Lipid metabolism in Achlya: studies of lipid turnover during development

1976 ◽  
Vol 22 (12) ◽  
pp. 1710-1715 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon W. T. Law ◽  
David N. Burton
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Total Lipid ◽  
Fatty Acid Synthetase ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Acid Oxidation ◽  
Synthetase Activity ◽  
Lipid Turnover

The life cycle of Achlya involves germination of spores to form coenocytic somatic hyphae, followed by differentiation of hyphal tips into sporangia. From germination to release of new spores occupies 27–30 h. Total lipid made up 10% of dry weight in ungerminated spores. After germination, total lipid fell to 6% of dry weight in 15 h, then rose to7.7% at the time of sporangium formation. Half of the initial loss of lipid took place within 2 h of germination. The ability of Achlya to incorporate [1-14C]acetate into lipid was maximal at the time of sporangium formation, and glycerides were the principal component of total lipid to become 14C-labelled at all stages of the life cycle. Fatty acid synthetase activity measured in cell-free extracts was low in spores and in actively elongating mycelium, but increased during differentiation to a level 15-fold greater than that in spores. Fatty acid oxidation, as estimated by the release of 14CO2 from 1-14C-labelled fatty acids, was also maximal at the time of sporangium formation.

Évolution de la teneur en lipides de Leptosphaeria typhae en fonction de sa croissance et de sa reproduction sexuée : activité de synthèse et étude des lipides neutres et polaires

1985 ◽  
Vol 63 (12) ◽  
pp. 2460-2467
Author(s):  
Gérard Vidal
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Free Fatty Acids ◽  
Lipid Content ◽  
Neutral Lipids ◽  
Fatty Acid Synthetase ◽  
Polar Lipids ◽  
Synthetase Activity ◽  
Lipid Turnover ◽  
Fatty Acid Synthetase Activity

When perithecia appear (on the 7th day of growth), the mycelial lipid content falls and the degree of fat insaturation increases; fatty acid synthetase activity greatly increases. Lipid turnover is therefore accelerated. Among neutral lipids, triglycerides constitute the largest pool and their proportion increases when perithecia appear. Free fatty acids also increase, confirming the lipid turnover's acceleration. Polar lipids especially disappear; the phosphatidylcholine/phosphatidylethanolamine ratio increases when the fungus ascosporulates.

The fatty acid composition of the leatherback turtle Dermochelys coriacea and its jellyfish prey

1990 ◽  
Vol 70 (4) ◽  
pp. 761-770 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. L. Holland ◽  
J. Davenport ◽  
J. East
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Arachidonic Acid ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Neutral Lipid ◽  
Total Lipid ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Pectoral Muscle ◽  
Dermochelys Coriacea ◽  
Leatherback Turtle ◽  
Total Fatty Acids

The leatherback turtle, Dermochelys coriacea (L.) studied was a male, weighing 916 kg, with a total dorsal length of 291 cm. It was beached on the Welsh coast, UK in September 1988 and is currently the largest leatherback ever recorded.Total lipid formed between 87.5 and 95.4% of the dry weight of representative samples of the blubber and 43.0% and 4.9% of the liver and pectoral muscle respectively. High levels of neutral lipid in the liver (79.0% of the total lipid) as well as the blubber (87.6–99.9% of the total lipid) suggest an important energy storage function for these tissues.Overall, with the notable exception of 22:lwll, fatty acids which are found in a putative jellyfish diet of Rhizostoma, Amelia, Cyanea and Chrysaora are also present in the leatherback liver and muscle, blubber and other fatty tissues. Fatty acid 22:lwll is present in the jellyfish samples, but is absent or at trace levels only in the leatherback tissues (0.1–0.3% of the total fatty acids).The polyunsaturated fatty acids of the w3 series 20:5w3, 22:5w3 and 22:6w3 are well represented in leatherback adipose tissues, muscle and liver as well as in the jellyfish examined. The leatherback and jellyfish lipids are therefore marine in character, but are also similar to terrestrial animal lipid in having a high proportion of fatty acids of the w6 series, principally arachidonic acid, 20:4w6. The significant levels of 20:4w6 in jellyfish total lipid (9.7–20.0% of the total fatty acids) and in the leatherback neutral lipid (1.0–10.9% of the total fatty acids) and phospholipid (0.6–15.5% of total fatty acids) fractions of all tissues sampled suggests that arachidonic acid assumes more importance in food chain relationships involving leatherbacks than in other marine food webs such as those involving fish.

