Lipids of antibiotic-sensitive and -resistant strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa

1971 ◽  
Vol 17 (11) ◽  
pp. 1357-1365 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. A. Anderes ◽  
W. E. Sandine ◽  
P. R. Elliker
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Free Fatty Acid ◽  
Total Lipid ◽  
Total Phospholipid ◽  
Lipid Production ◽  
Ammonium Compound ◽  
Free Lipid ◽  
Resistant Cells

From a population of cells of Pseudomonas aeruginosa sensitive to 33 parts per million (ppm) of quaternary ammonium compound (QAC) and to 0.1 mg/ml of chloramphenicol (CAP), pure strains resistant to 750 ppm and 2.5 mg/ml of these antibacterial substances were isolated. Lipids from the sensitive and resistant cells grown under various conditions were extracted and characterized. Increased lipid biosynthesis was investigated as a possible factor in the resistance of this bacterium to CAP and QAC.Resistant cells grown in medium containing 207 ppm QAC at 25C averaged 77% more total lipid than sensitive cells. Resistant cells grown in the absence of QAC at 25C retained their resistance and averaged 27% more total lipid than sensitive cells. Cells grown at 32C in the presence of QAC contained 8% more total lipid than sensitive cells but less than cells grown at 25C under the same conditions. There was no increased lipid production by QAC-resistant cells grown at 37C in a Fermacell fermentor. Cells grown in CAP-containing medium (2.5 mg/ml) at 25C developed 28% more total lipid than sensitive cells grown in antibiotic-free medium.Gas–liquid chromatograms of the phospholipid, free fatty acid, and triglyceride fractions of the various cell types indicated that the same fatty acids were present. There was a 10% increase of the C18:1 fatty acid in both the phospholipid and free fatty acid fractions of the free lipids of cells grown in a Fermacell fermentor in the presence of CAP or QAC. However, there was no compensatory decrease in any single fatty acid, but rather a general decrease.Sensitive P. aeruginosa contained 14% free lipid and 3% to 6% bound lipid. The major phospholipid was phosphatidyl ethanolamine, which constituted 59% of the total phospholipid fraction of the sensitive cells. Analysis of fatty acids revealed that C16 amounted to 34%, C18:1 19%, and C16:1 and C18 each about 5% of the total present. These four fatty acids accounted for 63% of the free lipid present in the sensitive cells.

scholarly journals Effects of oxygen tension on the lipid composition of Azotobacter chroococcum

1979 ◽  
Vol 25 (11) ◽  
pp. 1239-1244 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward B. Reczek ◽  
David N. Burton
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Free Fatty Acid ◽  
Total Lipid ◽  
Lipid Content ◽  
Octadecenoic Acid ◽  
Total Lipid Content ◽  
Azotobacter Chroococcum ◽  
Neutral Lipid Content ◽  
Intense Aeration

Lipid content and composition were determined in Azotobacter chroococcum grown, under nitrogen-fixing conditions, in continuous culture with intense aeration under atmospheres containing between 5 and 40% O2. Total lipid content remained almost constant at approximately 9% of dry weight.Phospholipid content was maximal at 20% O2 where it accounted for 92% of total lipid, and was minimal at 40% O2. Phosphatidylethanolamine was the only species of phosphatide detected in this fraction. Neutral lipid content was minimal at 20% O2 and maximal at 40% O2 where it represented approximately 30% of the total lipid. Glycolipid remained between 2 and 13% of total lipid throughout. The principal fatty acids of A. chroococcum were hexadecanoic (C16:0), hexadecenoic (C16:1), and octadecenoic acid (C18:1) at all O2 tensions, but C18:1 increased at the expense of C16:1 at higher O2 tensions, particularly in free fatty acid and phospholipid fractions. [U-14C]acetate was readily incorporated into lipid at both 20 and 40% O2 but total incorporation was much greater at 20% O2.

Mode of action of choline. II. The fate of intravenously administered labelled fatty acids in choline-deficient rats

1969 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 207-218 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Chalvardjian
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Free Fatty Acid ◽  
Total Phospholipid ◽  
Hepatic Triglyceride ◽  
Rat Serum ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Time Periods ◽  
Phospholipid Pool ◽  
Fatty Acid Pool

