-228 and RB867515 causes higher mortality of early stage larvae feeding in the stalks while IM76-228 and RB985523 had lower damage in both leaves and stalks. The genotype IM76-228 was the most resistant to D. saccharalis and could serve as genes sources for resistance in sugarcane breeding programs.

scholarly journals Canola Cake as a Potential Substrate for Proteolytic Enzymes Production by a Selected Strain of Aspergillus oryzae: Selection of Process Conditions and Product Characterization

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adriana C. Freitas ◽  
Ruann J. S. Castro ◽  
Maria A. Fontenele ◽  
Antonio S. Egito ◽  
Cristiane S. Farinas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aspergillus Oryzae ◽  
Protease Activity ◽  
Incubation Temperature ◽  
Initial Conditions ◽  
Proteolytic Enzymes ◽  
Inoculum Size ◽  
Protease Production ◽  
Process Conditions ◽  
Enzymatic Extract ◽  
Technological Advances

Oil cakes have excellent nutritional value and offer considerable potential for use in biotechnological processes that employ solid-state fermentation (SSF) for the production of high value products. This work evaluates the feasibility of using canola cake as a substrate for protease production by a selected strain of Aspergillus oryzae cultivated under SSF. The influences of the following process parameters were considered: initial substrate moisture content, incubation temperature, inoculum size, and pH of the buffer used for protease extraction and activity analysis. Maximum protease activity was obtained after cultivating Aspergillus oryzae CCBP 001 at 20°C, using an inoculum size of 107 spores/g in canola cake medium moistened with 40 mL of water to 100 g of cake. Cultivation and extraction under selected conditions increased protease activity 5.8-fold, compared to the initial conditions. Zymogram analysis of the enzymatic extract showed that the protease molecular weights varied between 31 and 200 kDa. The concentrated protease extract induced clotting of casein in 5 min. The results demonstrate the potential application of canola cake for protease production under SSF and contribute to the technological advances needed to increase the efficiency of processes designed to add value to agroindustrial wastes.

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