Lipid metabolism in Achlya: changes in lipid composition during development

1976 ◽  
Vol 22 (12) ◽  
pp. 1716-1719 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon W. T. Law ◽  
David N. Burton
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Neutral Lipid ◽  
Total Lipid ◽  
Eicosatetraenoic Acid ◽  
Developmental Cycle ◽  
Lipid Fractions ◽  
Low Levels

Fractionation of total lipid extracted from Achlya sp. at various stages of its developmental cycle revealed that in spores total lipid was composed of 62% neutral lipid, 13% phospholipid, and 25% glycolipid. After germination, the proportion of neutral lipid rose slightly after 2 h then fell sharply to 10% after 8 h, whereupon it rose to 55% of total lipid after 30 h of growth, when sporulation was completed. Conversely, phospholipid rose to 77% of total lipid after 8 h, then declined to 40% after 30 h. Glycolipid was maintained at 10–20% of total lipid throughout the life cycle after spore germination. Quantitative determination of neutral lipid components by photoreflectometry showed that triglycerides accounted for 20% of neutral lipid in spores, and free fatty acids made up 50%. During growth, the absolute levels of both components fell precipitously on germination, remained at low levels throughout vegetative growth, and rose at the time of sporulation.The fatty acid composition of total lipid, phospholipid, neutral lipid, and free fatty acid fractions extracted from vegetative and sporulating Achlya cells was determined. The principal fatty acids present in all fractions at both stages of the life cycle were hexadecanoic and octadecanoic acids. Hydroxyhexadecanoic acid, eicosatetraenoic acid, and an unidentified long-chain acid were completely absent from the phospholipids of vegetative cells, although they were found in significant quantities in lipid fractions from other stages of growth.

Observations on the effect of the rediae of Fasciola hepatica on the lipid composition of the hepatopancreas of Lymnaea truncatula

Parasitology ◽  
1970 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 293-299 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. R. Southgate
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Neutral Lipid ◽  
Total Lipid ◽  
Phosphatidyl Choline ◽  
Fasciola Hepatica ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Major Fatty Acid ◽  
Total Fatty Acids ◽  
Esterified Sterols

In the uninfected hepatopancreas of L. truncatula 7·0–11·0% of the dry weight is lipid. Of the total lipid 60% is neutral lipid and 40% is phospholipid. Free fatty acid is the major neutral lipid component; triglycerides, diglycerides, monoglycerides, sterols and esterified sterols are also present. The phospholipids identified were phosphatidyl choline, phosphatidyl ethanolamine, lyso-phosphatidyl choline and sphingomyelin. The fatty acids were analysed by gas chromatography. The major fatty acid is C16 (palmitic) and 60% of the total fatty acids are saturated.In the hepatopancreas of L. truncatula infected with the rediae of F. hepatica, but with the rediae removed, 5·4–9·4% of the dry weight is lipid. Of this total lipid 73% is neutral lipid and 27% is phospholipid. All the fractions of neutral lipid, except the fatty acids are smaller than in the uninfected hepatopancreas. The fatty acids show an increase of 38%. The same phospholipids identified in the uninfected hepatopancreas are present, but all the fractions show a decrease in amount with the exception of the phosphatidyl choline fraction, which is present in approximately equal amounts in both the uninfected and the infected hepatopancreas. The major fatty acid is palmitic acid.

scholarly journals Lipid biosynthesis of ten thraustochytrid strains isolated from mangrove Xuan Thuy, Nam Dinh

2016 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 385-392
Author(s):  
Phạm Thị Bích Đào ◽  
Nguyễn Đình Tuấn ◽  
Trần Đăng Khoa ◽  
Chử Thị Huyên ◽  
Đỗ Hoàng Thành ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Total Lipid ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Inorganic Nitrogen ◽  
Docosapentaenoic Acid ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Lipid Biosynthesis ◽  
Pufa Content ◽  
Heterotrophic Microalgae

The features of polyunsaturated fatty acid-PUFA structures were corresponded to each separate functions  as adjusting the cellular physiology and gene expression. Therefore, lack of PUFA could lead to abnormalities in skin, kidney, neural networks, immune responses and inflammation; cardiovascular, endocrine, respiratory and reproductive systems. In fish oil, PUFA content were low, thus it was difficult to produce on a large scale. Therefore, the exploration of PUFA sources particularly as arachidonic acid-AA, eicosapentaenoic acid EPA, docosapentaenoic acid-DPA/DHA attracted many researches. Heterotrophic microalgae Thraustochytrids were capable of producing high amounts of DHA and PUFA composition varied. DHA can be synthesized by the metabolism of AA, EPA and DPA. The different types of PUFA reflected relationships in classification. Ten heterotrophic microalgae thraustochytrids isolated from mangrove Xuan Thuy, Nam Dinh contain fatty acid composition varied from C12 to C28. Especially, they had two important fatty acids of PUFA as EPA and DPA. Polyunsaturated fatty acids - PUFA content of ten thraustochytrid strains were from 28.95 to 49.62% total lipid. DPA compared to other PUFA were high for all thraustochytrid strains studied, accounting 20.22 to 39.35% TFA. Ten thraustochytrid strains had the highest growth with carbon source as glucose, total lipid reached 7 to 12.35 % dry weight biomass after 72 hours. Growth rate and lipid biosynthesis in organic nitrogen source were higher than in inorganic nitrogen sources. The best source of nitrogen for growth and lipid biosynthesis of ten thraustochytrid strains is yeast extract, total lipid were 8.57 to 18.87% dry weight biomass after 72 hours.