Two groups of rats (200 g, male) were fed, respectively, a choline-deficient and a choline-supplemented diet for 3 days. On the 3rd day each rat was injected intravenously with rat serum containing 9,10-3H-palmitate and 18-14C-stearate. The fate of the labelled fatty acids was followed in the triglycerides and phospholipids of liver and serum for time periods ranging from 1 min to 6 h. When compared to the choline-supplemented controls, the livers in the choline-deficient rats were fatty and were characterized by: (1) an increased hepatic triglyceride pool, (2) a decrease in turnover of hepatic triglycerides with sequestration of fatty acids and decrease in their recycling, (3) an increase in the hepatic free fatty acid pool and total phospholipid pool, the latter reflecting the net result of synthesis and transport, (4) a decrease in the early and rapid turnover of the phosphatidylcholine pool, (5) a decrease in turnover of the phosphatidylethanolamine pool, (6) a decrease in transport of triglycerides and phospholipids from liver to serum, and consequently, (7) a decrease in triglyceride and phospholipid pools in serum. These results confirm previous observations that, although an impairment of transport of both triglycerides and phospholipids from liver to serum exists in choline-deficient rats, the hepatic accumulation of triglycerides is far greater than that of phospholipids. This effect is due to the presence of a potential triglyceride pool in liver that can accommodate large amounts of triglyceride within a short period of time.

scholarly journals Lipid metabolism in the cow during starvation-induced ketosis

1975 ◽  
Vol 146 (3) ◽  
pp. 609-615 ◽  
Author(s):  
P E Brumby ◽  
M Anderson ◽  
B Tuckley ◽  
J E Storry ◽  
K G Hibbit
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Free Fatty Acid ◽  
Free Fatty Acids ◽  
Total Lipid ◽  
Cholesterol Ester ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Milk Lipid ◽  
Starvation Period ◽  
Dextran Sulphate

1. Concentrations and compositions of liver, serum and milk lipids of cows were measured during 6 days#x0027; starvation and serum lipids during 60 days#x0027; re-feeding. 2. The concentration of free fatty acid in serum increased fivefold during starvation. 3. The content of total lipid in liver (g/100g of liver dry matter) doubled owing to a 20-fold increase in triglyceride, an eightfold increase in cholesterol ester, a three fold increase in free fatty acid and a 20% increase in cholesterol. There were no changes in the content or composition of liver phospholipids. 4. Starvation lowered the concentrations of total lipid, phospholipid and cholesterol ester of dextran sulphate-precipitable serum lipoproteins. Total lipid and cholesterol ester concentrations in lipoproteins of d greater than 1.055 and in lipoproteins not precipitable by dextran sulphate decreased from day 4 of the starvation period and during the first 20 days' re-feeding. 5. During starvation there were decreases in percentages of stearic acid and increases in oleic acid in serum free fatty acids and triglycerides and in liver neutral lipid. 6. Throughout starvation total milk lipid yield decreased, yields and percentages of C4-14 fatty acids decreased and percentages of C18 fatty acids increased. 7. It is suggested that accumulation of triglyceride in liver may be caused by increased uptake of plasma free fatty acids without corresponding increase in lipoprotein secretion.

scholarly journals Bicarbonate for microalgae cultivation: a case study in a chlorophyte, Tetradesmus wisconsinensis isolated from a Norwegian lake

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ikumi Umetani ◽  
Eshetu Janka ◽  
Michal Sposób ◽  
Chris J. Hulatt ◽  
Synne Kleiven ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Lipid Production ◽  
Cetane Number ◽  
Fluorescence Analysis ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Maximum Growth ◽  
Biodiesel Fuel ◽  
Fatty Acid Production ◽  
Total Fatty Acids

AbstractBicarbonate was evaluated as an alternative carbon source for a green microalga, Tetradesmus wisconsinensis, isolated from Lake Norsjø in Norway. Photosynthesis, growth, and lipid production were studied using four inorganic carbon regimes: (1) aeration only, (2) 20 mM NaHCO3, (3) 5% (v/v) CO2 gas, and (4) combination of 20 mM NaHCO3 and 5% CO2. Variable chlorophyll a fluorescence analysis revealed that the bicarbonate treatment supported effective photosynthesis, while the CO2 treatment led to inefficient photosynthetic activity with a PSII maximum quantum yield as low as 0.31. Conversely, bicarbonate and CO2 treatments gave similar biomass and fatty acid production. The maximum growth rate, the final cell dry weight, and total fatty acids under the bicarbonate-only treatment were 0.33 (± 0.06) day−1, 673 (± 124) mg L−1 and 75 (± 5) mg g−1 dry biomass, respectively. The most abundant fatty acid components were α-linolenic acid and polyunsaturated fatty acids constituting 69% of the total fatty acids. The fatty acid profile eventuated in unsuitable biodiesel fuel properties such as high degree of unsaturation and low cetane number; however, it would be relevant for food and feed applications. We concluded that bicarbonate could give healthy growth and comparative product yields as CO2.

Effect of insulin on free fatty acid uptake by hepatocytes in the duck

1984 ◽  
Vol 102 (3) ◽  
pp. 381-386 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Gross ◽  
P. Mialhe
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Growth Hormone ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Free Fatty Acid ◽  
Glucose Metabolism ◽  
Free Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid Uptake ◽  
Acid Uptake ◽  
Low Doses ◽  
Higher Doses

ABSTRACT To elucidate the hypolipacidaemic effect of insulin in ducks, its action on the uptake of free fatty acids (FFA) by duck hepatocytes was determined. At low doses (10 mu./l) insulin stimulated FFA uptake. This effect was not observed with higher doses of insulin (20, 30 and 50 mu./l). Growth hormone at physiological concentrations and corticosterone (14·4 nmol/l) decreased basal activity, probably by reducing glucose metabolism and consequently α-glycerophosphate (α-GP) supply. Insulin was able to reverse the inhibition induced by GH and corticosterone on both FFA uptake and α-GP production. These results therefore suggest that the hypolipacidaemic effect of insulin may be partly mediated by its action on hepatic FFA uptake. J. Endocr. (1984) 102, 381–386

Differential Mobilization of Essential Fatty Acids into the Serum Free Fatty Acid Pool in Response to Glucose Ingestion

1989 ◽  
pp. 385-387
Author(s):  
Stephen C. Cunnane ◽  
T. M. S. Wolever ◽  
J. K. Armstrong ◽  
D. J. A. Jenkins
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Free Fatty Acid ◽  
Essential Fatty Acids ◽  
Serum Free Fatty Acid ◽  
Serum Free ◽  
Acid Pool ◽  
Glucose Ingestion ◽  
Fatty Acid Pool

Effect of glucose concentration in the growth medium on the synthesis of fatty acids by the yeast Candida bogoriensis

1982 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 223-230 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adrian J. Cutler ◽  
Robley J. Light
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Free Fatty Acid ◽  
Yeast Extract ◽  
Fatty Acid Synthesis ◽  
Acid Synthesis ◽  
Glucose Medium ◽  
Triglyceride Fraction ◽  
Low Glucose ◽  
Stimulation Of

The yeast Candida bogoriensis produced large quantities of an extracellular glycolipid, the diacetyl sophoroside of 13-hydroxydocosanoic acid, when grown on a standard glucose rich medium (3% glucose, 0.15% yeast extract), but not when grown on a low glucose medium (0.5% glucose, 0.4% yeast extract) (A. J. Cutler and R. J. Light. 1979. J. Biol. Chem. 254: 1944–1950). Glucose levels also affected the quantity and distribution of the free fatty acid and triglyceride fractions synthesized by this organism. Cells grown on the low glucose medium contained palmitate and stearate as the major fatty acids in these two fractions, and a 3-h incubation with [1-14C]acetate led primarily to the labeling of these two acids. Cells grown on the standard enriched glucose medium contained relatively less stearate and more behenate than the low glucose grown cells, and the incorporation of [1-14C]acetate into stearate was decreased, while that into behenate was increased.Supplementation of low glucose grown cells with glucose led to a rapid stimulation of fatty acid synthesis, primarily palmitate and stearate in the free fatty acid fraction and stearate in the triglyceride fraction. Total triglyceride began to increase a few hours after supplementation, but synthesis of the extracellular glycolipid, and hence 13-hydroxydocosanoic acid, did not occur until 12–24 h after supplementation. The stimulation by glucose of long chain fatty acid synthesis in C. bogoriensis was therefore a process distinct from the glucose stimulation of palmitate and stearate synthesis, though the two events may be causally related.

scholarly journals Free Fatty acids receptors (FFAR2 and FFAR3) control cell proliferation by regulating cellular glucose uptake

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Aziz ◽  
Saeed Al Mahri ◽  
Amal Alghamdi ◽  
Maaged AlAkiel ◽  
Monira Al Aujan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Cell Proliferation ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Free Fatty Acid ◽  
Free Fatty Acids ◽  
Glucose Uptake ◽  
Microarray Data ◽  
Free Fatty Acid Receptors