scholarly journals Impaired mitochondrial medium-chain fatty acid oxidation drives periportal macrovesicular steatosis in sirtuin-5 knockout mice

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric S. Goetzman ◽  
Sivakama S. Bharathi ◽  
Yuxun Zhang ◽  
Xue-Jun Zhao ◽  
Steven F. Dobrowolski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Knockout Mice ◽  
Coconut Oil ◽  
Degradation Pathway ◽  
Acid Oxidation ◽  
Synthetase Activity ◽  
Alcoholic Fatty Liver ◽  
Medium Chain ◽  
Macrovesicular Steatosis

Abstract Medium-chain triglycerides (MCT), containing C8–C12 fatty acids, are used to treat several pediatric disorders and are widely consumed as a nutritional supplement. Here, we investigated the role of the sirtuin deacylase Sirt5 in MCT metabolism by feeding Sirt5 knockout mice (Sirt5KO) high-fat diets containing either C8/C10 fatty acids or coconut oil, which is rich in C12, for five weeks. Coconut oil, but not C8/C10 feeding, induced periportal macrovesicular steatosis in Sirt5KO mice. 14C–C12 degradation was significantly reduced in Sirt5KO liver. This decrease was localized to the mitochondrial β-oxidation pathway, as Sirt5KO mice exhibited no change in peroxisomal C12 β-oxidation. Endoplasmic reticulum ω-oxidation, a minor fatty acid degradation pathway known to be stimulated by C12 accumulation, was increased in Sirt5KO liver. Mice lacking another mitochondrial C12 oxidation enzyme, long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (LCAD), also developed periportal macrovesicular steatosis when fed coconut oil, confirming that defective mitochondrial C12 oxidation is sufficient to induce the steatosis phenotype. Sirt5KO liver exhibited normal LCAD activity but reduced mitochondrial acyl-CoA synthetase activity with C12. These studies reveal a role for Sirt5 in regulating the hepatic response to MCT and may shed light into the pathogenesis of periportal steatosis, a hallmark of human pediatric non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.

scholarly journals The synthesis of fatty acids in avocado mesocarp and cauliflower bud tissue

1975 ◽  
Vol 146 (2) ◽  
pp. 425-437 ◽  
Author(s):  
P J Weaire ◽  
R G Kekwick
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Fatty Acid Biosynthesis ◽  
Gradient Centrifugation ◽  
Fatty Acid Synthetase ◽  
Synthetase Activity ◽  
Acid Biosynthesis ◽  
Avocado Fruit ◽  
Malonyl Coa ◽  
Fatty Acid Synthetase Activity

1. Plastid and mitochondrial preparations were obtained by density-gradient centrifugation of homogenates made by gentle disintergration of avocado fruit mesocarp and cauliflower bud tissue. 2. The mitochondrial preparations had respiratory activity but did not incorporate [1-14C]acetate into fatty acids. 3. The plastid preparations incorporated [1-14C]acetate into the range of fatty acids found in the parent tissue. No fatty acid synthetase activity could be detected in the 12000g supernatant of these homogenates. 4. Homogenates produced by rupture of the tissue in an Ato-Mix blender and plastid preparations disintegrated by ultrasonic treatment both had fatty acid synthetase activity which did not sediment at 105000g and which formed mainly [14-C]stearate from [2-14C]malonyl-CoA. 5. It is concluded that the plastids are the principal site of fatty acid biosynthesis in the tissues studied.

Calcium regulation of glycolysis, glucose oxidation and fatty acid oxidation in the aerobic and ischemic heart

1995 ◽  
Vol 73 (11) ◽  
pp. 1632-1640 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brett Schönekess ◽  
Peter G. Brindley ◽  
Gary O. Lopaschuk
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Glucose Oxidation ◽  
Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Low Flow ◽  
Acid Oxidation ◽  
Atp Production ◽  
Palmitate Oxidation ◽  
Oxidation Rates