Abstract Background Colorectal cancer is a worldwide problem which has been associated with changes in diet and lifestyle pattern. As a result of colonic fermentation of dietary fibres, short chain free fatty acids are generated which activate Free Fatty Acid Receptors 2 and 3 (FFAR2 and FFAR3). FFAR2 and FFAR3 genes are abundantly expressed in colonic epithelium and play an important role in the metabolic homeostasis of colonic epithelial cells. Earlier studies point to the involvement of FFAR2 in colorectal carcinogenesis. Methods Transcriptome analysis console was used to analyse microarray data from patients and cell lines. We employed shRNA mediated down regulation of FFAR2 and FFAR3 genes which was assessed using qRT-PCR. Assays for glucose uptake and cAMP generation was done along with immunofluorescence studies. For measuring cell proliferation, we employed real time electrical impedance based assay available from xCelligence. Results Microarray data analysis of colorectal cancer patient samples showed a significant down regulation of FFAR2 gene expression. This prompted us to study the FFAR2 in colorectal cancer. Since, FFAR3 shares significant structural and functional homology with FFAR2, we knocked down both these receptors in colorectal cancer cell line HCT 116. These modified cell lines exhibited higher proliferation rate and were found to have increased glucose uptake as well as increased level of GLUT1. Since, FFAR2 and FFAR3 signal through G protein subunit (Gαi), knockdown of these receptors was associated with increased cAMP. Inhibition of PKA did not alter the growth and proliferation of these cells indicating a mechanism independent of cAMP/PKA pathway. Conclusion: Our results suggest role of FFAR2/FFAR3 genes in increased proliferation of colon cancer cells via enhanced glucose uptake and exclude the role of protein kinase A mediated cAMP signalling. Alternate pathways could be involved that would ultimately result in increased cell proliferation as a result of down regulated FFAR2/FFAR3 genes. This study paves the way to understand the mechanism of action of short chain free fatty acid receptors in colorectal cancer.

scholarly journals Content and composition of lipid classes, fatty acid from \(\textit{Sargassum}\) seaweed collected at Con Dao and Van Phong bay

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 311-318
Author(s):  
Thu Hue Pham ◽  
Van Tuyen Anh Nguyen Nguyen ◽  
Yen Kieu Thi Hoang ◽  
Nguyen Nguyen ◽  
Hai Nam Hoang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Free Fatty Acids ◽  
Total Lipid ◽  
Polar Lipid ◽  
Brown Seaweed ◽  
Monounsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Lipid Classes ◽  
Average Content ◽  
Fresh Weight

This study studied the content and composition of the total lipid, lipid classes and fatty acids in 13 brown seaweed Sargassum species collected from Con Dao and Van Phong, Vietnam. The total lipid has a low content and varies among species from 0.10–1.70% of the fresh weight. From 13 species, seven lipid classes including polar lipid (Pol), free fatty acids (FFA), sterol (ST), hydrocarbon and wax (HW), triacylglycerol (TG), diacylglycerol (DG), and monoalkydiacylglycerol (MADG). Using the GC-FID technique, we have identified 29 fatty acids classified into 3 groups of saturated fatty acid, monounsaturated fatty acids, polyunsaturated fatty acids with an average content of 44.93%, 24.57% and 27.44%, respectively. Among those, many value fatty acids have been detected with high content such as C18:3n-3, C20:4n-6, 20:5n-3, and 22:6n-3. The lipid of 13 brown seaweed Sargassum species also fully contains omega-3,6,9 fatty acids with the content of 9.28%, 16.28% and 16.63%, respectively.

Lipids of the fin whale (Balaenoptera physalus) from North Atlantic waters. IV. Fin whale milk

1968 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 197-203 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. G. Ackman ◽  
C. A. Eaton ◽  
S. N. Hooper
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Total Lipid ◽  
Iodine Value ◽  
North Atlantic ◽  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Fin Whale ◽  
Hydrolysis Of

Fatty acid compositions were determined for total lipid (17.5% of the milk and > 95% triglycerides), 2-monoglyceride obtained by enzymatic hydrolysis of isolated triglyceride, and isolated phospholipid (~1% of total lipids). The total lipid fatty acids of the milk had a composition similar to fin whale depot fat but were enriched in hexadecanoic acid and polyunsaturated fatty acids at the expense of monoethylenic acids; correspondingly the iodine value of 136 (methyl esters) was higher than the normal range (105–120) of North Atlantic fin whale blubber oils. Over 80% of the fatty acids in the 2-position of the triglycerides were accounted for by relatively short chain fatty acids, especially hexadecanoic (54.6%), tetradecanoic (13.7%), and hexadecenoic (11.2%), so that the ester iodine value was only 48. The milk phospholipids had a fatty acid composition basically similar to that of liver phospholipids (methyl ester iodine value 120) with somewhat more polyunsaturated fatty acids and accordingly an iodine value of 144 for methyl esters.

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