Although Ca2+is an important regulator of energy metabolism, the effects of increasing extracellular [Ca2+] on energy substrate preference are not clear. We determined the relationship between [Ca2+], fatty acids, and ischemia on rates of glycolysis, glucose oxidation, and palmitate oxidation in isolated working rat hearts. Hearts were perfused with Krebs–Henseleit buffer containing 11 mM glucose, 100 μU/mL insulin, and either 1.25 or 2.5 mM Ca2+, in the presence or absence of 1.2 mM palmitate. Rates of glycolysis and glucose oxidation or palmitate oxidation were measured in the hearts using [5-3H,14C(U)]glucose or [1-14C]palmitate, respectively. In the absence of fatty acids, glycolysis and glucose oxidation rates were similar, regardless of whether [Ca2+] was 1.25 or 2.5 mM. Addition of 1.2 mM palmitate to the perfusate of hearts perfused with 1.25 mM Ca2+significantly decreased rates of both glycolysis (from 4623 ± 438 to 1378 ± 238 nmol∙min−1∙g−1dry weight) and glucose oxidation (from 1392 ± 219 to 114 ± 22 nmol∙min−1∙g−1dry weight). When [Ca2+] was increased from 1.25 to 2.5 mM in hearts perfused with 1.2 mM palmitate, glycolysis and glucose oxidation increased by 164 and 271%, respectively, with no change in palmitate oxidation rates. Increasing [Ca2+] from 1.25 to 2.5 mM increased the contribution of glucose to ATP production from 9.3 to 18.7%. When hearts were subjected to low-flow ischemia (by reducing coronary flow to 0.5 mL∙min−1) oxidative metabolism was essentially abolished. Under these conditions, glycolytic rates were not dependent on either [Ca2+] or the presence or absence of fatty acids. These results demonstrate that perfusate [Ca2+] is an important determinant of myocardial glucose metabolism in aerobic hearts, and that glycolysis and glucose oxidation are more responsive to changes in [Ca2+] than is fatty acid oxidation.Key words: β-oxidation, glucose oxidation, pyruvate dehydrogenase complex.

scholarly journals Lipid and fatty acid profile of liver in relation to reproduction in the small-scaled terapon Terapon puta (Cuvier, 1829) from Pondicherry Coast, India

2018 ◽  
Vol 65 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Nandikeswari ◽  
M. Sambasivam
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Fatty Acid Profile ◽  
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid ◽  
Total Lipid ◽  
Lipid Content ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Total Lipid Content ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Monounsaturated Fatty Acids

<p>The total lipid content as percentage of dry weight of liver of <em>Terapon puta</em> (Cuvier, 1829) varied at four different stages <em>viz.,</em> immature, maturing, mature and spent stages of reproduction. Highest levels of saturated fatty acids (SFA) was recorded in the liver of mature fishes (50.71%) followed by maturing (48.03%) and the lowest in immature fishes (38.91%). Highest levels of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) were observed in the liver of maturing fishes (37.07%) followed by mature (34.09%) and the lowest levels in immature fishes (30.48%). Maturing fishes had higher liver polyunsaturated fatty acid  levels (PUFA) (13.54%), compared to immature (10.55%) and mature fishes (10.17%).</p>

scholarly journals Bicarbonate for microalgae cultivation: a case study in a chlorophyte, Tetradesmus wisconsinensis isolated from a Norwegian lake

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ikumi Umetani ◽  
Eshetu Janka ◽  
Michal Sposób ◽  
Chris J. Hulatt ◽  
Synne Kleiven ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Lipid Production ◽  
Cetane Number ◽  
Fluorescence Analysis ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Maximum Growth ◽  
Biodiesel Fuel ◽  
Fatty Acid Production ◽  
Total Fatty Acids

AbstractBicarbonate was evaluated as an alternative carbon source for a green microalga, Tetradesmus wisconsinensis, isolated from Lake Norsjø in Norway. Photosynthesis, growth, and lipid production were studied using four inorganic carbon regimes: (1) aeration only, (2) 20 mM NaHCO3, (3) 5% (v/v) CO2 gas, and (4) combination of 20 mM NaHCO3 and 5% CO2. Variable chlorophyll a fluorescence analysis revealed that the bicarbonate treatment supported effective photosynthesis, while the CO2 treatment led to inefficient photosynthetic activity with a PSII maximum quantum yield as low as 0.31. Conversely, bicarbonate and CO2 treatments gave similar biomass and fatty acid production. The maximum growth rate, the final cell dry weight, and total fatty acids under the bicarbonate-only treatment were 0.33 (± 0.06) day−1, 673 (± 124) mg L−1 and 75 (± 5) mg g−1 dry biomass, respectively. The most abundant fatty acid components were α-linolenic acid and polyunsaturated fatty acids constituting 69% of the total fatty acids. The fatty acid profile eventuated in unsuitable biodiesel fuel properties such as high degree of unsaturation and low cetane number; however, it would be relevant for food and feed applications. We concluded that bicarbonate could give healthy growth and comparative product yields as CO2.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document